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The absorption of the solution during drilling of oil and gas wells is one of the most common complications that arise in the process, which can cause a significant increase in time spent. The purpose of this work was to create conditions for reducing the rate of absorption of drilling mud during drilling of oil and gas wells. A lightweight drilling and washing liquid was obtained by adding polymer reagents modified with saponified tar from vacuum distillation of fatty acids of cottonseed oil to the clay solution formulation. The results of structural studies of a polymer reagent, polyacrylamide modified with cotton tar, based on IR spectroscopy data are presented. Based on the results of the obtained spectral characteristics of polymer compositions, an assumption is made about the structure of the formed complex, which has swelling properties, which reduces the rate of penetration into the pores of empty rocks, and thereby contributes to the ”withdrawal” of the solution into the annulus of the well. The authors concluded that saponified cotton tar is a valuable raw material for the production of a modified polymer reagent, polyacrylamide. Based on the spectral characteristics, an assumption is made about the structure of the formed complex, which has a strong swelling during penetration into empty rocks. It is assumed that the resulting composite polymer clay solution can be used to reduce the absorption rate of drilling mud during drilling of oil and gas wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The possibility of pain occurring in animals is often accepted if various criteria are fulfilled. These criteria include prolonged grooming or rubbing at the site of a wound or tissue damage, or other behaviour involving the site of damage. We also expect to see a reduction in such activities if a local anaesthetic is applied. Here, we report on an experiment that applied caustic soda, a known irritant in humans, to one eyestalk of the glass prawn. This caused immediate escape responses and then nipping and picking at the treated eyestalk rather than at the untreated eyestalk. Prior application of a local anaesthetic reduced the amount of directed behaviour. However, the local anaesthetic also appeared to be an irritant as it too caused immediate escape responses and directed behaviour to the eyestalk. The results provide further support to the idea that these animals can experience pain. Acceptance of the possibility of pain in animals usually requires that various criteria are fulfilled. One such criterion is that a noxious stimulus or wound would elicit directed rubbing or grooming at the site of the stimulus. There is also an expectation that local anaesthetics would reduce these responses to damage. These expectations have been fulfilled in decapod crustaceans but there has been criticism of a lack of replication. Here, we report an experiment on the effects of a noxious chemical, sodium hydroxide, applied to one eyestalk of the glass prawn. This caused an immediate escape tail-flick response. It then caused nipping and picking with the chelipeds at the treated eyestalk but much less so at the alternative eyestalk. Prior treatment with benzocaine also caused an immediate tail-flick and directed behaviour, suggesting that this agent is aversive. Subsequently, however, it reduced the directed behaviour caused by caustic soda. We thus demonstrated responses that are consistent with the idea of pain in decapod crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Waste sulfuric acid is generated in many chemical and petrochemical production processes, and its quantities are quite significant. For the further development of modern chemical and petrochemical production, a detailed study of its characteristics is required. Purpose; The purpose of this work is a detailed study of the chemical and physico-chemical properties of waste sulfuric acid from the production of caustic soda. Methodology; To study the phase composition, the occurring compositional and structural changes and the identification of initial samples and solid products, physicochemical research methods were used, such as: spectrometer (ICP), thermography (DCK), IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and others. Originally; For the first time, the chemical and physico-chemical properties of waste sulfuric acid from caustic soda production were studied depending on technological parameters. Findings;.The chemical composition of spent sulfuric acid was studied, which showed that it is contaminated with chlorine and diluted with water, and chlorine can be in absorbed or chemically bound form. The rheological properties of this acid depending on temperature were also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The industrial sector of Russia is the most important segment of the country’s economy. Until the beginning of the 21st century, large chemical enterprises in Russia were focused on the domestic market. There was a so-called supply strategy formed back in the USSR for the Union Socialist republics. The products of the chemical industry were mainly transported by road around the city and to neighboring regions, the main cargo traffic for longer distances was mastered by rail and river transport. Currently, the largest chemical industry enterprise in the Volgograd region, AO Kaustik, is actively exporting to Europe, South America and Asia. To carry out international transportation of the company’s products, hired tractors with semi-trailers that meet all modern standards of environmental safety are used. The interaction of road transport with rail, river, and sea is actively taking place, effective logistics multimodal systems for the delivery of chemical products are being organized. Road and rail transportation of products is organized with Asian countries, with European countries – by road, rail and sea, with South American countries – by sea. Today, the company’s transport carries out international multimodal transportation to the near and far abroad. The issue of improving the efficiency of road transport is relevant. The paper considers the links of the logistics system of transportation of chemical products of the enterprise between the countries, along the routes: Russia – Netherlands and Russia – Kyrgyzstan. The comparison of road and rail transportation by time and cost on Volgograd – Bishkek route is carried out. The full loading of the vehicle with transport packages according to the calculation takes place in compliance with the loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer. Improving the efficiency of transportation depends on the organization of loading and unloading points, customs control points, movement along routes, and the work of drivers. The statistical regularities of the distribution of the execution time of elements and operations in the loading point of the enterprise are investigated. The ways of organizing the work of motor transport drivers on the international Volgograd – Bishkek – Volgograd route are considered, the calculation of the duration of the elements of the transportation process and their cost is presented.Materials and methods. The paper uses methods of statistical and economic analysis of data on the functioning of the chemical industry in the region. Graph-analytical methods are used to form transport packages and ensure that the car is fully loaded. Methods for determining the shortest distances and drawing up routes on the transport network are used. Methods of organizing the work of drivers are used to ensure single and tour work on the international route. The effectiveness of the proposed measures is evaluated by economic methods.Results. It is revealed that the chemical industry of the region has a stable economic situation that allows it to develop new international markets. The links of the multimodal logistics system for the delivery of the company’s products along Volgograd – Bishkek and Volgograd – Netherlands international routes are investigated. Improving the efficiency of transportation depends on the organization of loading and unloading points. A statistical analysis of the elements and stages of the transportation process of caustic soda was carried out. A scheme for placing transport packages with bags of caustic soda in a semi-trailer of a motor vehicle has been developed. International routes of transportation of products of AO Kaustik using road transport have been developed: Volgograd – Bishkek and Volgograd – Netherlands routes. The mode of operation of motor transport when performing international transportation using tour and single organization of drivers’ work is calculated. We recommend a tour trip as the most effective way to organize the work of drivers. Tour riding is recommended as the most effective way of organizing the work of road transport in the organization of international transportation to near and far abroad. The final price of 1 ton of transported products on the Volgograd – Bishkek route has been determined. The effective functioning of road transport in the international logistics system for the delivery of caustic soda allows you to reduce transport time, transport costs and reduce the cost of a unit of production for the end user.Conclusions. The article develops measures to improve the organization of international transportation of products of JSC «Caustic» using road transport. The final price of 1 ton of products in the Bishkek warehouse, taking into account the initial cost of granular caustic soda and transportation costs in the case of organizing a single driver’s ride, will be 83246 rubles/ton, and for tour driving, respectively, 81355 rubles/ton.

Coal fines formed in the process of coal mining are of no commercial value and accumulate in dumps, harming the environment. At the same time, they can be used as a source of low-smoke fuel used by the population for domestic needs. To create such a product, it is necessary to solve many technical problems related to selecting binders for coal, providing mechanical strength, and initiating the combustion process of coal briquettes. This study presents the results of obtaining briquette fuel from fine particles of brown coal. Low-temperature pyrolysis determined the qualitative and quantitative composition of volatile components and proposed a mechanism for forming a porous structure of coal after thermal exposure. A composition of a mixture of caustic soda and grain processing waste was used as a binder for the production of briquettes. The mechanism of the formation of adhesive properties of the binder material is explained, and the optimal concentration of sodium hydroxide in it is determined. The positive role of caustic soda as a catalyst for the burning of briquettes is shown, and the activation energy of the burning process is calculated.

The numerical optimization of the spray dryer operations for the evaporation of caustic soda solution was investigated in this work. The optimization for the drying operation was explored with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by utilization of the Design Expert software Version 11.1.2.0 64-bit. The numerical optimization of the spray dryer operations at three inlet air temperatures of 391, 382 and 373 K revealed various operating characteristics, performances and result outputs. The operation at 391 K provided the highest w/w% of the NaOH drying operation and factors or variables needed to achieve the operation. Justifiable optimum parameters obtained are 71.82%, 0.2631 kg/s, 9077.53 kJ/kg, 0.2978 kg/s and 99.5364% for the inlet w/w% of the NaOH solution, outlet mass flow rate of the dried product, specific drying energy per kg of NaOH required, inlet mass flow rate of NaOH solution and final w/w% of the NaOH dried product at inlet air temperature of 391 K respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acceptance of the possibility of pain in animals usually requires that various criteria are fulfilled. One such criterion is that a noxious stimulus or wound would elicit directed rubbing or grooming at the site of the stimulus. There is also an expectation that local anaesthetics would reduce these responses to damage. These expectations have been fulfilled in decapod crustaceans but there has been criticism of a lack of replication. Here, we report an experiment on the effects of a noxious chemical, sodium hydroxide, applied to one eyestalk of the glass prawn. This caused an immediate escape tail-flick response. It then caused nipping and picking with the chelipeds at the treated eyestalk but much less so at the alternative eyestalk. Prior treatment with benzocaine also caused an immediate tail-flick and directed behaviour, suggesting that this agent is aversive. Subsequently, however, it reduced the directed behaviour caused by caustic soda. We thus demonstrated responses that are consistent with the idea of pain in decapod crustaceans.

Inactivation of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) using chemical disinfectants is an indispensable biosecurity measure during outbreaks. The efficiency of disinfection process depends on disinfectant type and presence or absence of organic matter. It is also not clear whether AIV pathotype could influence its tolerability to a given disinfectant. Here, we assessed the efficiency of formalin and caustic soda against high (H5N1) and low (H9N2) pathogenic AIVs in the presence and absence of wet faeces. Our results showed that the effectiveness of both disinfectants depends on the target virus with the low pathogenic H9N2 virus being generally more susceptible to disinfection than the high pathogenic H5N1 virus. Wet faeces slightly influenced disinfection action in a virus- and contact time- dependent manner. This study highlights the importance of eliminating faecal matter before initiating a disinfection process and indicates the influence of disinfectant type and AIVs pathotype when selecting the appropriate disinfectant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on mineral characterization and nano titanium dioxide synthesis from ilmenite ore of Bangka Island, Indonesia, has been carried out using a caustic fusion method and hydrochloric acid leaching. Comprehensive mineral characterization was conducted using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to depict each fractionated particle's elemental composition and mineralogy, i.e., +80, ?80+100, ?100+150, ?150+200, -200+325, and -325 mesh. Other analyses performed are VSM to measure the magnetic properties and SEM to determine the distribution of elements at each particle size. Based on the characteristics of the ilmenite ore, magnetic separation was applied for the initial stage and analyzed gravimetrically. Later processing was the synthesis of nano titanium dioxide, conducted sequentially, including roasting and leaching. Roasting was run at 900°C with and without caustic soda, and then hydrochloric acid was applied. In reference to the elemental analysis, titanium (Ti) concentration is higher in smaller particle sizes and vice versa for iron (Fe) concentration, so the synthesis of nano titanium dioxide was carried out using a -100+150 mesh particle size. The optimum condition for nano titanium dioxide synthesis was 2:1 of NaOH and ilmenite weight ratio, 20% HCl concentration, and 4 hours of leaching time. The nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) obtained was then characterized using XRF, XRD, particle size analyzer (PSA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Roasting with caustic soda showed better nano titanium dioxide purity with 96.04% of TiO2 with particle size in the range of 50–80 nanometers.

The significance of textile coloration is inevitable as coloration is a critical process and it can be affected by several parameters i. e. time, temperature, pH, and liquor ratio (M:L). This research reveals the behavior of different dye bath pH (2 to 12) on the basis of spectrophotometric characteristics and colorfastness using the most useable brand of reactive dye in Bangladesh i. e. Remazol Yellow RR. Earlier researches were performed on the basis of other coloration controlling factors i. e. temperature, time and liquor ratio (M:L) where pH acts as the dependent variable. However in this study, pH was taken as an independent variable where lower pH (2, 4 and 6), medium pH (8 and 10) and higher pH (12) were taken into consideration for verifying the dyeing performance. Meanwhile, the mentioned pH was achieved by adding acetic acid, soda ash and caustic soda respectively. In this study, the impact of pH is analyzed on the basis of color strength, chromaticity, hue angle, CIELAB color space, spectrophotometric image, reflectance percentage and color fastness tests i. e color fastness to rubbing, color fastness to wash, color fastness to perspiration, color fastness to light. Gradually elevated pH boosts up the color strength and chromaticity, at the same time downgrades of hue angle results orangish tone in the dyed fabric. Even more, the lightness of dyed fabric decreases and redness rises with the increment of dyebath pH which results in orangish red darker tone of dyed fabric. Consequently, fabric dyed at acidic dye bath pH exhibits higher resistance in case of color change and color staining from the dyed fabric and multifiber fabric respectively and vice versa.

An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP‐MS) technique method is developed for simultaneous determination of Li, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Sr, Ag, Cd, Ba, and Pb at trace level in caustic soda. Operational parameters of the instrument were optimized and suitable accessory (argon gas dilution) was used in the method. Direct aspiration of high total dissolved solids (TDS) samples (beyond 0.2% TDS) and highly alkaline NaOH is not suitable for the instrument; therefore, strategy of neutralization of NaOH by HNO3 was adopted to handle its high alkalinity. Suitable internal standards of low, mid, and high atomic masses were used with external calibration. Features such as matrix matching, calibration verification, interference correction, etc. were undertaken in this work. Neutralized caustic soda samples were spiked with the analytes with lower, middle, and higher concentration. The results of spiking with 30, 70, 140, and 200 ppb were examined. The method exhibited excellent accuracy and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The baobab is a tree of multipurpose and biological properties; being its roots, tubers, twigs, fruits, seeds, leaves and edible flowers and used as common ingredients in traditional dishes in Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical scarification with sulfuric acid and caustic soda to overcome the integumentary dormancy in baobab seeds. The design was completely randomized in a 2 x 4 + 1 factorial scheme (chemical scarification: sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and caustic soda (NaOH) x immersion times: 2; 4; 6 and 8 hours + untreated seeds (control)). The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by the emergence, speed index and mean time of emergence, stem diameter, length and dry mass of shoot and root system of normal seedlings. The results showed that the chemical scarification with caustic soda and sulfuric acid for the periods of 2; 4; 6 and 8 hours caused the tegument rupture of the seeds, which contributed to increase the emergence of baobab seedlings, however, the emergence of seedlings of the seeds scarified with caustic soda for 2 hours did not differ from the values of the seedlings from the untreated seeds. Caustic soda and sulfuric acid were efficient in overcoming the integumentary dormancy of baobab seeds, however, caustic soda is more indicated because it is easy to acquire and low cost.

Reducing industrial slags and developing building materials on its basis is one of the priority areas for the development of the construction industry. The problem of obtaining cellular concrete from mineral wool production waste (lightweight geopolymers) is considered within the framework of the researches, the results of which are presented in the article. The research purpose was to establish the impact of composition of the raw material mixture and technological production features on the physical, mechanical and thermophysical properties of light geopolymers based on mineral wool production waste. Light geopolymers were obtained by preparing a mixture of ground slugs (specific surface is 400±20 m2/kg), alkaline activator (NaOH), water, a gas-forming additive (aluminum powder), fine aggregate and a water-holding additive. The resulting mixture was placed in the form without vibration. Molded products were steamed in order to accelerate hardening. The mobility of mortar mixtures was studied during the work, the average density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity was studied for hardened samples. The compositions of lightweight geopolymers with an average density from 610 to 1,130 kg/m3, compressive strength from 1.7 to 5.4 MPa, and a thermal conductivity from 0.144 to 0.345 W/m∙°C were obtained. The application of the results will contribute to the expansion of the raw material base for obtaining light geopolymers, thereby reducing the amount of waste generated during the mineral wool production. The developed materials can be used for the construction of walling, and also as the insulation of the roof and floor of industrial and civil facilities.

A study on mineral characterization and nano titanium dioxide synthesis from ilmenite ore of Bangka Island, Indonesia, has been carried out using a caustic fusion method and hydrochloric acid leaching. Comprehensive mineral characterization was conducted using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to depict each fractionated particle's elemental composition and mineralogy, i.e., +80, -80+100, -100+150, -150+200, -200+325, and -325 mesh. Other analyses performed are VSM to measure the magnetic properties and SEM to determine the distribution of elements at each particle size. Based on the characteristics of the ilmenite ore, magnetic separation was applied for the initial stage and analyzed gravimetrically. Later processing was the synthesis of nano titanium dioxide, conducted sequentially, including roasting and leaching. Roasting was run at 900°C with and without caustic soda, and then hydrochloric acid was applied. In reference to the elemental analysis, titanium (Ti) concentration is higher in smaller particle sizes and vice versa for iron (Fe) concentration, so the synthesis of nano titanium dioxide was carried out using a -100+150 mesh particle size. The optimum condition for nano titanium dioxide synthesis was 2:1 of NaOH and ilmenite weight ratio, 20% HCl concentration, and 4 hours of leaching time. The nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) obtained was then characterized using XRF, XRD, particle size analyzer (PSA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Roasting with caustic soda showed better nano titanium dioxide purity with 96.04% of TiO2 with particle size in the range of 50–80 nanometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caustic soda ingestion causes strictures in the respiratory, gastrointestinal systems and even death. In the oral and perioral areas it causes contractures leading to microstomia that is difficult to manage to restore structure and function of the oral cavity. The present case is of a 42-year-old female who presented with microstomia, no endoscopic esophageal injury and ankyloglossia following ingestion of caustic soda in an attempted suicide following a dispute with her spouse. Satisfactory mouth opening and tongue movement were achieved by bilateral release of buccal contractures, commissuroplasty and release of the tongue that was tethered to the floor of the mouth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent caustic wastewater from petrochemical industries is a complex concoction of various pollutants, not only making it a threat to the environment, but also very difficult to treat using conventional treatment processes. In this study, electrocoagulation with iron electrodes was investigated as an option for the removal of sulfide from synthetic spent caustic. The pH of the treatment (3–12), the electrode distance (1–4 cm), the treatment duration (15–60 min), and the current density (1.4–20.8 mA/cm2) were varied, and their contribution to sulfide removal percent was investigated. The results showed that as current density increased to 7.4 mA/cm2 there was a pronounced increase in sulfide removal. Beyond that, increasing the current density slightly improved removal results. Interestingly, it was also observed that with process times above 30 min and a voltage of 20 V, the initial pH had no impact on removal percentage. After the parametric study of contributing factors, response surface methodology was used for further scrutiny and optimization. Under optimum conditions of electrode distance = 3 cm, voltage = 11 V, and treatment duration of 30 min, a sulfide removal of nearly 93% was obtained which showed the effectiveness of the proposed electrocoagulation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the solution methods for multiobjective optimization are applied to reduce the consumption of caustic soda at the stage of treatment of unstable naphtha to obtain liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). First, the advantages and disadvantages of the models and the optimization methods were conceptualized. With the kinetics of the reactions, operational control data and economic data, three objective functions and their respective restrictions were obtained and then applied the method of hierarchical optimization. It was obtained that, with a caustic soda concentration of 15 % weight and a reaction time of 15 min, in most cases the quality parameter of 140 ppm of sulfur in the LPG is met and that in cases where this condition is not met, the product must be recirculated for a new cleaning stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In drilling fluid program, selecting the drilling fluid that will reduce the lost time is the first objective, and will be economical regardless of its cost. The amount and type of solids in drilling fluid is the primary control of the rheological and filtration properties. Palygorskite clay (attapulgite) is an active solid that has the ability to reactive with its environment and form a gel structure within a fluid and due to its stability in the presence of brines and electrolytes this type of clay is preferred for use. The aim of this study is to improve properties of Iraqi palygorskite (PAL) by adding different chemical additives such as caustic soda NaOH and soda ash Na2CO3 with a different concentration in both fresh and salt water-based drilling fluid to satisfy the API specification and to compete with imported palygorskite. The palygorskite claystone of Late Cretaceous age is present in the Western Desert of Iraq within the Digma Formation. In this study, two areas in Western Desert palygorskite were obtained, Bahr Al-Najaf and Trefawi. The results of rheological properties showed that the performance of Bahr Al-Najaf PAL was more affected by caustic soda than Trefawi PAL. In contrast, Trefawi PAL performance was more affected with low concentrations of soda ash than Bahr Al-Najaf PAL in both fresh and salt water-based drilling fluid. Also, these additives lead to improve the value of pH in both fresh and salt drilling fluid that increases the ability of clay to be more dispersed in drilling fluid. Besides that, enhancement of drilling fluid prepared with Iraqi palygorskite stability to 85 and 80 in fresh and saltwater, respectively, was observed with soda ash additions.

The results of long-term work of the group of authors on the problem of the direct reduction of heavy nonferrous metals directly from sulfide compounds contained in concentrates (lead) and metallurgical products (copper, nickel)—white matte and copper and nickel concentrates—from the separation of a converter matte are summarized. The preparation of materials for the reduction and the reduction process itself include the conversion of metal sulfides into oxygen compounds (oxidizing and sintering roasting) with the reduction of metals with carbon-containing reagents (coal and СО), as well as the reduction of copper and, partly, lead from oxide melts with sulfides. Sulfides conversion and reduction operations are associated with the release of sulfur- and carbon-containing compounds (SO2, SO3, CO, and CO2) and, consequently, with the need to capture and utilize gaseous and solid products. A fundamentally new process of the direct reduction of metals from sulfides using their own sulfide sulfur as a reducing agent is proposed. The reducing process occurs through the possible formation of short-circuited electrode pairs in the 2Mez+–zS–2 system due to the donor–acceptor interactions, primarily π binding. The process can be successful occurrence upon the removal of the products (product) of the electrochemical reaction, in particular, S0. Caustic soda is proposed as a reagent. Using the example of the above production materials, the possibility of reducing the metals is shown at temperatures of 550–700°C with the achievement of their deep extraction (more than 99%). The product of sulfide sulfur oxidation, elemental sulfur, reacts with the melt of caustic soda and accumulates in the form of nonvolatile sodium compounds in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista El Directivo al Día is the property of Centro de Informacion y Gestion Tecnologica (CIGET) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pakistan has sufficient production capacity of caustic soda to cater the needs of the local industry. Presently, Pakistan has four major plants with production capacity around 435,000 mega ton per year of caustic soda of various grades. Textile industry of Pakistan is the major consumer of produced high grade caustic soda; as the presence of any impurities especially dissolved salts and metals is unfavorable for wet processing of cotton. This study investigates the performance of three different local brands of caustic soda intended for use in textile wet processing of cotton fabric specifically for mercerization process. The brands were selected based on their purity grades. The selected caustic soda samples were chemically analyzed for the presence of impurities. Twenty seven cotton fabric samples (nine samples of each brand) were prepared by mercerization in slack state. The cotton fabric samples were tested for changes in surface morphology, tensile strength (warp and weft), tear strength, air permeability and K/S (Colour Strength). The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to ascertain the statistical equivalence within and between the tested brands. The results showed no significant differences across the tested brands at a 95% confidence level except for air permeability and K/S in blue shade.

The fabric mercerizing process is carried out using concentrated caustic soda solutions with the objectives of increasing the fabric brightness and the dye affinity. To recirculate the soda solution is necessary once it has been concentrated, in order to reduce operating costs. However, the recirculated soda solution poor quality undermines the quality of mercerized obtained fabric, so this research was conducted to evaluate a modification of caustic soda solution purification scheme from the determination of its inadequacies. The soda solution from the mercerized was characterized and its concentration was 237.33 g / L, which indicates impurities presence that maintain the correct density, but falsify the concentration. With Nessler test is detected that there is presence of cellulose and hydrocellulose in soda solution samples. To improve the efficiency of caustic soda solution recovery process, the alternative that has the peroxide filter before the reconcentration system was selected, with an equipment acquisition cost of 2007342.61 CUC. With MATLAB simulator, the steam consumption was obtained, which achieves an economy of 2 kg of evaporated steam/kg of steam fed in correspondence with the double effect proposed for solution concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, various pleating methods formed by shrinking and finishing are experienced as an alternative to the pleats formed with weaving method, numerical and visual values of these methods were determined and in the conclusion part, their contributions to new design ideas were analyzed. In the experimental study, the factors such as weaving method, structure, and density were kept at standard values, besides polyurethane-elastomer, wool and cotton yarns that could shrink under different conditions were used as variable groups. As a result, it was observed that the results obtained from the fabrics passing through alternative processes such as the use of elastomer, fulling, and caustic soda application, supported 'the local shrinking on fabrics and clothes' idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]