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Chronic postoperative osteomyelitis represents an important health problem due to its significant morbidity and low mortality rate. This pathology is challenging because of difficulties in understanding the pathogenesis and the decision-making involving the treatment. The present article had the goal of reviewing the definition, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic postoperative osteomyelitis, and of gathering this information in a single Brazilian updated publication. The PubMed, LILACS, and the Cochrane Library medical databases were analyzed using pertinent keywords. Current and relevant articles were selected. The present article gathered the established information, as well as innovations related to chronic osteomyelitis and its treatment, to offer updated data to assist the professionals involved in the management of chronic osteomyelitis., Competing Interests: Conflitos de Interesse Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesse.