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O artigo objetiva analisar se a omissão da regulamentação a respeito dos incentivos fiscais pode constituir empecilho ao desenvolvimento da cultura da doação no Brasil, em uma pesquisa de Direito Comparado face ao exemplo dos Estados Unidos da América. A pergunta colocada é de que modo a ausência de previsão de incentivos fiscais na disciplina jurídica dos fundos patrimoniais pode incentivar, ou não, a cultura da doação no cenário brasileiro, considerando a existência de incentivos fiscais no regime jurídico americano. Utilizou-se metodologia de abordagem hipotético-dedutiva, método de procedimento comparativo funcional e pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Conclui-se que a ausência de incentivos fiscais para a doação a fundos patrimoniais constitui empecilho ao desenvolvimento da cultura da doação no Brasil, ainda que o exemplo americano ajude a demonstrar que importa não apenas a existência de incentivos fiscais, mas que o arranjo destes seja eficiente.

Schlomo Ibn Gabirol (Avicebron), judeu espanhol medieval sob o domínio islâmico, foi um pensador heterodoxo e original em todas as áreas nas quais atuou. Expulso da comunidade judaica por um herem em 1045, as informações confiáveis sobre sua vida se perdem. Nesse período escreveu sua obra metafísica fundamental, cujo original árabe foi perdido e a nossos dias chegou apenas a tradução latina Fons Vitae. Nesta obra descreve a realidade do mundo criado a partir de uma composição universal por matéria e forma. Por trás de sua linguagem marcadamente aristotélica, apresenta um modelo de matriz neoplatônica em que matéria e forma interagem de modo dinâmico para a formação das realidades inteligíveis e sensíveis. Aqui pretendemos mostrar que, nem exatamente uma ontologia, nem propriamente uma henologia, sua metafísica se desenvolve a partir de uma dialética radical bastante peculiar.

Soft metals have been widely added into ceramic-based films for fully meeting the demanding requirements of green tribological applications. However, the resulting considerable increase of the mechanical strength by adding a soft metal below 5 at.%, which reversed the rule-of-mixture, was still not fully revealed. In this paper, a case study of TiN-Ag films was carried out to investigate the strengthening mechanism induced by adding soft metal in TiN-Ag composite/multilayered films deposited by magnetron sputtering. The results showed that dual-phases of fcc-TiN and fcc-Ag co-existed in the composite films with the Ag particles embedded in the matrix. In some areas of the Ag particles, with a size below 4 nm, epitaxial growth with the TiN template was detected, which obliged the lattice to be distorted and shrunken. Consequently, both hardness and elastic modulus were enhanced from 21 and 236 GPa, for the reference TiN film, to 26 and 323 GPa for the TiN-Ag composite film with 2.4 at.% Ag. The possibility of having the epitaxial growth of Ag within TiN were also confirmed by designing a TiN/Ag multilayered film with an Ag layer thickness of ∼3 nm.

This research highlights the incorporation of 3D printing and blockchain technology into aeronautical manufacturing and certification procedures with an aim to increase operational efficiency. The integration of 3D printing allows for streamlined production, while the immutable features of blockchain provide traceability and certification advantages, thus offering the potential for transformative impacts within the aviation supply chain. This study primarily focuses on investigating the implications and multiple benefits of this integration into the aviation industry. Furthermore, given the absence of economic assessments priorly conducted on this integration, the study also includes a mathematical formulation that provides a quantifiable measure of the achievable return on investment. Two distinct case studies provide real data as evidence supporting the efficacy of this proposed integrated model. The outcome suggests a new paradigm for the supply chain ecosystem, leading to operational improvements and economic benefits.

O resíduo líquido da extração de óleo de palma, chamado palm oil mill effluent (POME), tem alto acúmulo de matéria orgânica, sendo uma fonte de energia renovável. Por essa razão, objetiva-se avaliar a produção de biogás a partir do fruto do dendê em uma lagoa anaeróbia coberta, que foi implantada por uma indústria do estado do Pará para aproveitamento energético. Para isso, levantaram-se dados do processo industrial, do tipo de tratamento de efluente e da conversão do resíduo em um novo produto. Visitas foram feitas na indústria para que se tivesse uma noção da operação do sistema e da captação do biogás e sua conversão em energia elétrica. Os principais parâmetros para controle operacional da lagoa são: demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), pH e temperatura. O valor médio do pH foi de 7,43, e o da temperatura foi de 38,3°C, com uma carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) de 24,73 kgDQO/m³.dia, com eficiência de remoção de DQO de 91% e produção média de 139,04 m3/dia de metano. O metano gerou uma média de 28,01 MWh de energia elétrica, utilizada para alimentação da planta industrial.

Internal erosion is a phenomenon that occurs in soils constituting hydraulic structures under the influence of internal flow. This erosion occurs because of pipe erosion which becomes widespread, leading in some cases to the rupture of the structure. Soils susceptible to piping, generally have particle size instability. This study aims to provide an empirical understanding of the initiation and development of erosion in coarse soil obtained near Biskra’s dam in Algeria. To assess the soil’s dispersiveness chemical analyses such as SAR and PS were conducted, as well as the particle size criteria were verified. The soil was examined in-depth using a double hydrometer test along with Crumb tests. A Hole Erosion Test (HET) device is developed to investigate the effect of certain parameters, such as the compaction degree and the hole diameter on internal erosion’s onset and progression. The results have shown the instability of the soil toward internal erosion given the considerably eroded particles. furthermore, an inverse relationship between the eroded particles mass and the degree of compaction and the initial hole’s diameter is observed.

Abstract Background Systematic reviews of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are considered high-level evidence to support a decision on therapeutic interventions, and their methodological quality is essential to provide reliable and applicable results. Objective This meta-epidemiological study aimed to map and critically appraise systematic reviews assessing treatments for vesiculobullous skin diseases. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search strategy on MEDLINE (via Pubmed) in December 2022 without restrictions to find systematic reviews evaluating pharmacological interventions for vesiculobullous skin diseases. The methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 tool, and additional information was extracted. We identified nine systematic reviews published between 2002 and 2021, seven assessing pemphigus. Results According to the AMSTAR-2 tool, 55.6% were classified as critically low quality, 22.2% as moderate quality, 11.1% as low and 11.1% as high quality. No review assessed the certainty of the evidence (GRADE); 86% of pemphigus reviews had at least two overlapping RCTs. There were some limitations regarding methodological flaws and the AMSTAR-2 tool use Conclusions These findings reveal a frail methodological quality of systematic reviews about vesiculobullous diseases treatment that may impact the results. Therefore, methodological rigor is mandatory for future systematic reviews to avoid duplication of effort and increase the certainty of the evidence supporting decision-making.

The demand for efficient engineering components operating in harsh environments has necessitated the exploration of advanced protective measures. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have emerged as a promising solution for improving the performance, durability, and lifespan of components exposed to high temperatures, corrosive conditions, and neutron irradiation. Advanced ceramic materials specially pyrochlore of zirconates significance are enhancing the performance and longevity of components exposed to extreme thermal conditions. Dual-phase innovative zirconate coatings and their hot corrosion mechanism, a complex phenomenon involving the simultaneous presence of multiple corrosive species, is extensively explored. The interplay between different corrosion mechanisms and their impact on TBCs are elucidated, providing valuable insights for the development of effective mitigation strategies. This article addresses the understanding the hot corrosion mechanism and corrosion types, new innovative dual phase composite systems with improved properties, their experience with molten salt and pure oxidation environments followed by the stresses experienced by TBCs, highlighting the importance of understanding and managing mechanical and thermal stresses during operation. Coatings design, material selection, and advanced manufacturing techniques are discussed as key factors in alleviating these stresses and enhancing TBC performance. To overcome the challenges associated with hot corrosion and stresses, innovative strategies are being investigated. These include the development of novel coatings compositions, the incorporation of protective layers, advanced characterization techniques, and the exploration of alternative materials. This piece of review article provides a thorough analysis of these techniques and how they might increase the robustness and dependability of TBCs. Finally, we highlight the contemporary applications of TBCs in gas turbines, aero engines, nuclear industries, and other high-temperature situations.

The application of geotextiles as filter materials in various systems, such as biofilters, wetlands, and wastewater treatment plants, has grown significantly in recent years. The ability of these materials to support biofilm growth makes them ideal for the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants present in wastewater. The objective of this research was to analyze clogging through variations in permeability, using column tests for 80 days with two types of nonwoven geotextiles with different grammages (GT120 and GT300), as well as to study the efficiency in the removal of organic matter. A synthetic wastewater was used, allowing the specific observation of biological clogging and the treatment carried out exclusively by microorganisms. The results indicated that bioclogging was not a significant factor within the experimental period. Through the mass test, a continuous increase in biofilm growth over time was observed for both geotextiles. For scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, GT300 presented a larger biofilm area. A higher removal of COD (80%), N (52%), and P (36%) by microorganisms present in GT300 was found, which appears to be associated with its greater thickness and weight. The higher mesh density provides a larger area for the growth of microorganisms, allowing a greater amount of biomass to establish itself and contributing to the efficient removal of pollutants. These findings highlight the potential of using geotextile filters in wastewater treatment applications, where biofilm growth can positively contribute to contaminant removal without immediately compromising permeability.

Introduction Physical restraint (PR) is prescribed in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) to avoid unplanned removal of medical devices. However, it is associated with an increased risk of delirium. We hypothesise that a restrictive use of PR, as compared with a systematic use, could reduce the duration of delirium in ICU patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation.Methods and analysis The Restrictive use of Restraints and Delirium Duration in ICU (R2D2-ICU) study is a national multicentric, parallel-group, randomised (1:1) open-label, controlled, superiority trial, which will be conducted in 10 ICUs. A total of 422 adult patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for an expected duration of at least 48 hours and eligible for prescription of PR will be randomly allocated within 6 hours from intubation to either the restrictive PR use group or the systematic PR use group, until day 14, ICU discharge or death, whichever comes first. In both groups, PR will consist of the use of wrist straps. The primary endpoint will be delirium or coma-free days, defined as the number of days spent alive in the ICU without coma or delirium within the first 14 days after randomisation. Delirium will be assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method-ICU twice daily. Key secondary endpoints will encompass agitation episodes, opioid, propofol, benzodiazepine and antipsychotic drug exposure during the 14-day intervention period, along with a core outcome set of measures evaluated 90 days postrandomisation.Ethics and dissemination The R2D2-ICU study has been approved by the Comité de Protection des Personnes (CPP) ILE DE FRANCE III—PARIS (CPP19.09.06.37521) on June 10th, 2019). Participant recruitment started on 25 January 2021. Results will be published in international peer-reviewed medical journals and presented at conferences.Trial registration number NCT04273360.

Reducing friction is a promising strategy to decrease material losses and energy consumption in industrial systems. However, in aqueous-lubricated steel contacts, the contact pressure rarely exceeds 50 MPa during super-low friction due to excessive wear. This work demonstrates that even in steel/steel contacts, by combining graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with aqueous glycerol, it is possible to maintain super-low friction (µ ≈ 0.012) under a contact pressure as high as 316.5 MPa. Moreover, the use of GQDs improved the wear performance by 98 % compared to pure aqueous glycerol due to the formation of a tribochemical film, resulting from the electrostatic adsorption of GQDs on the positively charged sites on the worn surface. In particular, the exfoliation of graphene sheets within GQDs, the shearing of graphene layers inside the GQDs, and the OH–OH repulsion between the asperities shortens the running-in period and consequently reduces the friction and wear. At the same time, the formation of a chemically adsorbed tribofilm containing friction-induced structurally degraded GQDs protects the surface from wear and facilitates the maintenance of super-low friction at high contact pressures by improving the load-carrying capacity. This study suggests that green nano-lubricants based on GQDs have immense potential in sustainable engineering.

The electrical characteristics and conduction mechanisms of ZrAlN thin films for their potential use as thermistor sensors were assessed. Various compositions of Zr1-xAlxN were synthesized by sputtering and studied up to 200 °C to understand their sensitivity and applicability. Among the compositions studied, the ones with x = 0.34 and x = 0.46 showed the highest sensitivities, reaching values close to 3000 K. However, the thermo-resistive properties exhibited by these compositions limited their utilization above 100 °C. Zr1-xAlxN film compositions with x higher than 0.46 showed amorphous structures and were found to be insulative. Composition with x = 0.26, within the cubic phase, showed the most promising electrical properties regarding temperature sensing in the studied range. XPS analysis of this composition confirmed the presence of Zr-N and Al-N bonds, with a Zr3+ oxidation state, which suggests the availability of a free electron contributing to the electrical conduction. Impedance measurements performed at different temperatures for this composition revealed the dominant role of the grain boundaries in the conduction mechanism, based upon electron hopping between grains, overcoming the energy barrier imposed by the grain boundaries. ZrAlN thin films demonstrate negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor behavior, expanding their applications beyond protective coatings to temperature monitoring.

This study investigates an approach to temperature sensing by integrating Titanium Aluminum Nitride (TiAlN), originally engineered for wear and corrosion applications, as a temperature sensor within a multilayered thin film system. A nitride multilayer system was developed by physical vapor deposition (PVD) using a single four-target magnetron sputtering chamber; intermediate vacuum interruption steps were employed for masking procedures. The multilayer architecture design aimed to provide the sensor layer with mechanical protection and electrical shielding. Structural and electrical characterization of the TiAlN single layer revealed semiconductor behavior and stable electrical resistance up to 750 °C, with minimal signal stabilization requirements. Despite the higher Al content, the TiAlN temperature sensor exhibited a cubic crystal structure characterized by diffuse nanolayers, resulting from a two-fold rotational deposition and target configuration. A detailed examination of the multilayer system cross-section containing the TiAlN sensor was conducted using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The analysis revealed its columnar morphology with the presence of typical PVD growth defects, including voids and droplets. While the presence of these defects may impact the electrical characteristics of the sensor, the selected experimental conditions effectively maintained the structural integrity of the multilayer system despite the vacuum interruptions caused by masking procedures. Validation experiments confirmed the functionality of the multilayer system for temperature measurements up to 400 °C. The signal acquisition system addressed room temperature resistance variations and low sensitivity (thermistor coefficient ∼100 K), resulting in a measured error of approximately 6%. This study demonstrates promising results of TiAlN as a temperature sensor within a multilayered system, expanding its range of potential applications.

Transcrição e tradução de carta (de 27 de agosto de 1856) de Alphonse de Lamartine para Leonel de Alencar, irmão do escritor José de Alencar.