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Forest regeneration can affect the soil-dwelling insect fauna by promoting an increase in tree diversity and accelerating the accumulation of litter biomass in this environment. This study evaluated the effect of forest regeneration of Atlantic Forest fragments on the fungus-feeding thrips community. In each fragment, two treatments were selected: (i) intermediate successional stage (ISS) and (ii) early successional stage (ESS). Each treatment had three transects, each one with 10 sampling units, comprising 240 sampling units. We sampled 221 adult thrips, 135 individuals in the ISS, and 86 individuals in the ESS. We found 35 Thysanoptera species in 15 genera, all of them belonging to Phlaeothripidae. Abundance, richness, and Shannon’s diversity were higher in the ISS than in the ESS. The low number of individuals and high species richness suggests a remarkable distribution of thrips fauna in the litter. Although some taxa were more related to ISS, species composition structure did not differ between successional stages. Our study indicates that the fungivorous thrips fauna associated with litter was affected by the different natural regeneration states, suggesting that these fungivorous insects are sensitive to different successional stages. A regeneração florestal pode afetar a fauna de insetos que habitam o solo, ao promover um aumento na diversidade de árvores e acelerar o acúmulo de biomassa da serapilheira nesse ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da regeneração florestal de fragmentos da Mata Atlântica na comunidade de tripes fungívoros. Em cada fragmento, foram selecionados dois tratamentos: (i) estágio sucessional intermediário e (ii) estágio sucessional inicial. Cada tratamento compreendeu três transectos, cada um com 10 unidades amostrais, totalizando 240 unidades amostrais. Foram amostrados 221 tripes adultos, 135 nas áreas de sucessão intermediária e 86 indivíduos nas áreas de sucessão inicial. Encontramos 35 espécies de Thysanoptera em 15 gêneros, todos pertencentes à família Phlaeothripidae. Abundância, riqueza e diversidade de Shannon foram maiores em locais de sucessão intermediária. Esse baixo número de indivíduos e a alta riqueza de espécies sugerem uma distribuição notável da fauna de tripes na serapilheira. Embora alguns táxons estivessem mais relacionados ao estágio intermediário de sucessão, a estrutura de composição das espécies não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Nosso estudo indica que a fauna de tripes fungívoros associada à serapilheira foi afetada pelos diferentes estados de regeneração natural, sugerindo que esses insetos são sensíveis a diferentes estágios sucessionais.

Merothrips meridionalis sp. n. (Figs 2���9) Female aptera. Body and legs brown with abdomen slightly lighter and head darkest (Fig. 2); antenna uniformly brown (Fig. 4). Antenna 8-segmented, sensoria on III & IV reduced to a very small circular lens; V���VII slightly narrowed to apex; antennal setae slender and shorter than the length of segment VII; surface microtrichia absent. Head with well-developed eyes, with 15 or more facets (Fig. 3); ocelli absent; ocellar setae pairs I and II minute, III long and arising near compound eyes; outer postocular setae slightly longer than the diameter of an eye facet, dorsum of head with weak granular area on integument. Pronotum trapezoidal, with widely spaced transverse lines of sculpture on anterior and posterior thirds; three pairs of small posteromarginal setae, two pairs of posteroangular setae, but only inner pair elongate (Fig. 3). Prosternum with basantra absent; ferna thin, elongated and wide apart; prospinasternum transverse. Fore femora enlarged (Fig. 3), fore tibia with small tooth-like tubercle near inner apex, fore tarsal pulvillus with terminal claw. Mesonotum partially fused to metanotum, both with transverse lines of sculpture; mesonotal paired campaniform sensilla near anterior margin, and metanotal sensilla localized at posterior margin of the sclerite; all meso- and metanotal setae small, scarcely 6 microns (Fig. 7). Stigmata on meso and metathorax enlarged (Fig. 5). Abdominal tergites with several lines of sculpture and with setal pair S2 arising far away from S1, either midway between setae S1 and S3 or close to S3 (Fig. 8); on IX S2 is slightly longer than S1 and S3; paired trichobothria not present on tergite X (Fig. 9). Abdominal sternite VIII with paired lobes, each bearing two setae; ovipositor reduced, posterior valves with weak serration. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body (distended) length about 1200 (1025���1220). Head, length 140; width 105. Pronotum, length 153; width 178. Hind tibia length 118; hind tarsus length 47; width 25. Antennal segments I���VIII length (width), 20 (35), 38 (30), 40 (25), 43 (22), 38 (18), 38 (18), 35 (18), 50 (15), respectively. Male aptera. Similar to females (described above) except males exhibit an extensive, strong granular area on the head posterior of ocellar setae II, eye facets reduced, fore tibia with a large tooth (Fig. 6) and fore femora enlarged. Measurements of male specimens (in microns), habitus 921���1138; antenna 199���247; head, length 97, width 65; head and mouth cone, length 124���136; pronotum, length 109���112, width 139���149; head and pronotum length 211���224. Material examined. Holotype female BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul state: Porto Alegre (30��03���59���S, 51��07���15���W), on dead twigs, 28.ii.2011, A. Cavalleri, deposited in UFRGS, Porto Alegre. Paratypes: Apterous females and males deposited at USNM and labelled as Merothrips mirus: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro state: Petr��polis, 1 female, on branches of pear defoliated by ants, 11.v.1948, J.D. Hood; Santa Catarina state: Nova Teut��nia [District of Seara], 3 females (labelled as ���topotypic���), on dry branches, 02.i.1949, 13.i.1949 and 01.ii.1949, F. Plaumann; S��o Paulo state: Sales��polis, Borac��a, 1 female, on Andropogon, 08.vi.1948; 6 females and 1 male, on dead branches, 06.vi.1948; 5 females and 1 male, on dead branches, 07.vi.1948; 2 females and 1 male, on dead branches, 08.vi.1948, J.D. Hood; S��o Carlos, 4 females, on legume, 14.vi.1948; 1 female, on Orange trees, 21.vi.1950, J.D. Hood. Deposited at BMNH: S��o Carlos, 1 female, on grass, 14.vi.1948, J.D. Hood. Deposited at UFRGS: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul state: Porto Alegre (30��04���01���S, 51��07���15���W), 5 females on dead twigs, 11.ii.2011, 14.ii.2011, 28.ii.2011 and 03.iii.2011, A. Cavalleri; S��o Francisco de Paula, Pr��-Mata (29��28���35���S 50��10���00���W), 2 females on Tibouchina branches, 06.ix.2013, A. Cavalleri., Published as part of Cavalleri, Adriano, Lindner, Mariana Flores & O'Donnell, Cheryle A., 2019, Merothrips meridionalis sp. n. (Thysanoptera: Merothripidae), a new fungivorous species from subtropical South America, pp. 277-282 in Zootaxa 4668 (2) on page 279, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4668.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3449393

Holopothrips permagnus Hood (Figs 212���217) Holopothrips permagnus Hood, 1938: 236. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; head much longer than wide, about 400 ��m long, maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; mesonotal sculpture with internal markings; metanotal sculpture striate anteriorly and with elongate reticles posteriorly, with internal markings; pelta with lateral wings basally, reticulation without internal markings; males with pore plates on sternites VII���VIII, two anteroangular plates and a transverse posterior band on VIII; female spermatheca not enlarged. Comments. Described from Peru, collected from an unidentified plant. Holopothrips permagnus is one of the largest species of the genus, characterized by its dark brown colour, including all tibiae, very long head (observed specimen with head over 1.8 times longer than wide���Fig. 212). Pronotal am and aa setae are very reduced, while ml is long and dislocated closer to the anterior margin of pronotum (Fig. 214). This species is comparable to other species with elongate head, such as H. claritibialis, H. hambletoni (whose metanotal reticulation is equiangular and lack internal markings), H. inversus (a much smaller species), H. orites (whose metanotal sculpture is finely striate thoroughly) and H. oaxacensis (which was recorded only from Mexico). Material studied. 1 female paratype; Peru, Cajamarca, vicinity of Celendin, 1���3.vi.1936 (Woytkowski, F.), at NMNH. Slide with code ��� Hood No. 1187���., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1938) Studies in Neotropical Thysanoptera VII. Revista de Entomologia, 9 (1 - 2), 218 - 247."]}

Holopothrips acrioris sp. n. (Figs 16–21) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; two pairs of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by slightly elongate and weakly defined reticles, without internal markings; pelta with closely equiangular reticles, without internal markings; sternite II with transversely striate sculpture; males with a single transverse pore plate posterior to discal setae; female spermatheca not enlarged. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 16) uniformly brown, fore tibia brownish yellow and all tarsi yellow, tergite X dark brown with extreme base and apex lighter. Antennal segments I–II concolourous with head, II yellow on extreme apex; III–IV yellow, V–VI yellow on basal half and shaded brown on apical half, VII–VIII brown. Fore wings pale to very weakly shaded, without median dark line, clavus shaded; major body setae yellow. Head (Fig. 17) about 1.2 times as long as width behind eyes, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, cheeks slightly curved. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with acute to blunt apex, about as long as the dorsal width of the eye. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching close to posterior margin of eye and less than 0.2 of head width apart. Mouth cone with pointed tip, barely reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 17) trapezoidal, very faint reticulate sculpture medially and weak transverse lines near margins; epimeral sutures incomplete. Six major pairs of pronotal setae, two pairs of epimeral setae; am and aa small with acute to blunt tips, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with blunt tips; basantra faintly indicated; prosternal ferna well-developed, not touching medially. Mesonotum with irregular reticulation medially, which becomes elongated laterally; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 19) with faint irregular reticles medially, elongated laterally, internal markings on sculpture absent; one or two pairs of anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 14 to 17 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 18) triangular with somewhat irregular margins, anterior margin acute ending in a straight tip, no lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture covering the whole pelta; almost equiangular reticles medially, slightly elongated reticles laterally, almost striate on posterior margin, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II (Fig. 18) with well-defined transverse lines, enclosing some small reticles medially; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Tergites II–VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1 with blunt to slightly capitate apex, S2 blunt and S3 finely acute. Tube about 0.85 of head length and about 2.3 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 20) S-shaped, not thickened or swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2390; head length 232, width behind eyes 202, po length 52, eye dorsal length 84; median length of pronotum 150, width across ep 315, am 17, aa 20, ml 50, ep 100, pa 65; width of mesonotum 340; fore wing length 900; tergite IX setae S1 170, S2 187, S3 145; tergite X length 217, basal width 97, apical width 45; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 75 (35), 65(35), 62(30), 57(27), 55(25), 30(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller. Pore plate (Fig. 21) with punctuate texture present on sternite VIII, a small transverse pore plate posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 2212; head length 235, width behind eyes 185, po length 69, eye dorsal length 82; median length of pronotum 122, width across ep 287, am 12, aa 21, ml 50, ep 92, pa 50; width of mesonotum 302; fore wing length 830; tergite IX setae S1 165, S2 172, S3 130; tergite X length 187, basal width 85, apical width 42; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 64 (32), 60(32), 60(30), 50(25), 45(22), 30(12), respectively. Larvae: body pale with rings of red internal pigmentation on prothorax, metathorax and abdominal segments III–IV and VII; abdominal segments IX–X light brown. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Santana da Boa Vista, in Myrcia selloi gall, 23.ii.2013 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 3216. Paratypes: 12 males, 24 females and 1 larva collected with holotype, at UFRGS. 1 male, 1 female collected with Holotype, at ANIC. Non-type specimens: 21 males and 30 females, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Santo Antônio das Missões, in Myrcia selloi gall, 03.ii.2013 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Etymology. Junction of acri (acute) and oris (mouth), indicating the pointed mouth cone. Comments. This species is very similar to H. conducans, being distinguished only by the lack of elongate reticles with internal markings on the pelta, and having the sculpture on abdominal tergite II almost striate, in contrast to the irregular reticulation in H. conducans. Some other minute variations between both species were observed in coxal setae length, appearance of metanotal sculpture and width of male pore plates. It is also very similar to H. infestans sp. n., but H. acrioris has two pairs of epimeral setae (Fig. 17), third pair of WR on abdominal tergites II–VII, and pelta differently shaped (Fig. 18). Holopothrips acrioris has been collected inducing terminal rosette galls in Myrcia selloi (Myrtaceae) (Fig. 8) in Southern Brazil.

Holopothrips chaconi Zamora, Hanson & Mound (Figs 53���54) Holopothrips chaconi Zamora, Hanson & Mound, 2015: 1038. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets parallel; pronotal am and aa setae very small, two pairs of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by slightly elongate reticles, some with faint internal markings; pelta apparently without campaniform sensilla, or with short stout setae instead of sensilla; males with pore plates on sternites VII���VIII; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Comments. This light brown species was recently described from Costa Rica, breeding in abandoned cecidomyiid galls in Piper spp. leaves. Males have irregular transverse pore plates on sternites VII���VIII, usually complete medially on VIII but broader laterally, always interrupted medially on VII. Larvae are pale yellow and lack red internal pigmentation. Material studied. Paratypes: 1 male, Costa Rica, San Jos�� Province, Zurqu�� de Moravia, in Piper bredenmey gall, 8.xi.2013 (Zamora, S.); 1 female, same locality, in Piper lanosibrae gall, 7.viii.2013 (Zamora, S.); both at BMNH., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Zamora, S., Hanson, P. & Mound, L. A. (2015) On the biology of Holopothrips chaconi sp. n. (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae) from leaf-vein galls on Piper species in Costa Rica. Revista Biologia Tropical, 63 (4), 1035 - 1042. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 63 i 4.16787"]}

Holopothrips infestans sp. n. (Figs 112–119) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture with weakly defined reticles, without internal markings; pelta somewhat constricted medially and with broad basal wings; third pair of abdominal WR mostly absent; male with single median pore plate on sternite VIII; female spermatheca not enlarged. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 112) uniformly brown, with fore tibia and fore tarsi yellow, tergite X dark brown on basal half and lighter on apical half. Antennal segment I concolourous with head, II brown on basal half and yellow on apical half, III–IV yellow, V–VI yellow shaded light brown on apical half, VII light brown with base yellow, VIII light brown. Fore wings weakly shaded, without median dark line, clavus shaded; major body setae brownish yellow. Head (Fig. 113) length and width behind eyes subequal, sometimes very slightly longer, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, cheeks slightly curved. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with slightly expanded to capitate apex, slightly shorter than the dorsal width of the eye. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching po level and about a fourth of head width apart. Mouth cone (Fig. 114) with pointed tip, reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segments III and IV with 3 sense cones each. Pronotum (Fig. 113) trapezoidal, surface smooth medially, with few lines enclosing irregular elongate reticles near posterior margin; epimeral sutures incomplete and short. Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am small or reduced with acute tip, aa, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with slightly expanded to capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, close medially but not touching, anterior margins weakly produced. Mesonotum (Fig. 115) with reticulation medially, some almost equiangular reticles surrounded by elongated reticles or transverse lines; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 116) with faint irregular reticles, longitudinally elongated laterally, internal markings on sculpture absent; two to five anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 10 to 14 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 117) weakly bell-shaped, anterior margin rounded or with a projection ending in a straight margin, with wide lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture covering the whole pelta, sometimes weaker medially; almost equiangular reticles medially, elongated near anterior and posterior margins, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II (Fig. 117) with small irregular reticles medially and elongated anterolaterally; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Third pair of wing retaining setae mostly absent, but sometimes a small and not curved lateral setae is close to the wing retaining pairs. Tergite IX setae S1, S2 and S3 with finely acute apexes. Tube about 0.85 of head length and about 2.0 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 119) S-shaped, slightly thickened medially but not swollen. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2548, head length 240, width behind eyes 212, po length 62, eye dorsal length 97; median length of pronotum 157, width across ep 312, am 12, aa 46, ml 85, ep 107, pa 95; width of mesonotum 350; fore wing length 1020; tergite IX setae S1 192, S2 250, S3 237; tergite X length 205, basal width 100, apical width 45; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 72 (30), 65(32), 65(29), 69(27), 62(25), 30(14), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller. Pore plate (Fig. 118) with reticulate texture and present on sternite VIII, a thin transverse band posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 2153; head length 212, width behind eyes 197, po length 57, eye dorsal length 87; median length of pronotum 147, width across ep 275, am 7, aa 25, ml 60, ep 97, pa 86; width of mesonotum 287; fore wing length 840; tergite IX setae S1 250, S2 265, S3 262; tergite X length 170, basal width 87, apical width 42; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 70 (30), 60(30), 65(27), 65(25), 60(22), 36(14), respectively. Larvae: Body largely yellow but with conspicuous rings of red internal pigmentation on thorax and abdomen. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula, in Acca sellowiana leaves, 28.ix.2013 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 3209. Paratypes: 4 males and 3 females collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula (FLONA), 1 male, 2 females and 5 larvae in Acca sellowiana galls, 17.i.2014 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. 1 female in Acca sellowiana galls, 17.i.2014 (Cavalleri, A.), at ANIC. Non-type specimens: 3 males and 3 females, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Videira, in Acca sellowiana, 18.xii.1989 (Hickel, E. R.); 2 males, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula, in Acca sellowiana leaves, 13.x.2006 (Cavalleri, A.); same locality, 1 male and 1 female, in Acca sellowiana galls, 1.i.2007 (Cavalleri, A.); same locality, 4 males and 3 females, in Acca sellowiana, 30.xii.2007 (Cavalleri, A.); 1 male and 1 female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Jaquirana, in Acca sp., 28.i.2013 (Cavalleri, A.); all at UFRGS. Etymology. Named in reference to the damage this species causes to leaves of Acca sellowiana (Fig. 11). Comments. Most specimens of this species lack the third pair of WR, similar to H. flavisetis and H. inconspicuus, but otherwise fit the diagnostic characters of the genus. It can be distinguished from these two species for having the head slightly longer than wide (Fig. 113) and female spermatheca not enlarged medially (Fig. 119). Holopothrips infestans is structurally very similar to H. acrioris and H. conducans, sharing with them the pattern of metanotal sculpture (Fig. 116) and the reduced pore plates of males (Fig. 118), but differs from both species in having only one pair of epimeral setae (Fig. 113) and pelta with a weak constriction near base (Fig. 117). Apparently, H. infestans feeds only on Acca sellowiana, on which it induces characteristic rolled leaf-margin galls (Fig. 11). This thrips is referred to as a pest of feijoa by Hickel & Ducroquet (1993) in Santa Catarina, South Brazil, and mentioned as ‘ Phrasterothrips sp.’ by these authors.

Holopothrips kaminskii sp. n. (Figs 145–150) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets V-shaped; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture longitudinally striate; pelta clearly bell-shaped; male without pore plates; female spermatheca not enlarged. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 145) brown, with anterior half of abdomen slightly lighter, all tarsi yellow to light brown, tergite X brown basally and lighter on apical half. Antennal segment I concolourous with head, II yellow with extreme base brown, III–IV light yellow, V–VI yellow shaded light brown, VII yellowish to very light brown, VIII yellow lightly shaded with brown. Fore wings pale, without median dark line, clavus pale; major body setae yellow to very light brown. Head (Fig. 148) about 1.2–1.3 times as long as width behind eyes, dorsal surface with weak transverse lines of sculpture, cheeks straight to very slightly curved. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with expanded apex, about as long as the dorsal length of the eye, sometimes a third well-developed setae present. Maxillary stylets V-shaped, reaching close to po level, about a third to a half of head width apart. Mouth cone with rounded tip, not reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segment III with 2–3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 148) trapezoidal, with few transverse lines near posterior margin, and faint indication of reticulation anteriorly; epimeral sutures incomplete, sometimes almost reaching the posterior margin of pronotum. Four or five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am and aa reduced, sometimes absent; ml variable, either short with acute tip or long with capitate tip, ep and pa well-developed and with capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, not close medially. Mesonotum (Fig. 146) with irregular reticles medially; internal markings on sculpture present, but faint and restricted to few reticles. Metanotum (Fig. 147) with long longitudinal lines forming a striate pattern, few internal markings on sculpture present anteromedially; one or two anterior discal setae and one pair or median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 11 to 14 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 149) bell-shaped, anterior margin rounded, with very long lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present and one pair of short setae medially to the sensilla. Sculpture covering the whole pelta but might be weaker laterally; almost equiangular reticles medially, surrounded by elongated irregular reticles laterally, transverse striation near posterior margin, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II with well-defined irregular reticles medially, transverse lines laterally; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Tergites II–VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1, S2 and S3 with finely acute apexes. Tube about 0.75 of head length and about 2.0 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 150) S-shaped, slightly thickened but not swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2390; head length 260, width behind eyes 205, po length 87, eye dorsal length 95; median length of pronotum 162, width across ep 290, am 35, ml 50, ep 112, pa 102; width of mesonotum 317; fore wing length 980; tergite IX setae S1 305, S2 270, S3 212; tergite X length 197, basal width 97, apical width 50; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 72 (32), 54(32), 62(32), 57(27), 50(25), 36(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller; sternites without pore plates. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 1777; head length 232, width behind eyes 197, po length 80, eye dorsal length 90; median length of pronotum 135, width across ep 275, am 7, ml 50, ep 95, pa 90; width of mesonotum 300; fore wing length 900; tergite IX setae S1 237, S2 237, S3 235; tergite X length 172, basal width 82, apical width 46; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 65 (27), 52(27), 57(30), 52(27), 45(25), 32(11), respectively. Larvae: Body largely yellow but with conspicuous rings of red internal pigmentation on thorax and abdomen. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Bahia, Lençóis, in Vochysia cf. obovata gall, 6.ii.2007 (Kaminski, L.A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 0 990. Paratypes: 1 male and 4 females collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Non-type specimens: 2 females collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Etymology. Named after Lucas Kaminski, for his frequent help with collecting thrips specimens. Comments. This species is unique within the genus in having a clearly bell-shaped pelta, with well-defined median constriction and long lateral wings (Fig. 149). Holopothrips kaminskii shares a few character states with H. affinis and H. omercooperi, in the V-shaped maxillary stylets, head longer than wide and striate metanotum, but is readily distinguished from both by the pelta shape and lack of male pore plates. This thrips was found inducing galls on leaves of Vochysia cf. obovata, which become folded along the midvein (Figs 12–13).

Holopothrips johanseni sp. n. (Figs 138–144) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; second pair of shorter postocular setae sometimes present; maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture with thin elongate reticles, looking almost striate; metapleural sutures absent; reticulation on pelta not reaching posterior margin and without internal markings; male with three pore plates on sternites VI–VIII, posterior plate interrupted medially on VI–VII; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 138) uniformly brown, with fore tibiae, apex of mid and hind tibiae and all tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I–II concolourous with head, II yellow on extreme apex, III–VI yellow, VII yellow basally and lightly shaded brown apically, VIII very light brown. Fore wings shaded, median dark line present, clavus shaded; major body setae light brown. Head (Fig. 139) about 1.3 times longer than width behind eyes, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, sometimes enclosing few elongate reticles; cheeks slightly curved. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; two pairs of postocular setae present: internal pair of variable length, but usually shorter and with acute apexes; external pair longer and with capitate apexes, slightly shorter than the dorsal width of the compound eye. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching po level and about a fourth to a third of head width apart. Mouth cone with rounded tip, not reaching the anterior margin of ferna. Antennal segments III and IV with 3 sense cones each. Pronotum (Fig. 139) trapezoidal, surface smooth medially, but with transversely elongate reticles near posterior margin and reticulation faintly indicated anteriorly; epimeral sutures incomplete. Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; all pairs well-developed and with expanded to capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, close medially and touching in at least one observed specimen. Mesonotum (Fig. 140) with small irregular reticulation medially, elongate laterally; internal markings on sculpture present. Metanotum (Fig. 140) with strongly marked longitudinal lines, enclosing some irregular elongate reticles; internal markings faintly present in some anterior and median reticles. Three or four anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with four to six duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 143) triangular, anterior margin straight, without lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture covering the median area of pelta, weaker or absent near posterior margin and anterior region; few equiangular reticles medially, surrounded by elongate reticles; internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II apparently smooth medially, faint lines of sculpture laterally. Third pair of WR setae present on tergites II–VII. Tergite IX setae S1 with expanded to capitate apexes, S2 blunt to slightly expanded, S3 finely acute. Tube about 0.7 of head length and about 2.4 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about half of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 142) swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2212, head length 247, width behind compound eyes 181, po length 57, eye dorsal length 107; median length of pronotum 117, width across ep 260, am 50, aa 39, ml 62, ep 97, pa 85; width of mesonotum 287; fore wing length 900; tergite IX setae S1 135, S2 162, S3 150; tergite X length 200, basal width 82, apical width 42; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII: 67(30), 55(29), 60(27), 55(22), 45(20), 35(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in structure and colour, but slightly smaller. Pore plates (Fig. 141) with punctuate texture and present on sternites VI–VIII: two anteroangular plates and one transverse band posterior to discal setae; the posterior band is interrupted medially on VI–VII. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 1906, head length 215, width behind compound eyes 167, po length 47, eye dorsal length 95; median length of pronotum 105, width across ep 237, am 40, aa 32, ml 55, ep 87, pa 72; width of mesonotum 260; fore wing length 790; tergite IX setae S1 117, S2 135, S3 157; tergite X length 162, basal width 75, apical width 40; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 60 (25), 45(27), 52(25), 52(20), 45(20), 30(10), respectively. Material studied. Holotype female, Costa Rica, Braulio Carrillo National Park, in Drymonia sp. twisted leaves, 13.iv.1992, at BMNH. Code LAM 2241. Paratypes: 7 males and 5 females collected with holotype, at BMNH. Etymology. Species named after Dr. Roberto Johansen, for his contributions to the studies of neotropical Thysanoptera. Comments. This species is unusual in having a second pair of postocular setae, internally to the usual major pair (Fig. 139); it is possible that these setae are actually one of the postocellar pair, dislocated from the usual position. These setae are variable in length, and in few observed specimens only one seta of the pair was longer than discal setae (Fig. 139). Another difference in relation to other Holopothrips species is the lack of metapleural sutures (Fig. 144). Teneral adults of both sexes are yellow with a dark marking anteromedially on the tergites. Holopothrips johanseni has some similarities with H. reticulatus sp. n., but the latter differs in the two characters mentioned above, plus having internal markings in the sculpture on pelta and female spermatheca not enlarged. This species has been mentioned by the code “ sp. n. CR2” in Mound & Marullo (1996). The specimens from BMNH we studied were labelled by R. M. Johansen with an unavailable manuscript name.

Holopothrips longihamus sp. n. (Figs 151���158) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets V-shaped; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; fore leg hamus greatly enlarged; metanotal sculpture with irregular and very elongate reticles, looking almost striate, without internal markings; pelta usually with four or five campaniform sensilla; male with weak and irregular pore plates, posterior to discal setae, on sternites VII���VIII; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 151) brown, with apex of fore femora, fore and mid tibiae, and all tarsi yellow, tergite X concolourous with body but lighter apically. Antennal segment I concolourous with head, II yellowish on apical half, III���IV yellow, V���VI yellow on basal half and shaded brown on apical half, VII yellow on basal half and brown on apical half, VIII brown (Fig. 153). Fore wings light yellow, without median dark line, clavus shaded; major body setae yellow. Head (Fig. 152) about 1.25 times as long as width behind eyes, but variation was observed among specimens from 1.15 to 1.37 times; dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, cheeks straight. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with slightly expanded to capitate apex, about as long as the dorsal length of the eye. Maxillary stylets V-shaped and low on head, about a third to a half of head width apart. Mouth cone with pointed tip, almost reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 152) trapezoidal, surface mostly smooth, faint lines of sculpture present near anterior and posterior margins; epimeral sutures incomplete and short. Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am reduced or absent, aa, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with slightly expanded tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, almost touching medially. Mesonotum (Fig. 154) with very faint reticulation medially, sometimes not visible or absent, elongate reticles or transverse lines laterally; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 158) with few elongated reticles medially, irregular longitudinal lines laterally forming a striate pattern, internal markings on sculpture absent; one to three pairs of anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus greatly enlarged, pointing sideways and extending beyond lateral margin of tarsus (Fig. 153). Fore wings with 3 to 7 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 155) triangular with somewhat irregular margins, anterior margin acute ending in a straight tip, with lateral wings; multiple campaniform sensilla present, usually 4���5. Sculpture present anteromedially but weaker or absent laterally and posteriorly; irregular reticles surrounded by elongated ones medially, weak irregular lines laterally, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II with irregular reticulation, weaker posteriorly and elongate laterally; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Tergites II���VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1, S2 and S3 with finely acute apexes. Tube about 0.7���0.9 of head length and about 2 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 156) swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2133; head length 230, width behind eyes 187, po length 85, eye dorsal length 95; median length of pronotum 162, width across ep 270, am 30, aa 57, ml 110, ep 125, pa 129; width of mesonotum 262; fore wing length 960; tergite IX setae S1 205, S2 250, S3 212; tergite X length 192, basal width 86, apical width 45; length(width) of antennal segments III���VIII 57 (32), 47(35), 52(35), 47(32), 47(26), 37(15), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller. Pore plates (Fig. 157) with punctuate texture and present on sternites VII���VIII: VII with irregular faint spots posterior to discal setae, VIII with an irregular transverse band posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 1955; head length 216, width behind eyes 157, po length 75, eye dorsal length 82; median length of pronotum 155, width across ep 227, aa 45, ml 87, ep 100, pa 107; width of mesonotum 237; fore wing length 860; tergite IX setae S1 167, S2 195, S3 172; tergite X length 150, basal width 75, apical width 40; length(width) of antennal segments III���VIII 50 (32), 40(32), 45(32), 42(27), 42(22), 32(10), respectively. Larvae: body pale without red internal pigmentation, abdominal segments IX���X light brown. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, S��o Paulo, Paranapiacaba, in leaf galls of cf. Miconia sp., 21.x.2006 (Kaminski, L.A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 0 962. Paratypes: 15 males, 34 females and 3 larvae collected with holotype, at UFRGS. 1 male and 2 females collected with holotype, at ANIC. Non-type specimens: 1 male, 6 females and 1 larva collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Etymology. Named in reference to the greatly enlarged fore tarsal hamus this species bears. Comments. Holopothrips longihamus is one of the three species within the genus with an enlarged fore tarsal hamus, and the only one where the hamus is both thickened and elongate, extending beyond the lateral margin of tarsus (Fig. 153). Another curious trait is the frequent presence of at least four or five campaniform sensilla irregularly placed on the pelta (Fig. 155), contrasting with the usual symmetrical pair seen in other Holopothrips. This species also has elongate pronotal setae, with ep and pa easily surpassing 100 ��m long, and somewhat stout fore femora (Fig. 152). Holopothrips longihamus induces marginal rolled-leaf galls in an undetermined Melastomataceae tree., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on pages 57-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182

Holopothrips hilaris Hood (Figs 102���106) Holopothrips hilaris Hood, 1938: 233. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) mostly brown, with abdominal segments I���V yellow; maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; basantra present; metanotal sculpture formed by thin and elongate reticles anteriorly, and broad reticles posteriorly, with internal markings; males with three pore plates on sternites VII���VIII; female spermatheca not enlarged. Comments. Another species described from Southeastern Brazil, H. hilaris is unique within the genus for having the body mostly brown, but pelta (Fig. 105) and abdominal segments II���V clear yellow; and is one of two species of Holopothrips with specimens having hind femora yellow but hind tibiae brown. The other species with this unusual colour pattern for the hind legs, H. signatus, has only abdominal segments II���III yellow. The host plant of this species is unknown, with the type series being collected from an unidentified herb. Material studied. 1 female paratype, Brazil, S��o Paulo, on leaves of an herb, ix.1935 (Hambleton, E.J.), at NMNH. Slide with note ���No. 9, his letter of June 9, 1936 ���., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1938) Studies in Neotropical Thysanoptera VII. Revista de Entomologia, 9 (1 - 2), 218 - 247."]}

Holopothrips flavisetis sp. n. (Figs 88–94) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; head slightly wider than long; maxillary stylets parallel, close medially and retracted beyond posterior margin of eyes; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by elongate reticles, without internal markings; male with small median pore plate only on sternite VIII, interrupted medially; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 91) uniformly brown, with apical internal half of all femora lighter, fore femora light brown, fore tarsi brownish yellow, mid and hind tarsi light brown, tergite X dark brown basally and lighter on apical half. Antennal segments I–II light brown, II lighter on apical half, III yellow shaded light brown on apical half, IV very light brown, V–VIII light brown. Fore wings shaded, slightly darker near base, without median dark line, clavus shaded brown; major body setae yellow. Head (Fig. 88) about 0.8 times as long as width behind eyes, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, weaker medially, cheeks curved. Eyes well-developed but not as enlarged as in some Holopothrips species, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with capitate apex, shorter than the dorsal length of the eye. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching eyes, very close medially. Mouth cone with pointed tip, reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segment III with 2 sense cones and IV with 2 or 3 sense cones. Pronotum (Fig. 88) wide and trapezoidal, surface smooth, with few transverse lines near posterior margin; epimeral sutures incomplete. Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am reduced, aa, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, touching medially. Mesonotum (Fig. 89) reticulate, almost equiangular medially and elongate laterally; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 90) with faint longitudinally elongated reticles, internal markings on sculpture absent; four to six anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 7 to 9 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 92) triangular, anterior margin straight, with weak lateral wings in some specimens; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture covering the whole pelta; irregular reticles surrounded by elongated ones medially, transversely elongated irregular reticles anteriorly, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II with slightly elongated reticulation, which becomes closer to striate and less defined on further tergites. Third pair of wing retaining setae mostly absent, but sometimes a small and not curved lateral setae is close to the wing retaining pairs. Tergite IX setae S1, S2 and S3 with capitate apexes. Tube about 0.85 of head length and about 1.8 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 94) swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 1906; head length 162, width behind eyes 200, po length 37, eye dorsal length 62; median length of pronotum 127, width across ep 270, am 6, aa 35, ml 35, ep 62, pa 35; width of mesonotum 287; fore wing length 720; tergite IX setae S1 82, S2 89, S3 87; tergite X length 140, basal width 75, apical width 37; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 60 (26), 52(29), 52(29), 55(27), 47(27), 27(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller. Pore plate (Fig. 93) with punctuate texture and present on sternite VIII, faint irregular median spots posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 1659; head length 147, width behind eyes 182, po length 29, eye dorsal length 62; median length of pronotum 112, width across ep 247, am 5, aa 27, ml 32, ep 57, pa 32; width of mesonotum 250; fore wing length 680; tergite IX setae S1 87, S2 87, S3 82; tergite X length 117, basal width 67, apical width 32; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 57 (25), 45(27), 50(27), 47(25), 45(22), 25(10), respectively. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Jaquirana, in unidentified Myrtaceae, 28.i.2013 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 4115. Paratypes: 1 male, 1 female collected with holotype. Slide codes UFRGS 4116 and 4117, respectively. Etymology. Species named after its light-coloured major body setae. Comments. Holopothrips flavisetis has some uncommon characters, such as the slightly wider than long head with long maxillary stylets (Fig. 88), reaching the posterior margin of eyes, and absence of the third pair of WR in all tergites. The metanotal sculpture is formed by weak slightly elongate reticles (Fig. 90), similar to Holopothrips conducans (Priesner). Holopothrips infestans sp. n. shares with this species the lack of a third WR and a similar metanotal sculpture, but the shape of the head, pelta and female spermatheca are different between these two species. Holopothrips flavisetis was studied inducing galls in an unidentified Myrtaceae in South Brazil, where the terminal leaves became twisted and red pigmented (Fig. 10).

Holopothrips tillandsiae Mound & Marullo (Figs 270–271) Holopothrips tillandsiae Mound & Marullo, 1996: 303. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets parallel; two pairs of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by weakly defined reticles, without internal markings; males without pore plates; female spermatheca not enlarged medially, but elongate and extending to abdominal segment VI. Comments. This brown species is a remarkable member of the genus. The head is as wide as long (Fig. 271) and some specimens exhibit a second pair of postocular setae about 0.5 times as long as the major pair. Pronotal setae are well-developed and capitate, including am and aa. Moreover, males of H. tillandsiae lack sternal pore plates and the female spermatheca is curiously long, extending forward into the sixth abdominal segment. It is known only from specimens collected on Tillandsia compressa (Bromeliaceae) in Costa Rica. Material studied. 1 male and 1 female paratypes; Costa Rica, San José, in Tillandsia compressa, 16.iii.1937 (Neverman), at BMNH.

Holopothrips signatus Hood (Figs 222���225) Holopothrips signatus Hood, 1914: 50. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) mostly brown, with abdominal segments II���III yellow, hind femora frequently yellow as well; maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by elongate reticles bearing internal markings; pelta reticulate and without internal markings; males with pore plates on sternites V���VIII; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Comments. This is the type species of the genus, and was described from Panama in Hura crepitans galls, together with H. tenuis. It is one of four Holopothrips species with the body mostly brown, but with a few abdominal segments pale. In H. signatus only segments II���III are yellow, and the hind femora are clear yellow in contrast to the brown tibiae (Fig. 222). However, this seems to be a variable characteristic, as the original description noted that some specimens had the hind femora almost as brown as the body, and at least one of the individuals studied in this work had the hind femora largely shaded brown. Males have pore plates in sternites V��� VIII, two anteroangular plates and two lateral plates posterior to the discal setae; however, the posterior plate in sternite VIII may be a complete band or interrupted medially (Fig. 225). Material studied. 1 male and 1 female paratypes; Panama, Taboga Island, under surface of Hura crepitans leaves, 18.x.1913 (Zetek, J.), at BMNH. 1 male topotype, same collection data, at NMNH., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1914) Two new Thysanoptera from Panama. Insecutor inscitiae menstruus, 2, 49 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9581"]}

Holopothrips tupi Hood (Figs 272���275) Holopothrips tupi Hood, 1955: 143. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly dark brown, including fore tibiae; maxillary stylets parallel, po setae somewhat short; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed elongate reticles, with internal markings; pelta with slightly elongate reticles bearing internal markings; males with three pore plates on sternite VIII only; female spermatheca not enlarged. Comments. Described from Southeastern Brazil without any identification of the host plant, this species shares some similarities with H. signatus, but the latter is bicoloured with po setae longer. The pronotal setae of H. tupi are dark and stout, somewhat short when compared to the setae of other Holopothrips species. The pelta reticles bear internal markings, but are not elongate and thin as in some other species with this characteristic (Fig. 275). Females have an s-shaped spermatheca (Fig. 274). Material studied. 2 female paratypes; Brazil, S��o Paulo, Serra da Cantareira, Franco da Rocha, leaves of unidentified shrub or tree, 11.vi.1948 (Hood, J.D., Lane, F. and Filho, L.T.), at BMNH and NMNH. Slides with code ��� Hood No. 1609���., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1955) Brasilian Thysanoptera VI. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 4, 51 - 160."]}

Holopothrips seini (Watson) Liothrips seini Watson 1927: 59. Originally described in the genus Liothrips from Dominican Republic. This species was not examined in this work, but the body setae of H. seini are described as mostly short and inconspicuous, with ep being the only elongate pronotal setae, and ml is apparently absent (Watson 1927)., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Watson, J. R. (1927) A new Liothrips from Santo Domingo. Florida Entomologist, 10, 59 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3492497"]}

Holopothrips singularis sp. n. (Figs 241–247) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown, fore wings shaded brown; head with maxillary stylets parallel, minute tubercles on sculpture dorsolaterally, and po setae absent; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture with longitudinally elongate reticles, with weak internal markings; sculpture on pelta weak to absent near posterior margin; male with reticulate pore plates on sternites V–VIII; female spermatheca not enlarged. Macropterous male: Body (Fig. 241) uniformly brown, with fore tibia, apical third of mid and hind tibiae and all tarsi yellow, tergite X light brown, lighter on apex. Antennal segments I–II concolourous with head, II lighter on extreme apex, III–VI clear yellow, VII–VIII yellow slightly shaded light brown. Fore wings shaded but lighter on tip, median dark line faintly indicated, clavus shaded; major body setae light brown. Head (Fig. 242) length subequal to width behind eyes, dorsal surface with clear reticulation; cheeks curved, bearing several minute tubercles on sculpture dorsolaterally. Eyes large, slightly kidney-shaped, dorsal length about 0.5 of head length; major po setae absent, but some small discal setae are present posterior to eyes. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching posterior margin of eyes and about a third of head width apart. Mouth cone (Fig. 243) with rounded tip, close to but not reaching ferna. Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 242) rectangular, clear irregularly reticulate sculpture on its surface; epimeral sutures incomplete and short. Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am reduced and with acute to blunt tip, aa, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with capitate tips. Basantra (Fig. 243) weakly indicated; prosternal ferna well-developed, close medially but not touching; a chitinous islet seen above ferna in one specimen, absent in the others. Mesonotum (Fig. 247) with equiangular reticulation; faint internal markings on sculpture present. Metanotum (Fig. 247) with longitudinally elongated reticles, internal markings on sculpture present on lateral reticles; two or three pairs of anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 6 to 8 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 244) triangular, anterior margin straight, with weak lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture present medially but weaker or absent posteriorly and near margins; slightly elongated reticles medially, longer irregular reticles laterally, internal markings on sculpture observed in one specimen, but absent in others. Tergite II with irregular reticles on lateral thirds, sculpture weaker or absent medially; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Tergites II–VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1 with blunt to slightly capitate apex, S2 and S3 acute. Tube about 0.7–0.85 of head length and about 2.3 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Sternites V–VIII (Fig. 246) with pore plates with reticulate texture: V–VII with two anterolateral plates and two lateral plates posterior to discal setae, VIII with two anterolateral plates and a transverse band posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male holotype in microns): Length about 1718; head length 197, width behind eyes 187, eye dorsal length 100; median length of pronotum 102, width across ep 235, am 14, aa 22, ml 25, ep 57, pa 35; width of mesonotum 245; fore wing length 690; tergite IX setae S1 65, S2 100, S3 85; tergite X length 145, basal width 62, apical width 35; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 60 (25), 52(25), 55(25), 50(20), 42(17), 30(9), respectively. Macropterous female: Similar to male in colour and structure, but slightly larger; spermatheca (Fig. 245) curled, slightly thickened medially but not swollen. Measurements (female paratype in microns): Length about 1916; head length 200, width behind eyes 220, eye dorsal length 110; median length of pronotum 114, width across ep 255, am 16, aa 37, ml 25, ep 72, pa 35; width of mesonotum 285; fore wing length 800; tergite IX setae S1 77, S2 135, S3 100; tergite X length 170, basal width 75, apical width 40; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 67 (27), 55(27), 60(30), 55(24), 47(20), 30(10), respectively. Material studied. Holotype male, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Paraty, Trindade beach, in a gall of an unidentified Myrtaceae, 29.xii.2010 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 1200. Paratypes: 1 male, 1 female collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Etymology. Species named after its unique combination of characters, which makes it easy to recognize among other Holopothrips species. Comments. This is a highly distinctive species with several remarkable traits, such as the head clearly reticulate with minute tubercles on the dorsolateral sculpture (Fig. 242), absence of defined postocular setae, and male pore plates present on sternites V–VIII (Fig. 246). Some of these traits are shared with H. reticulatus, which is distinguished from H. singularis by having the head reticulation longitudinally elongate and no male pore plates on sternite V.

Key to Holopothrips species (Excluding H. seini (Watson)). 1. Abdomen sharply bicoloured, with at least segment II clear yellow and at least tube brown (Figs 51, 95, 222)............. 2 - Abdomen uniformly coloured, yellowish, light or dark brown; sometimes anterior segments slightly lighter, but not sharply different from subsequent segments (Figs 39, 107, 211)...................................................... 13 2. Head and thorax brown; at least abdominal segment II yellow but segments VI–X always brown (Fig. 222).............. 3 - Head brown or bicoloured, thorax and abdominal segments I–VII yellow (Figs 32, 210).............................. 6 3. Abdominal segments I–V yellow; hind femora yellow.................................................... hilaris - Abdominal segments IV–V brown; hind femora usually brown................................................. 4 4. Postocular setae with acute to blunt apex, shorter than 45 µm; hind femora sometimes yellow (Figs 222–225)...... signatus - Postocular setae with capitate apex, longer than 50 µm; hind femora always brown.................................. 5 5. Postocellar setae length subequal or slightly longer than the diameter of an ocellus; metanotal sculpture with equiangular reticulation between the median major setae; abdominal segments I–II clear yellow and III–VII darker............... balteatus - Postocellar setae shorter than the diameter of an ocellus; metanotum sculptured with longitudinally elongate reticles between the median major setae; abdominal segments I–III clear yellow (Figs 218–220)................................ pictus 6. Abdominal segment VIII mostly yellow, in some females the posterior margin might be light brown (Figs 78, 95)......... 7 - Abdominal segment VIII mostly brown, sometimes lighter near anteromedian margin (Figs 32, 210, 221)................ 9 7. Abdominal segment IX clear yellow; head mostly brown, yellow only near posterior margin; antennal segments III–IV with two sense cones each; fore wings without duplicated cilia (Figs 51–52).................................... carolinae - Abdominal segment IX brown; head brown anteriorly and medially, and yellow laterally and near posterior margin; antennal segments III–IV usually with three sense cones each; fore wings with duplicated cilia............................... 8 8. Head length and width subequal with curved cheeks; postocular setae reduced or absent; fore wing clavus shaded light brown; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male with pore plates only on sternite VIII (Figs 78–82)................... fulvus - Head clearly longer than wide with straight cheeks; postocular setae well-developed; fore wing clavus yellowish; female spermatheca not enlarged; male with pore plates on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 95–98).......................... graziae sp. n. 9. Head sharply bicoloured, brown anteriorly and medially, yellow elsewhere; fore wing with a brown longitudinal strip on basal half, clavus shaded brown; epimera with two pairs of major setae (Figs 120–121)............................ inquilinus - Head uniformly brown, sometimes slightly lighter on posterior margin, but never strongly bicoloured; fore wing and clavus pale; epimera with one pair of major setae................................................................. 10 10. Postocular setae short, about as long as the diameter of an ocellus or smaller; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male with pore plates on sternites VI–VIII (Figs 32–38)..................................................... bicolor sp. n. - Postocular setae well-developed, usually longer than the diameter of an ocellus; female spermatheca S-shaped, thin or thickened but never enlarged medially; male never with pore plates on sternite VI..................................... 11 11. Head light brown; antennal segment III clear yellow; metanotal sculpture with longitudinally elongated reticles, almost forming a striate pattern anteriorly (Figs 262–265)......................................................... tabebuia - Head dark brown, slightly lighter near posterior margin; antennal segment III dark brown on basal half, yellow on apical half; metanotal sculpture reticulate, equiangular to slightly elongate, but never looking striate............................ 12 12. Abdominal segment VIII fully brown; postocular setae with capitate apex; pronotal aa setae capitate; male with pore plates on sternites VII–VIII, on VIII with two anteroangular plates and also one transverse band, which extends toward tergite VIII (Fig. 210)............................................................................................ paulus - Abdominal segment VIII light yellow on anterior half and brown on posterior half; postocular setae with acute apex; pronotal aa setae acute to blunt; male with only a transverse pore plate on sternite VIII, which does not extend toward tergite VIII (Fig. 221)......................................................................................... porrosati 13. Pronotum with two pairs of long setae on epimeral region..................................................... 14 - Pronotum with one pair of long setae on epimeral region; sometimes with a second pair of much shorter setae, of which one may be absent....................................................................................... 25 14. Maxillary stylets not retracted to postocular setae level, V-shaped (Figs 169, 192).................................. 15 - Maxillary stylets retracted at least to postocular setae level, sinuous or parallel-sided (Figs 17, 61, 199)................ 19 15. Antennal segments III–IV with two sense cones each, IV sometimes with a third, smaller sense cone (about half to less than two thirds of the length of the other sense cones); male sternites without pore plates................................ 16 - Antennal segments III–IV with three sense cones each, IV sometimes with a fourth, smaller sense cone (about half to less than two thirds of the length of the other sense cones); male with pore plate at least on sternite VIII....................... 17 16. Major pronotal setae very short except for epimerals, not reaching 30 µm long; po setae very short, about as long as the diameter of an ocellus; sculpture on metanotum reaching close to the posterior margin of metanotal craspedum; fore tarsal hamus not enlarged (Figs 188–190).......................................................................... molzi - Major pronotal setae (except am in few specimens) elongate, 50 µm or longer; po setae longer than the dorsal length of the eye; sculpture on metanotum waning before the posterior margin of metanotal craspedum; fore tarsal hamus thickened, almost reaching beyond the lateral margin of tarsus (Figs 159–167)........................................ longisetus sp. n. 17. Body brown to light brown, fore tibiae yellow, sometimes shaded light brown basally; postocular setae shorter than the dorsal length of an eye, at most 70 µm long; male with a single pore plate on sternite VIII, a thin transverse band posterior to discal setae (Figs 168–175)......................................................................... magnus sp. n. - Body dark brown, fore tibia usually also brown; postocular setae about as long as the dorsal length of an eye, more than 80 µm long; male with three pore plates on sternite VIII, two anteroangular bands and a transverse band posterior to discal setae....................................................................................................... 18 18. Pronotal am and coxal setae well-developed, more than 18 µm long, comparable to aa or longer; lateral margins of pelta not irregular and without lateral wings; male pore plates only on sternite VIII, with regular margins (Figs 26–31)...................................................................................................... atlanticus sp. n. - Pronotal am and coxal setae thin and short, less than 15 µm long, shorter than aa in size; pelta with very irregular lateral margins and lateral wings; male pore plates with irregular margins on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 191–197)........ nigrisetis sp. n. 19. Fore wings with basal area darker than the rest of the wing, sometimes only around the bases of the three sub-basal setae (Figs 45, 54)............................................................................................. 20 - Basal area of fore wings not clearly darker than the rest of the fore wing (Fig. 16).................................. 23 20. Head and metanotal sculpture weak to absent medially; mouth cone not reaching posterior margin of fore coxae; third pair of WR absent at least on tergites V–VI; female spermatheca long, extending all the way to abdominal segment VII; male without pore plates (Figs 270–271)...................................................................... tillandsiae - Head and metanotum with well-defined sculpture; mouth cone reaching posterior margin of fore coxae; third pair of WR present on tergites II–VII; female spermatheca shorter, not extending to segment VII; male with pore plates at least on sternite VIII................................................................................................... 21 21. Body light brown, head and posterior segments of abdomen darkest; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male sternite VIII with two small anteroangular pore plates and one transverse plate posterior to discal setae; epimeral suture usually complete (Figs 53–54).................................................................................... chaconi - Body uniformly brown to dark brown; female spermatheca not enlarged; male sternite VIII with a single pore plate posterior to discal setae; epimeral suture usually incomplete............................................................ 22 22. Metanotal sculpture longitudinally striate; pelta with anterior margin acute, sculpture bearing internal markings; male with a single pore plate on sternite VIII only (Figs 198–203)............................................... nigrum sp. n. - Metanotal sculpture formed by weak and slightly elongate reticles; pelta with anterior margin straight to slightly curved, sculpture without internal markings; male with pore plates on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 45–50).................. cardosoi sp. n. 23. Head with clearly reticulate sculpture on dorsal surface; metanotal sculpture formed by clearly defined equiangular reticles medially; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male sternites VII–VIII with pore plates, on VIII with two small anteroangular plates and one transverse pore plate posterior to discal setae (Figs 22–25)................................. ananasi - Head with transverse lines of sculpture on head, sometimes enclosing elongate irregular reticles; metanotal sculpture formed by weak slightly elongate reticles medially; female spermatheca not enlarged medially; male with only one small median pore plate posterior to discal setae on sternite VIII.............................................................. 24 24. Median reticles on pelta longitudinally elongate and with weak internal markings; tergite II with irregular transversely elongated reticles; fore wing shaded light brown; basantra absent; inducing galls in Myrcia splendens (Figs 61–65)... conducans - Median reticles on pelta small and closely equiangular, without internal markings; tergite II with sculpture transversely striate; fore wing pale to yellowish; basantra faintly indicated; inducing galls in Myrcia selloi (Figs 16–21)......... acrioris sp. n. 25. Head exceptionally long, more than 2.0 times longer than wide; pronotal am setae well-developed, aa and ml setae reduced to the size of discals............................................................................... elongatus - Head less than 1.9 times longer than wide; pronotal am and aa setae variable, but ml setae always well-developed........ 26 26. Fore tarsal hamus elongate, projecting beyond the lateral margin of tarsus (Fig. 153)............................... 27 - Fore tarsal hamus not projecting beyond the lateral margin of tarsus............................................. 28 27. Pronotal aa setae less than 25 µm long; pelta without lateral wings and with two or less campaniform sensilla; male with welldefined pore plates on sternites IV–VIII (Figs 39–44)......................................... brevicapitatum sp. n. - Pronotal aa setae more than 40 µm long; pelta with small lateral wings and 4 or 5 campaniform sensilla; male with faintly indicated pore plates on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 151–158).......................................... longihamus sp. n. 28. At least abdominal tergites II and III without a third pair of well-developed and sigmoid WR setae (Fig. 124)............ 29 - Third pair of WR setae usually present on tergites II–VII (Fig. 60); sometimes absent on II, but always present on III–VII.. 33 29. Maxillary stylets V-shaped, more than half of head width apart, not reaching the base of postocular setae............... 30 - Maxillary stylets parallel, one third or less of head width apart, retracted at least to base of postocular setae............. 31 30. Sculpture on mesonotum, metanotum and pelta weak to absent medially; head about as long as width behind eyes (Figs 107– 111)................................................................................. inconspicuus sp. n. - Sculpture on mesonotum and metanotum well-defined; head about 1.2 times longer than width behind eyes (Figs 122–124)............................................................................................. jaboticabae 31. Maxillary stylets about one third of head width apart; female spermatheca not enlarged medially; metanotal sculpture formed by weakly defined equiangular reticles (Figs 112–119)............................................. infestans sp. n. - Maxillary stylets a fourth of head width apart or less; female spermatheca enlarged medially; metanotal sculpture formed by elongate or irregular reticles............................................................................ 32 32. Pronotal am setae reduced (less than 7 µm long) with acute apex; head clearly constricted posteriorly (Fig. 88); male with a single and reduced pore plate on sternite VIII (Figs 88–94).......................................... flavisetis sp. n. - Pronotal am setae developed (10 µm or longer), with capitate apex; head not constricted posteriorly (Fig. 277); male with pore plates on sternites V–VIII, sternite VIII with two anteroangular and one posterior plates (Figs 276–283)..... varicolor sp. n. 33. Fore tibiae uniformly brown, concolourous with fore femora; head about 1.4 times as long as head width behind eyes; with Vshaped maxillary stylets, retracted halfway to po setae (Figs 69–74)................................... curiosus sp. n. - Not this combination of characters; if fore tibiae brown then head proportion is different, or maxillary stylets are curved or parallel-shaped, never V-shaped............................................................................ 34 34. Head about or more than 1.5 times as long as head width behind eyes; maxillary stylets usually parallel, sometimes distanced from each other but never V-shaped...................................................................... 35 - Head less than 1.4 times as long as head width behind eyes; maxillary stylets may be parallel, curved or V-shaped........ 43 35. All tibiae and tarsi fully yellow (Figs 55–60)....................................................... claritibialis - Fore tibiae variable, mid and hind tibiae brown or bicoloured.................................................. 36 36. Metanotal sculpture formed by equiangular reticles anteriorly, without internal markings (Figs 99–101)......... hambletoni - Metanotal sculpture either striate or formed by elongate reticles with internal markings............................. 37 37. Metanotal sculpture finely striate throughout, not forming any reticles posteriorly (Figs 208, 260)..................... 38 - Metanotal sculpture with elongate reticles or striate only on anterior half; if striate anteriorly, then with reticulate sculpture on posterior half (Figs 128, 269)........................................................................... 39 38. Body longer than 3200 µm when distended; mesonotal sculpture with internal markings; female spermatheca enlarged medially (Figs 204–208)................................................................................ orites - Body length less than 2800 µm when distended; mesonotal sculpture without internal markings; female spermatheca not enlarged medially (Figs 257–261).................................................................... striatus 39. Maxillary stylets about 1/3 of head width apart; pronotal am setae long, aa setae reduced or absent (Figs 266–269).... tenuis - Maxillary stylets closer to each other, sometimes almost touching medially; pronotal am setae reduced, about the size of discal setae, aa usually well-developed........................................................................ 40 40. Body length above 3500 µm when distended; antennal segments IV–V shaded with light brown or bicoloured (Figs 212–217)............................................................................................ permagnus - Body length below 3000 µm when distended; antennal segments IV–V yellow.................................... 41 41. Pronotal am setae conspicuous, longer than discal setae (around 15 µm long); pelta with anterior margin acute at tip, with sculpture weak or absent laterally and anteriorly, bearing elongate reticles medially, with internal markings (Figs 125–130)................................................................................................ inversus - Pronotal am setae either absent or not longer than discal setae; pelta with anterior margin rounded or with a straight tip, fully reticulated, with equiangular reticles medially, without internal markings........................................ 42 42. Head about 1.5 times as long as head width behind eyes (Figs 75–77)........................................ ferrisi - Head about 1.8 times as long as head width behind eyes...............................................

Holopothrips punctatus sp. n. (Figs 226–233) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly light brown; head with sharply straight margins, maxillary stylets V-shaped, and minute tubercles on sculpture dorsolaterally; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture with equiangular reticles, without internal markings; sculpture on pelta weak to absent near posterior margin; male with pore plates on sternites VI–VIII, posterior plate on VIII extending slightly towards tergite; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 226) light brown, with head and tergite X slightly darker, fore tibia and all tarsi yellow, mid tibia yellow on apical half and hind tibia yellow on apex. Antennal segment I concolourous with head, II light brown basally and yellow apically, III–VIII clear yellow. Fore wings pale but very light brown on area around sub-basal setae, without median dark line, clavus shaded; major body setae yellow. Head (Fig. 227) about 1.3 times as long as width behind eyes, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, sometimes enclosing elongated reticles; cheeks straight, bearing several minute tubercles on sculpture dorsolaterally. Eyes large, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with weakly capitate apex, about as long as the dorsal width of the eye. Maxillary stylets V-shaped, not reaching po level and more than half of head width apart. Mouth cone with rounded tip, not reaching ferna. Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 227) trapezoidal, with weak lines of sculpture near posterior margin but smooth medially; epimeral sutures incomplete and short, in some specimens apparently bifurcating around pa setae (Fig. 228). Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am small, aa, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with weakly capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, close medially but not touching, anterior margins weakly produced in some specimens. Mesonotum (Fig. 229) with equiangular reticulation medially, which becomes transversely elongated anterolaterally; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 233) with equiangular reticles, slightly elongated near margins, internal markings on sculpture absent; one or two pairs of anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 4 to 8 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 230) triangular, wider basally than long medially, anterior margin straight to slightly curved, no lateral wings but with weak projections near base; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture present medially but weaker or absent posteriorly and near margins; elongated reticles surrounded by irregular ones medially, weak irregular lines laterally, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II without visible sculpture; tergites II–VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1 with blunt to slightly expanded apex, S2 and S3 finely acute. Tube about 0.8 of head length and about 2.5 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.6 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 231) swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2646; head length 287, width behind eyes 224, po length 77, eye dorsal length 107; median length of pronotum 140, width across ep 305, am 17, aa 40, ml 62, ep 105, pa 80; width of mesonotum 325; fore wing length 980; tergite IX setae S1 225, S2 235, S3 187; tergite X length 242, basal width 87, apical width 54; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 82 (30), 62(30), 72(27), 70(25), 72(25), 27(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but smaller. Pore plates (Fig. 232) with punctuated texture and present on sternites VI–VIII: VIII with a transverse band posterior to discal setae and two anteroangular plates, VII with only the transverse band, VI with irregular spots posterior to discal setae. Posterior plate on VIII extending towards tergite, slightly past spiracles. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 2093; head length 237, width across cheeks 182, po length 60, eye dorsal length 97; median length of pronotum 120, width across ep 255, am 15, aa 37, ml 55, ep 80, pa 57; width of mesonotum 277; fore wing length 830; tergite IX setae S1 182, S2 205, S3 197; tergite X length 195, basal width 79, apical width 45; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 77 (27), 60(25), 65(25), 62(22), 62(21), 40(10), respectively. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Antônio Prado, Gruta Natural, in Mollinedia leaf galls, 18.ii.2010 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide with code UFRGS 1083. Paratypes: 2 males and 17 females collected with holotype, at UFRGS. 1 male and 1 female collected with holotype, at ANIC. Etymology. Species named after the distinct punctuate appearance of the dorsolateral area of its head, due to the presence of minute tubercles in the sculpture. Comments. This species also has the curious trait of the posterior pore plate on sternite VIII extending onto the tergite, which is found in a few other species, such as H. hambletoni and H. paulus. Holopothrips punctatus is very similar in appearance and structure to H. hambletoni, but differs in having the maxillary stylets wider apart (Fig. 227), minute tubercles on dorsolateral sculpture of head, and the posterior pore plate on sternite VIII only barely extending onto the tergite, while in H. hambletoni it extends for about a third of the tergite width. Holopothrips pennatus also shares some similarities with this species, but is distinguished by having all legs fully yellow (except for coxae). Holopothrips punctatus was found co-existing with H. claritibialis on Mollinedia leaves in South Brazil.

Holopothrips Hood Holopothrips Hood, 1914:49 (type species: Holopothrips signatus Hood, 1914, by original designation). Phrasterothrips Priesner, 1921:210 (type species: Phrasterothrips conducans Priesner, 1921, by monotypy). Synonymised by Mound & Marullo, 1996:289. Diploacanthothrips Moulton, 1933:239 (type species: Diploacanthothrips fuscus Moulton, 1933, by monotypy). Synonymised with Phrasterothrips, by Priesner, 1949:127. Homorothrips Hood, 1954:52 (type species: Homorothrips erianthi Hood, 1954, by monotypy). Synonymised by Mound & Marullo, 1996:289. Anoplothrips Hood, 1954:53 (type species: Anoplothrips jaboticabae Hood, 1954, by monotypy). Synonymised by Mound & Marullo, 1996:289. Caraibothrips Bournier, 1993:234. (type species: Caraibothrips inquilinus Bournier, 1993, by monotypy). Synonymised by Mound & Marullo, 1996:289. Type species: Holopothrips signatus Hood, 1914: 50. Diagnostic features: the following characters are those most frequently mentioned as diagnostic for this genus: presence of a third pair of wing-retaining setae on abdominal tergites II���VII, presence of anterior discal setae on metanotum, and males with multiple and complex pore plates (Mound & Marullo 1996); visible and welldeveloped female spermatheca (Zamora et al. 2015). However, variations of one or more of these traits are not uncommon within Holopothrips, with some members being included in the genus even when lacking one of the diagnostic features, due to sharing other morphological similarities or habits. All members of the genus have antenna 8-segmented; fore tibia unarmed; wings well-developed and fore wings bearing duplicated cilia; no sexual dimorphism in external characters has been observed in any Holopothrips species. However, other features, such as presence of three sense cones on antennal segments III���IV, large and bulbous eyes, association to galls, have been proposed as common within the genus, but are of limited use for diagnosing membership of Holopothrips. Several other morphological characters, such as body size, colouration, chaetotaxy, are highly variable within the genus, as described below. Morphological variation. Colouration: Due to most specimens being previously treated with NaOH, here we consider only the cuticular colouration, which is less influenced by the hydroxide, thus overall patterns are retained. The majority of Holopothrips species are uniformly brown, although the shade of brown is variable from very dark, almost black (Figs 26, 191, 198) to light or yellowish brown (Figs 107, 226), with some specimens of H. varicolor sp. n. being almost yellow. Twelve species of Holopothrips have the abdomen strikingly bicoloured: four of them have the body mainly brown with only abdominal segments II���III yellow (Fig. 222), or abdominal segments II���V in H. hilaris; and the remaining eight have the body mainly yellow, with only the head, abdominal segment X, and sometimes segments VIII���IX brown (Figs 32, 51, 95). The more frequent pattern of colouration for the legs is having all femora concolourous with the body, mid and hind tibiae concolourous as well but lighter near apex (from just the tip to apical third or half), fore tibiae and all tarsi yellow or clearly lighter than fore femora (Figs 16, 131, 138). However, exceptions are not uncommon, such as the fore tibiae being brown in several dark-bodied species (Figs 26, 69, 191), or all tibiae being almost white in H. claritibialis (Fig. 55), or the brown species H. pennatus having all legs fully yellow (Fig. 211). An uncommon variation is the presence of yellow hind femora but brown hind tibiae in H. hilaris and H. signatus (Fig. 222), although in the latter species individuals have been reported with brown hind femora (Hood 1914). Antenna also presents some variation: usually segments I���II are concolourous with head, III���VI lighter or bicoloured, due to being shaded on apical half, and VII���VIII shaded or brown (Figs 16, 188). Some species have the antenna yellow on segments III���VIII (Figs 211, 226), and some bicoloured species may have segment III brown basally (Figs 210, 221). The fore wings may be hyaline (Figs 26, 69) or shaded yellow or light brown (Figs 91, 63, 138). The basal area, especially around the sub-basal setae, is shaded in several species (Figs 45, 191). The median dark line on fore wing is usually absent, or only weakly indicated. Head: Several characteristics are variable and helpful for species identification. Firstly, the ratio between head length and width, which ranges from head slightly wider right behind eyes than long in H. flavisetis sp. n. (Fig. 88), and some individuals of H. inconspicuus sp. n., H. mariae, H. singularis sp. n. and H. varicolor sp. n. (Figs 109, 242, 277), to over 1.8 times as long as wide in H. oaxacensis and H. permagnus (Hood 1938; Johansen 1986) (Fig. 212). However, the majority of Holopothrips species lie in between these extremes, having heads between 1.1���1.4 times as long as wide. The head proportions can be influenced by pressure during the mounting process (which can be noticed by shorter distance between dorsal and ventral views, head crushed or looking wider posteriorly, and thorax��� lateral margins greatly curved due to pressure), so specimens that were not flattened by pressure should be used for the analysis of this character. Head sculpture is usually formed by weak transverse lines, but in H. ananasi it is markedly reticulate (Fig. 22), and in H. singularis sp. n. the sculpture is irregularly reticulate (Fig. 242). Few species bear minute tubercles in the angles of dorsolateral sculpture (Figs 227, 236), giving the area a punctuate appearance. Compound eyes are frequently large, bulbous, sometimes bean-shaped (Figs 96, 223, 267), this being a characteristic commonly associated with Holopothrips. However, some species do not have eyes so enlarged, but somewhat reduced in comparison to the eyes of other Holopothrips species (Figs 46, 88). There is one pair of postocular setae in almost all Holopothrips species, although in H. fulvus and H. singularis sp. n. they seem to be reduced to the size of discal setae (Fig. 79), or fully absent (Fig. 242). The length of po can range from barely different from discal setae (Figs 52, 235) to longer than the dorsal length of the eye (Figs 160, 199); but is usually between these extremes, about as long as the dorsal width of an eye. A third major seta or even a secondary pair of large setae may be present inner to po in some specimens (Fig. 139); it is possible that this extra po is actually one of the postocellar pairs. The tip of po setae is as variable as the pronotal setae, less commonly acute (e. g. H. porrosati, H. stannardi) or blunt (e. g. H. atlanticus sp. n., H. magnus sp. n., H. orites), with expanded or capitate tips being more frequent (e. g. H. claritibialis, H. maiae sp. n., H. tenuis). The maxillary stylets vary in position within the head, the most common combination being retracted until postocular setae and about one third of head width apart or less (Figs 96, 99, 113). Few species have the maxillary stylets retracted to the posterior margin of eyes and closer to each other medially, almost touching in H. ananasi, H. cardosoi sp. n. or H. conducans (Figs 22, 46, 61). Other species have the maxillary stylets less retracted into the head, sometimes barely leaving the mouth cone (Fig. 109) or, in species with a longer head, reaching halfway to po base (Figs 169, 192). Stylets less retracted into the head tend to be more separated from each other, having a V shape (Figs 132, 227) in contrast to the usual parallel disposition (Figs 66, 242). Mouth cone can be somewhat rounded at tip, and in this case the labial palps tend to be reduced to what looks like a basal plate, barely projecting from the labium (Figs 187, 243). In contrast, there are several Holopothrips species with the mouth cone longer and pointed, sometimes extending beyond the posterior margin of fore coxae, with labial palps usually being longer and with visible segmentation (Figs 173, 278). Antenna: With eight segments in all Holopothrips species; the main antennal character used for species identification is the number of sense cones on segments III���IV. Three sense cones on each seems to be the most common pattern within the genus, but reductions in the number of sense cones occur in a variety of species (Mound & Marullo 1996). Species such as H. carolinae, H. graminis, H. longisetus sp. n. bear only two sense cones on antennal segments III���IV. There are also species where the number of sense cones is variable, such as H. jaboticabae (one or two cones on III and two or three on IV), H. fulvus (usually three sense cones on both segments, but in some specimens one sense cone is absent) (Lima et al. 2017), or H. mariae (usually with two sense cones on each segment, but some individuals have three sense cones on III) (Mound & Marullo 1996). This variation seems to be present as well in H. flavisetis sp. n., with the observed females bearing two sense cones on IV and the single available male bearing three sense cones. Prothorax: Pronotal sculpture is usually weak or absent medially, being present only near the posterior margins, and sometimes anterior margins. In H. reticulatus sp. n. the pronotum is fully reticulate, and in H. singularis sp. n. the sculpture is absent only in a small median portion of pronotum. All five pairs of major pronotal setae are usually present, although reductions in size are not uncommon. Several species have the am setae reduced (Figs 99, 177, 227), not differing from discal setae, or with variable length among individuals of the same species (Figs 160, 162). In some other species the aa setae are minute (Figs 96, 267), and in few of these the ml also arises closer to the anterior margin. The length of pronotal setae in general also varies greatly, with some species having these setae (except ep) very short (Figs 169, 273), and others having elongate setae, with ep and pa longer than 100 ��m (Figs 152, 160). The epimera usually bear one pair of major setae, but a second minute seta is present close to the major pair. In some species this second pair is fully developed, thus the epimeral region bears two pairs of major setae (Figs 61, 169, 192). The apex of pronotal setae is also variable, most frequently expanded or capitate (Figs 22, 259), sometimes blunt (Figs 27, 169), and some species may have some setae acute (e.g. H. stannardi). Not all setae have the same type of apex, with smaller setae (usually am and/or aa) frequently having acute or blunt apex in contrast to the capitate tips of longer setae. Mesonotum: The mesonotal sculpture ranges from well-defined equiangular reticles (Figs 100, 229) to elongate or irregular reticles (Figs 22, 216) to mostly transverse lines (Figs 193, 207). While most Holopothrips species do not have internal markings within the mesonotal sculpture, several species bear them, sometimes weaker and restricted to a few reticles (Fig. 127), in others well-defined and filling all reticles (Figs 76, 216). Sometimes the median sculpture converges towards the posteromedian suture of mesonotum, with the sculpture becoming elongate or almost striate. Metathorax: Similar to the mesonotum, the metanotum bears variable sculpture, especially on median and posterior areas. Laterally the sculpture tends to be formed by elongate reticles or striations, independent of the median pattern. The most common pattern medially seems to be longitudinally elongate reticles, sometimes weakly defined and without internal markings (Figs 19, 47), in others well-defined, with internal markings (Figs 134, 237) or without them (Figs 190, 281). A few species, such as H. hambletoni or H. punctatus sp. n., have the metanotum covered by equiangular reticles, usually without internal markings or with faint ones (Figs 100, 233). In some species the metanotal sculpture is striate, either through the whole sculptured area (Figs 67, 200, 208) or on anterior half, with elongate to equiangular reticulation covering the posterior half (Figs 128, 269). Although more uncommon, striate sculpture can also bear weaker lines in between the striae, which are also considered internal markings here (Fig. 147). Anterior to the major median setae of the metanotum, all Holopothrips bear at least one or two shorter setae. While most species have one or two pairs of these setae, H. bicolor sp. n. usually bears more than five pairs of setae, frequently asymmetrically placed (Fig. 38). This trait is not exclusive to the genus, being found in a variety of Phlaeothripidae species (called the ���group c��� of metanotal setae in Bhatti (1998), which also mentions several genera unrelated to Holopothrips that bear these setae). Ventrally, most Holopothrips have well-defined metapleural sutures, although in H. carolinae, H. hilaris, H. tillandsiae and H. tupi they seem to be reduced, and in H. johanseni sp. n., H. longisetus sp. n., H. pictus and H. signatus no metapleural suture is observed (Fig. 144). In at least H. inconspicuus sp. n. and H. singularis sp. n. the metapleural suture seems to be variable within the species, being present in some individuals but not visible in others. Abdomen: The presence of a third pair of WR on tergites II���VII is usually mentioned as one of the diagnostic features of the genus, being found in most species (Figs 18, 60). However, species such as H. inconspicuus sp. n., H. jaboticabae (Fig. 124), H. tillandsiae and H. varicolor sp. n. frequently lack this third WR in several tergites, and in the species H. flavisetis sp. n. and H. infestans sp. n. the third WR is mostly absent from all tergites. While usually smaller than the other two WR pairs, the third pair may be well-developed and sigmoid, or small and weakly curved, sometimes easily confused with lateral setae. Some other Phlaeothripidae genera (e.g. Euoplothrips Hood, Mesothrips Zimmerman, Pristothrips Hood) may have three or more pairs of wing-retaining setae, usually multiple pairs on abdominal tergites II���IV, but these seem to be related to the large bodies of these species. The shape of the pelta is highly variable: in some species it is sharply triangular (Fig. 179), in others triangular but with irregular (Figs 71, 194) or curved (Figs 164, 200, 261) margins, and in a few species with a median constriction (Figs 117, 123). Holopothrips ananasi and H. kaminskii sp. n. are unique in having the pelta with large lateral wings basally, that in the latter species is associated with a constriction, giving this species a bell-shaped pelta (Figs 23, 149). Sculpture is always present, usually formed by reticles covering the whole pelta (Figs 117, 280), but sometimes sculpture is weaker or absent near the posterior area (Figs 240, 244), lateral margins (Figs 128, 172) or medially (Fig. 164). The reticulation may be almost equiangular (Figs 36, 252) or elongate (Figs 200, 208) medially, and internal markings may be present (Figs 261, 275) or absent. Pore plates: In males of Holopothrips these are frequently present on more than one sternite, usually VII���VIII (Figs 59, 129), sometimes VI���VIII (Figs 35, 101) or V���VIII (Fig. 246), with H. brevicapitatum sp. n. having plates in sternites IV���VIII (Fig. 42). On sternite VIII the usual pattern is the presence of three pore plates, two anteroangular plates and a transverse band posterior to the discal setae, usually reaching the lateral margin of the sternite (Figs 129, 181). Median interruptions in the posterior plate are not uncommon, and in some species such an interruption may be large enough to separate this plate into two lateral bands (Fig. 82). In some species, the two anteroangular plates may be absent (Figs 48, 203), and the remaining posterior plate may be reduced to a small median band (Figs 21, 65). In a few species the posterior plate of sternite VIII might extend laterally onto the tergite, from barely reaching the spiracle to almost encircling the segment (Fig. 130). Several Holopothrips species also have the pore plates with a clear reticulate pattern (Figs 68, 181), contrasting to the usual punctate appearance of pore plates in other Phlaeothripinae species. Intraspecific variation of pore plates has been observed in some species, such as H. claritibialis (Cavalleri & Kaminski 2007). These authors reported the presence of median interruptions in the posterior plate and differences in the area occupied by the pore plates among specimens, as well as the presence of connections between the anteroangular plates and the posterior plate in few individuals; these connections were also observed in other species such as H. maiae and H. nigrisetis (Fig. 196). Few Holopothrips species are known to have males lacking pore plates. In this work, we observed the absence of pore plates in H. graminis, H. inconspicuus sp. n., H. kaminskii sp. n., H. longisetus sp. n., H. molzi and H. tillandsiae. Mound & Marullo (1996) also mention in their key that males of H. seini and H. urinator do not have pore plates. Spermatheca: This is visible in all observed species of Holopothrips even after maceration, possibly being more sclerotized than in other Thysanoptera species. It seems to be a useful diagnostic character for the group, as the spermatheca is rarely seen in other phlaeothripids. Some species have the spermatheca swollen medially (Figs 24, 94), while in others it is curled and not enlarged (Figs 30, 49, 265). When enlarged, these structures vary from only slightly enlarged medially (Figs 81, 206) to greatly swollen or almost round medially (Figs 136, 283). When not enlarged medially, the spermatheca may vary among species from very thin (Figs 98, 268) to greatly thickened (Fig. 165). While usually small and restricted to abdominal segment IX, in H. tillandsiae the spermatheca is very elongate, with some curls reaching abdominal segment VI (Zamora et al. 2015). We did not observe any intraspecific variation in shape and size of this structure, even when comparing females with and without eggs in their abdomen. Fore legs: Unarmed in all species, but the fore tarsal hamus is robust or greatly enlarged in three species: H. brevicapitatum sp. n., H. longihamus sp. n. and H. longisetus sp. n. (Figs 153, 161). The fore femora in some species may be robust, but never greatly swollen (, Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on pages 10-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1914) Two new Thysanoptera from Panama. Insecutor inscitiae menstruus, 2, 49 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9581","Priesner, H. (1921) Neue und wenig bekannte Thysanopteren der neotropischen Fauna aus der Sammlung des Berliner Zoologischen Museums. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 1921 (3), 187 - 223.","Mound, L. A. & Marullo, R. (1996) The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488.","Moulton, D. (1933) The Thysanoptera of South America III. Revista de Entomologia, 3, 227 - 262.","Priesner, H. (1949) Genera Thysanopterorum. Keys for the identification of the genera of the order Thysanoptera. Bulletin de la Societe Royal Entomologique d'Egypte, 33, 31 - 157.","Hood, J. D. (1954) Brasilian Thysanoptera IV. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 67, 17 - 54.","Bournier, A. (1993) Thysanopteres de Martinique et de Guadeloupe. Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 3 (3), 227 - 240.","Zamora, S., Hanson, P. & Mound, L. A. (2015) On the biology of Holopothrips chaconi sp. n. (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae) from leaf-vein galls on Piper species in Costa Rica. Revista Biologia Tropical, 63 (4), 1035 - 1042. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 63 i 4.16787","Hood, J. D. (1938) Studies in Neotropical Thysanoptera VII. Revista de Entomologia, 9 (1 - 2), 218 - 247.","Johansen, R. M. (1986) Nuevos thrips tubuliferos (Insecta: Thysanoptera), de Mexico, XIII. Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie Zoologia, 56, 73 - 100.","Lima, M. G. A., Dias-Pini, N. S., Lima, E. F. B., Maciel, G. P. S. & Vidal-Neto, F. C. (2017) Identification and pest status of Holopothrips fulvus (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) on dwarf-cashew crops in Northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 61 (4), 271 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rbe. 2017.07.007","Bhatti, J. S. (1998) New perspectives in the structure and taxonomy of Tubulifera. Scientia Publishing, New Delhi, 205 pp.","Cavalleri, A. & Kaminski, L. A. (2007) A new Holopothrips species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) damaging Mollinedia (Monimiaceae) leaves in Southern Brazil. Zootaxa, 1625, 61 - 68."]}

Holopothrips bicolor sp. n. (Figs 32���38) Diagnostic features. Body mostly yellow with head and abdominal segments VIII���X fully brown; dorsolateral surface of head with minute tubercles on sculpture; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by equiangular reticles; males with pore plates on sternites VI���VIII; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 32) bicoloured, mostly light yellow, with head and abdominal segments VIII���X dark brown. Antennal segments I���II concolourous with head, III yellow with base light brown, IV���VI yellow, VII yellow basally and light brown apically, VIII light brown. Fore wings pale, without median dark line, clavus light yellow; major body setae light yellow. Head (Fig. 33) about 1.25 times as long as width behind eyes, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture enclosing some transversely elongated reticles; cheeks curved, bearing several minute tubercles on sculpture dorsolaterally. Eyes large, slightly kidney-shaped, dorsal length about 0.5 of head length; po with acute to slightly expanded apex, subequal or shorter than the diameter of an ocellus. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching po level and about a third of head width apart. Mouth cone with rounded tip, not reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 33) rectangular to slightly trapezoidal, faint reticulate sculpture covering its surface, better defined near margins; epimeral sutures incomplete and short. Five pairs of well-developed pronotal setae, one pair on epimera; all pairs with capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, almost touching medially, anterior margins weakly produced. Mesonotum (Fig. 34) with equiangular reticulation medially, elongate laterally and anteriorly; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 38) with equiangular reticles, slightly elongate near laterals, internal markings on sculpture absent; six to eleven anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 5 to 8 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 36) triangular to arcuate, anterior margin rounded to straight, no lateral wings but with weak projections near base; one pair of campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture present anteromedially but weaker or absent posteriorly; almost equiangular reticles medially, elongated reticles laterally, internal markings on sculpture present in some specimens. Tergite II apparently smooth medially but with lines on lateral thirds; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Tergites II���VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1 and S2 with capitate apexes, S3 finely acute. Tube about 0.7 of head length and about 2.3 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 37) swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2587; head length 271, width behind eyes 220, po length 17, eye dorsal length 137; median length of pronotum 162, width across ep 305, am 40, aa 42, ml 37, ep 80, pa 54; width of mesonotum 315; fore wing length 950; tergite IX setae S1 127, S2 145, S3 137; tergite X length 200, basal width 91, apical width 45; length(width) of antennal segments III���VIII 72 (25), 62(27), 65(27), 57(22), 52(19), 37(11), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller. Pore plates (Fig. 35) with reticulate texture present on sternites VI���VIII: VI���VII with two anteroangular plates and two lateral plates posterior to discal setae, VIII with two anteroangular plates and a median transverse band posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 2113; head length 242, width behind eyes 192, po length 19, eye dorsal length 125; median length of pronotum 142, width across ep 250, am 26, aa 39, ml 42, ep 75, pa 47; width of mesonotum 272; fore wing length 820; tergite IX setae S1 110, S2 127, S3 125; tergite X length 172, basal width 74, apical width 40; length(width) of antennal segments III���VIII 80 (24), 65(25), 62(25), 62(22), 50(15), 30(9), respectively. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Santana do Livramento, in Myrcia palustris, 5.ii.2013 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 3771. Paratypes: 9 males and 11 females collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Etymology. Species named in reference of its striking bicoloured pattern. Comments. Holopothrips bicolor is one of the species in the genus with a striking bicoloured body (Fig. 32) and bears almost equiangular reticulation in the metanotum, without any internal markings (Fig. 38), like the brown-coloured species H. claritibialis Cavalleri & Kaminski, H. hambletoni Hood and H. pennatus Moulton. It is also among the few species with multiple minute tubercles on the dorsolateral sculpture of head. This species shares with H. fulvus having postocular setae minute and head with large eyes and curved cheeks, but is readily distinghished by its fully brown head (Fig. 33), brown abdominal segment VIII and male pore plates occurring on abdominal sternites VI���VIII (Fig. 35). Holopothrips bicolor may be related to the other seven bicoloured species of the genus whose body is mostly yellow, being distinguished by having the head and abdominal segment VIII fully brown, postocular setae about as long as the diameter of an ocellus and female spermatheca enlarged. A male and a female were studied from leaves of Myrcia guianensis collected in the city of Cama��ari, Bahia, Brazil, and are believed to belong to the same species., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on pages 23-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182

Holopothrips conducans (Priesner) (Figs 61���65) Phrasterothrips conducans Priesner, 1921: 210. Phrasterothrips brasiliensis Bagnall, 1924: 632. Diploacanthothrips fuscus Moulton, 1933: 240. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets parallel, touching medially in some specimens, retracted to posterior margin of compound eyes; two pairs of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by slightly elongate and weakly defined reticles, sometimes with faint internal markings; pelta fully reticulate, bearing few internal markings in some reticles; abdominal tergite II irregularly reticulate; males with a single median transverse pore plate posterior to discal setae; female spermatheca not enlarged. Comments. This thrips was originally described in the genus Phrasterothrips from specimens collected in Paraguay with no host information. The two synonyms recognised for this species were described from leaf-galls in Brazil. We studied specimens labelled as ���cotypes��� from SMF and compared with specimens from several parts of Brazil. Individuals considered belonging to the same species have been studied also from Nicaragua (see Mound & Marullo 1996). Although we observed some variation in body length, shape of tip of major setae and pelta sculpture, here we consider all of them to belong to the same species. Holopothrips conducans is very similar to H. acrioris, having only small differences in sculpture, but these species induce galls in different species of Myrcia. Holopothrips infestans sp. n. also resembles H. conducans, but lacks the second pair of ep and has the pelta with a different shape. Field observations indicate that this thrips induces leaf-galls on Myrcia splendens, forming a convoluted terminal structure which is usually inhabited by dozens of individuals (Fig. 6) (Costa Lima 1935a). Not rarely, individuals of other Holopothrips species are also collected inside M. splendens galls, including two records of H. longisetus sp. n., specimens identified as H. erianthi, and three individuals of a still undescribed species. Material studied. 2 male and 3 female cotypes; Paraguay, at SMF (Germany). Slide with code SMF T 7468. Non-type specimens: 2 males and 2 females, Nicaragua, Rio San Juan, in Eugenia sp. gall, vii.1994 (Rueda, R.), at BMNH. 10 males and 21 females, Brazil, Minas Gerais, S��o Tom�� das Letras, in Myrcia sylvatica, 20.ix.2011 (Maia, V. C.), at UFRGS. 10 males, 8 females and 2 larvae, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Serra das Araras, in Myrcia sp., 21.ii.2013 and 21.xi.2013 (Kaminski, L. A.), at UFRGS. 4 males and 4 females, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimar��es, in Myrcia ? splendens galls, 29.v.2013 (Kaminski, L. A.), at UFRGS. 5 males and 5 females, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Serra do Cip��, in unidentified Myrtaceae, 23.iv.2013 and 31.viii.2013 (Toma, T.), at UFRGS., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Priesner, H. (1921) Neue und wenig bekannte Thysanopteren der neotropischen Fauna aus der Sammlung des Berliner Zoologischen Museums. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 1921 (3), 187 - 223.","Bagnall, R. S. (1924) Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera XIV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 14 (9), 625 - 640. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932408633174","Moulton, D. (1933) The Thysanoptera of South America III. Revista de Entomologia, 3, 227 - 262.","Mound, L. A. & Marullo, R. (1996) The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488.","Costa Lima, A. M. (1935 a) Tisanopterocecidias do Brasil. O Campo, 6, 25 - 29."]}

Holopothrips carolinae Mound & Marullo (Figs 51–52) Holopothrips carolinae Mound & Marullo, 1996: 295. Diagnostic features. Body mostly yellow, with head brown with posterior margin yellow and abdominal segment X brown; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture reticulate; fore wings without duplicated cilia; pelta sculpture reticulate, weaker or absent posteriorly; female spermatheca not enlarged. Comments. This bicoloured species is known only from the female holotype collected in Costa Rica from Pentaclethra (Fabaceae). It is unique in the absence of duplicated cilia in fore wings, and in having only segment X of the abdomen brown in colour (Fig. 51), whereas all other bicoloured species of Holopothrips have at least abdominal segments IX and X brown. Antennal segments III & IV bear only two sense cones each. Material studied. Female holotype, Costa Rica, La Selva, in Pentaclethra canopy fogging, 5.x.1992, code LAM 2410 (BMNH).

Holopothrips porrosati Mound & Marullo (Fig. 221) Holopothrips porrosati Mound & Marullo, 1996: 301. Diagnostic features. Body mostly yellow, with head and abdominal segments IX���X fully brown and segment VIII bicoloured; antennal segment VIII with broad base, looking almost fused to VII in some specimens; maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by equiangular reticles medially, which become elongate laterally and posteriorly; males with a single transverse pore plate posterior to discal setae on sternite VIII; female spermatheca not enlarged. Comments. This species is very similar to another Costa Rican species, H. paulus, from which it differs in having abdominal segment VIII bicoloured and males with a single pore plate on sternite VIII. It is known only from the type series collected on the leaves of Philodendron (Araceae) in Costa Rica. Apparently, H. porrosati induces translucent spots on leaves where the eggs are laid (Mound & Marullo 1996). This pattern is very similar to that observed in H. claritibialis on Mollinedia spp. in Brazil. Material studied. 1 male and 2 female paratypes; Costa Rica, Porrosati, 30 km N of San Jose, in Philodendron sp. leaves, 18.xi.1992, at BMNH. Slides with code ��� LAM 2383 ���., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on pages 75-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Mound, L. A. & Marullo, R. (1996) The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488."]}

Holopothrips pennatus Moulton (Fig. 211) Holopothrips pennatus Moulton, 1938: 379. Holopothrips arachnionis Hood, 1955: 139. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown, with all legs fully yellow, clavus and basal area of fore wings shaded brown; maxillary stylets probably parallel; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by equiangular reticulation without internal markings; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Comments. This species, described from Southeastern Brazil from an unidentified Apocynaceae, is unique for its combination of uniformly brown body and legs clear yellow (Fig. 211), while the other brown Holopothrips species have at least the femora brown. It shares with H. ananasi, H. claritibialis, H. hambletoni, H. punctatus sp. n., H. tillandsiae and a few bicoloured species the metanotal sculpture formed by equiangular reticles, but is easily distinguished from all of them by the unusual leg colouration. Material studied. 1 female paratype; Brazil, Minas Gerais, on woody Apocynaceae, 1.v.1933 (Hambleton, E.J.), at BMNH. Slide with code ���No. 5227���., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Moulton, D. (1938) Thysanoptera from Minas Geraes, Brazil. Revista de Entomologia, 9, 374 - 382.","Hood, J. D. (1955) Brasilian Thysanoptera VI. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 4, 51 - 160."]}

Holopothrips nigrisetis sp. n. (Figs 191���197) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly dark brown; maxillary stylets V-shaped; two pairs of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture striate thoroughly; pelta with irregular and slightly curved margins; male with three pore plates with irregular margins on sternites VII���VIII; female spermatheca not enlarged. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 191) uniformly brown, with tarsi brown but slightly lighter than tibiae, tergite X dark brown with apex lighter. Antennal segments I���II concolourous with head, II lighter on extreme apex, III yellow, IV���V yellow weakly shaded brown on apical half, VI yellowish brown with base paler, VII���VIII light brown. Fore wings pale with basal half weakly shaded and extreme base light brown, median dark line present on hind wings but weakly indicated or absent on fore wings, clavus shaded; major body setae dark brown. Head (Fig. 192) about 1.5 times as long as width behind eyes, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, cheeks straight. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.3 of head length; po with blunt to slightly capitate apex, almost as long as the dorsal length of the eye. Maxillary stylets V-shaped, reaching halfway to po level and about half of head width apart. Mouth cone with pointed tip, reaching close to anterior margin of ferna. Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 192) trapezoidal, surface smooth medially, transverse lines of sculpture near posterior margin; epimeral sutures incomplete. Six major pairs of pronotal setae, two pairs on epimeral region; am reduced, all other setae well-developed; aa with blunt tip, ml, ep and pa with blunt to slightly capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, close medially but not touching. Mesonotum (Fig. 193) with short transverse lines enclosing elongated reticles; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 197) with long lines forming a striate pattern, sometimes enclosing thin longitudinally elongated reticles, internal markings on sculpture present; one or two pairs of anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 10 to 16 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 194) triangular with very irregular margins, anterior margin straight to almost acute, with lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture covering the whole pelta, sometimes weaker near anterior margin; thin longitudinally elongated reticles medially, elongated irregular reticles laterally, internal markings on sculpture present medially. Tergite II with irregular transversely elongate reticles medially; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Tergites II���VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1, S2 and S3 with acute apexes. Tube about 0.8 of head length and about 2.3���2.6 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 195) thickened medially but not swollen. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2864; head length 305, width behind eyes 207, po length 85, eye dorsal length 97; median length of pronotum 152, width across ep 317, am 10, aa 32, ml 55, ep 92, pa 92; width of mesonotum 345; fore wing length 1060; tergite IX setae S1 252, S2 287, S3 255; tergite X length 265, basal width 109, apical width 55; length(width) of antennal segments III���VIII 87 (39), 75(37), 75(35), 67(32), 67(27), 47(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller. Pore plates (Fig. 196) with reticulate texture and irregular margins present on sternites VII���VIII: VII with one transverse band posterior to discal setae, VIII with two anteroangular plates, and one transverse band posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 2567; head length 287, width behind eyes 187, po length 80, eye dorsal length 97; median length of pronotum 140, width across ep 292, am 10, aa 31, ml 57, ep 100, pa 85; width of mesonotum 325; fore wing length 1000; tergite IX setae S1 225, S2 255, S3 257; tergite X length 230, basal width 99, apical width 47; length(width) of antennal segments III���VIII 80 (35), 65(32), 69(35), 65(30), 65(22), 40(10), respectively. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Santa Teresa, in Myrcia sp. gall, 3.iv.2009 (Maia, V.C.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 1174. Paratypes: 3 males and 5 females collected with holotype, at UFRGS. 1 male and 1 female collected with holotype, at ANIC. Etymology. Species named after its dark-coloured major body setae. Comments. One of the unusual traits of this species is the pelta with very irregular lateral margins, which are frequently eroded and curved (Fig. 194). The margins of the male pore plates are also irregular, with the anteroangular plates on sternite VIII frequently being linked to the posterior plate near the lateral margins (Fig. 196). On sternite VII of some specimens it is unclear if the anteroangular plates are absent or reduced to small spots linked to the posterior plate. Holopothrips nigrisetis may be related to some other large, dark-bodied species of the genus with two pairs of epimeral setae, such as H. atlanticus (which has pronotal am and coxal setae welldeveloped and longer than aa setae, and pore plates only on sternite VIII), H. cardosoi and H. nigrum sp. n. (both species with parallel maxillary stylets instead of V-shaped, and males with a single pore plate on sternite VIII). Maia et al. (2014) observed this thrips inducing galls in the leaves of an undetermined Myrcia species., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on pages 67-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Maia, V. C., Cardoso, L. J. T. & Braga, J. M. A. (2014) Insect galls from Atlantic Forest areas of Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo, Brazil: characterization and occurrence. Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitao, 33, 47 - 129."]}