Search

Background: Neurological injuries are among the most reported complications of elbow arthroscopy. Several cadaveric studies have assessed the relationship between nerves and arthroscopic portals. To our knowledge, no studies evaluated the anconeus nerve. This anatomic study aimed to identify the course of the anconeus nerve and to investigate its anatomic relation with posterior elbow portals, providing useful information to preserve it during surgery., Methods: Twelve fresh frozen elbows were dissected to isolate the radial nerve and its branch to the anconeus muscle. Distances between the anconeus nerve, olecranon tip, and lateral epicondyle were measured. Posterior, posterolateral and soft spot portals were created and their proximity to the nerve was measured., Results: The anconeus nerve showed an average distance from the lateral epicondyle of 19.67 mm (SD 1.44 mm) and from the olecranon of 22.33 mm (SD 1.72 mm). The posterolateral portal was 1 mm medial to the nerve. The soft spot portal was located where the nerve enters the muscle., Discussion: An important finding of this study was the closeness between the anconeus nerve and the posterolateral and soft spot portals, resulting in a high risk of nerve damage. More medial placement of the posterolateral portal may avoid anconeus nerve injury and consequent muscle denervation., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Background: Varus posteromedial rotatory instability is a typical pattern of elbow injury that involves fracture of the anteromedial facet (AMF) of the coronoid, as well as injuries to the lateral ligament complex and the posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament. Some authors support the idea that subtype II AMF coronoid fractures require fixation to restore elbow stability, but this topic is still an issue in the literature. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and radiologic outcomes of arthroscopically assisted reduction and internal fixation (ARIF) of AMF fractures., Methods: This retrospective single-center trial evaluated consecutive patients who underwent ARIF of isolated subtype II AMF coronoid fractures between 2014 and 2020. At the final follow-up, the patients were examined for elbow range of motion, stability, and pain. Injury and post-treatment radiographs were reviewed to assess fracture healing and heterotopic ossification., Results: A total of 32 patients (21 male and 11 female patients) with a median age of 47 ± 16 years were included. The average follow-up period was 28 ± 12.4 months. Coronoid process fractures were fixed by cannulated screws in 26 cases (81.25%); in 2 of these cases, additional Kirschner wires were used. Two Kirschner wires were used in 1 case (3.12%), and in the remaining 5 cases (15.62%), osteosuture was used. The lateral ulnar collateral ligament was injured in 27 cases (84.4%) and was always repaired. Other associated lesions were medial collateral ligament injury, osteochondral lesion, and radial head fracture. There were no surgical complications. At the final follow-up, the average Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 98.4 ± 2.7 and the mean Oxford Elbow Score was 47.3 ± 1.4. No cases of nonunion were detected on radiographic assessment., Conclusions: Although technically demanding, ARIF has several potential advantages in comparison to open surgery: less scarring, a decreased risk of infection, and less postoperative pain., (Copyright © 2022 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Radiocapitellar plica is a vestigial lateral portion of elbow synovial fold which may cause pain and snap in some cases. Plica is a difficult and misleading diagnosis and it could be easily confused with a common lateral epicondylitis however, they are different conditions. Pathology full understanding and proper diagnosis is essential to achieve patient's pain relief and functional recovery therefore, we reviewed the most relevant literature about radiocapitaller plica. The aim of this study is to provide the best and current concepts about: clinical evaluation, imaging findings and surgical treatments of radiocapitellar plica.

Background: Displaced radial neck fractures in children are challenging to treat. The age of the patient and the degree of angulation are the main criteria to consider when managing these fractures in children. Various surgical techniques have been described in the literature for both indirect and direct reduction and for fixation. However, the best treatment is still debated., Case Presentation: The case presented is of a 6-year-old Caucasian boy with an impacted and displaced radial neck fracture. With the patient in lateral position, under general anesthesia, elbow arthroscopy was performed to better visualize the articular surface and to assist with reduction and fixation. The fracture was reduced and fixed with a single K-wire under direct arthroscopic visualization. No associated lesions were found. An above-elbow cast was applied after surgery. The cast and K-wire were removed 3 weeks later. At the 3-month follow-up, the patient showed a full recovery with complete range of movement without any postoperative and radiographic complications., Conclusion: Traditionally, surgery for displaced radial neck fractures in children is performed by closed reduction with percutaneous pinning or elastic intramedullary nail fixation under fluoroscopic guidance. Direct visualization of the articular surface via an open approach allows better reduction in complex fracture patterns but is related to a higher risk of complications: elbow stiffness, instability, or avascular necrosis. Elbow arthroscopy in children could be a valid alternative to open fixation surgery for displaced radial neck fractures without the complications associated with articular exposure, allowing the direct visualization of the fracture and reducing radiation exposure. Although technically demanding, we believe elbow arthroscopy should be considered an alternative option because it is effective in assisting reduction and fixation and enables the detection of associated joint lesions.

The incidence of primary total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) in young patients is increasing. The indications for revision surgery are also rising. Here, we report a rare case of pseudotumor detected in a patient 16 years after TEA. Intraoperative findings revealed a necrotic mass characterized by a conspicuous metallosis in the soft tissues around the prosthesis, which caused ulnar nerve dislocation. Due to this anatomical change, a lesion of the nerve was accidentally produced during revision surgery. The case report emphasizes that the indications for elbow replacement, as well as the patient education about the permanent physical limitations, should be carefully considered. Moreover, the high risks of complications related to the revision procedure and pseudotumor removal need to be addressed before surgery. The technique should be done carefully and a preliminary thorough imaging should be performed, since a newly formed mass can cause significant distortion of the anatomy.

Background: Total elbow arthroplasties (TEAs) are usually indicated in chronic inflammatory arthropathies. This procedure has also recently been used in complex distal humeral fractures and nonunions in selected patients. This study analyzed the clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients treated for nonunions around the elbow region with a minimum follow-up of 3 years., Methods: Between May 2002 and June 2012, 20 patients affected with distal humeral nonunions were treated with TEA. All patients were assessed clinically using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score and radiographically to evaluate the positioning of the prosthetic components and signs of loosening. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the presence of clinical and radiographic variables as predictive factors of poor functional outcomes., Results: The Mayo Elbow Performance Score of the affected arm improved significantly between the preoperative period and follow-up. Results were good or excellent in 90% of the patients even if a high rate of complications (30%) was encountered. The development of complications after surgery and stages II, III, and IV radiolucency, according to the Morrey criteria, were predictive factors of poor outcomes., Conclusions: According to the satisfactory results observed in this study, TEA could be indicated in selected patients aged older than 70 years with low functional demands and affected with distal humeral nonunions in which obtaining a stable fixation is difficult., (Copyright © 2015 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) has been normally indicated for chronic inflammatory arthropathy. In the last decades this surgery has also evolved as an acceptable procedure following traumatic lesions of this joint. The aim of this study was to analyze the mid-term outcomes of TEA for the treatment of complex fractures and non-unions of the elbow in selected patients., Methods: Between May 2002 and December 2011, 34 patients with these indications were surgically treated with TEA and divided in two groups. Group 1 included 16 cases of fractures and Group 2 18 of non-union. All patients were clinically assessed using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). A statistical analysis was performed in order to investigate the outcomes of these patients and compare the two groups., Results: Similar results were observed in both groups between operated and non-operated arms. No differences in clinical results were documented between groups., Conclusions: TEA following traumas can be considered as a valid treatment in old patients in complex fractures of the elbow region with low functional demands and in non-unions. Outcomes are influenced by the collaborative capacities of the patients.

Background: This article presents the experience at the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute in the treatment of intracapsular osteoid osteoma (OO) of the elbow by computed tomography-guided percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA)., Materials and Methods: Our team performed more than 800 RFA procedures to treat OO up to 2010. In 27 cases, the lesion site was the articular area of the elbow (humerus in 13 cases, ulna in 13, and radius in 1). These patients were reviewed and assessed for eradication rate, incidence of complications, and functional results measured by the Mayo Elbow Performance Score. The outcome was evaluated after a mean follow-up period of 67.4 ± 35.3 months (range, 24-128 months)., Results: The mean duration of symptoms at the time of diagnosis was 31.0 ± 19.8 months (range, 5-72 months). All patients complained about pain, and in 24 of 27 cases (88.8%), the joint function was significantly impaired by the presence of OO (pretreatment score, 54.8). After RFA, the Mayo Elbow Performance Score improved by a mean of 37.7 ± 14.8 points, with 25 of 27 patients (92.5%) scoring 90 to 100 points at final follow-up. OO recurred in only 1 patient (3.7%), 5 months after the procedure. However, this was successfully retreated by RFA. No adverse effects were observed, and all patients were free of disease at the final follow-up., Discussion: The RFA procedure can be technically challenging in difficult sites such as the elbow joint. The low invasiveness of RFA compared with traditional surgery allows excellent functional recovery. RFA of elbow OO is effective and safe, and it should be considered the first-choice treatment for this disease., (Copyright © 2014 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Radial head prosthetic replacement is indicated in case of comminuted fracture not amenable to internal fixation, especially when the radial head fracture is part of a pattern of lesions configuring a complex instability of the elbow. Thirty-one SBi radial head prostheses were implanted in 30 patients (one bilateral simultaneous fracture) over a 2 years period. In 10 patients, the mean time from trauma to surgical treatment was 2.4 days, while the remaining 20 patients were treated as "second opinion" cases presenting with elbow stiffness or instability after an average of 19 days from trauma. The implants were monopolar in 12 cases and bipolar in 19. The clinical results were evaluated through the Mayo Elbow performance scoring system. At an average follow-up of 2 years (range 13-36 months), the mean MEPS was 90 points (range 65-100). At late radiographic analysis, radiolucent lines around the stem were found in 11 of the 31 cases. Heterotopic ossifications were found in 14 cases. Bone resorption was observed in 9 cases. Two of the 31 prostheses were removed after 16 and 20 months, in one case to correct stiffness in pronation/supination, in the other one for asymptomatic aseptic mobilization. These short-term results are satisfactory, especially when considering that they were obtained in complex elbow lesions treated in many cases at a delayed stage. Our preference over time went more and more to bipolar implants, but from a comparison of the results we could find no evidence of a superiority of bipolar or monopolar implants. The evolution of these prostheses needs to be evaluated with further studies to assess mid-term and long-term follow-up results.