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The article focuses on the necropsy of a 30-day-old male calf in Brazil that died after exhibiting neurological symptoms. Topics include the calf's clinical progression and treatment attempts, the gross findings of brain lesions, and the histopathological analysis revealing significant neurological damage, inflammation, and necrosis.

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) was developed to distinguish cattle by their muzzle patterns and identify early cases of disease, including infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). It was tested on 870 cattle in four locations, with 170 developing IBK. The AI identified 169 of the 170 cases prior to their identification by veterinarians, and another 17 cases that remained free of IBK signs (sensitivity = 99.4%, specificity = 97.6%). These results indicate the AI can detect emerging IBK cases by muzzle images very early in the disease process and be used as an intervention tool in the prevention of IBK outbreaks.

Artificial intelligence (AI) was developed to distinguish cattle by their muzzle patterns and identify early cases of disease, including infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). It was tested on 870 cattle in four locations, with 170 developing IBK. The AI identified 169 of the 170 cases prior to their identification by veterinarians, and another 17 cases that remained free of IBK signs (sensitivity = 99.4%, specificity = 97.6%). These results indicate the AI can detect emerging IBK cases by muzzle images very early in the disease process and be used as an intervention tool in the prevention of IBK outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystic echinococcosis, a neglected tropical disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is of One-Health importance. The disease has significant impact on the economy of Pakistan, where livestock is an important pillar of farming. Given the large socio-economic and zoonotic importance of cattle, we explored echinococcosis prevalence in livestock, focusing on three previously little-studied districts of Punjab (Narowal, Sheikhupura and Sialkot), Pakistan. We screened in total 1168 slaughtered cattle for presence of hydatid cysts. The collected hydatid cysts were subjected to microscopy, histopathology, and PCR. Overall disease prevalence was 7.7% (n=1168), significantly higher in Narowal (9.6%) than in Sheikhupura (7.6%) and Sialkot (5.7%). The oldest cattle group (>5 years) had significantly higher prevalence (11.8%) than younger animals (6.8% in 3-5-year and 4% in 1-3-year-olds). Females had significantly higher prevalence (9.1%) than male (4.9%) cattle. Significantly more cysts occurred in cattle lungs (71.4%) rather than the liver (28.5%), and the number of fertile cysts was significantly higher in lungs (56.9%) compared to liver (50%). PCR and sequencing of one cyst confirmed the species to be Echinococcus granulosus, with phylogenetic analysis clustering our ND1 sequence with the G1-G3 lineages. We found hydatid cysts to cause histopathological changes in the host tissue surrounding the cysts, including atrophy, fibrosis, cell degeneration and leucocytic infiltration. General Linear Models revealed that animals (cattle and dogs) kept near slaughterhouses, particularly in urban and semi-urban areas, significantly increased the risk of cystic echinococcosis in cattle. Based on these findings, we recommend a public health campaign to increase awareness of zoonotic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Urea is an organic compound characterized as a white, solid, and hygroscopic substance. It is recognized as a source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and is widely used as a partial replacement for protein in cattle diets due to the ability of the ruminal microbiota to convert it into microbial protein. Despite the advantages of using urea, it also has limitations, particularly the proximity between metabolizable and toxic or fatal doses. Furthermore, for safe use, a period of adaptation is necessary for the animals. Poisoning is characterized by rapid and generally fatal development, which is frequent in non-adapted animals but can also occur in those with previous adaptations. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological aspects of urea poisoning through a brief review and a retrospective study. In addition, interviews were conducted with veterinarians who frequently send diagnostic material to the Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology of the “Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia” (LAP-FAMEZ) to assess their perception of the outbreaks of urea poisoning. The objective was to obtain a comparative scenario between published cases and those received by the laboratory while considering the real situation of this condition in the field. During this retrospective study, only four outbreaks were investigated; in one, the diagnosis was possible through experimental reproduction. Of 35 interviewees, 88.9% said they had seen more than one case compatible with urea poisoning, but 87.5% did not perform a necropsy and/or send material to confirm the diagnosis. The results show that the reality of urea poisoning may be very distant from that reported in previous studies due to the difficulty often observed in the diagnostic approach, so we developed a flowchart aiming to provide a useful guide for field veterinarians.

Abstract Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a disease of cattle and buffaloes, has recently become widely prevalent in Egypt. The aim of this study was to ascertain the potential role of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus ticks in the transmission of this disease. Samples collected from suspected lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infected cows that had previously been vaccinated with the Romanian sheep pox virus (SPPV) in various Egyptian governorates were obtained between May to November over two consecutive years, namely 2018 and 2019. Ticks were morphologically identified and the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) were sequenced, revealing that they were closely related to R. (Boophilus) annulatus. The G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene of the LSDV was used to test hard ticks. Results Two positive samples from Kafr El-Sheikh province and one positive sample from Al-Behera province were reported. BLAST analysis revealed that the positive samples were closely related to the Kazakhstani Kubash/KAZ/16 strain (accession number MN642592). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GPCR gene of the LSDV recently circulating in Egypt belongs to a global cluster of field LSDV with a nucleotide identity of 98–100%. LSDV isolation was successfully performed four days after inoculation using 9 to 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs showing characteristic focal white pock lesions dispersed on the choriallantoic membrane after three blind passages. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, cell rupture, vacuoles in cells, and virus particles ovoid in shape were demonstrated by electron microscopy. Conclusion In this study the role of hard ticks in the transmission of the LSDV to susceptible animals in Egypt was revealed and confirmed by various methods.

The potential benefits of significant livestock health diagnosis is enormous. Animal husbandry being the most important aspect of India's agricultural growth, farmers suffer on a regular basis as a result of their cattle's bad health and lack of qualified veterinary doctors in their region. At a breakneck pace of Big data and Machine Learning, data mining and analysis are implemented widely in the field of animal husbandry because of the fact that disease and bioterrorism constitute a danger to cattle produce and food supply's safety. In this review paper, we will be comparing the different data science techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a disease of cattle and buffaloes, has recently become widely prevalent in Egypt. The aim of this study was to ascertain the potential role of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus ticks in the transmission of this disease. Samples collected from suspected lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infected cows that had previously been vaccinated with the Romanian sheep pox virus (SPPV) in various Egyptian governorates were obtained between May to November over two consecutive years, namely 2018 and 2019. Ticks were morphologically identified and the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) were sequenced, revealing that they were closely related to R. (Boophilus) annulatus. The G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene of the LSDV was used to test hard ticks. Results: Two positive samples from Kafr El-Sheikh province and one positive sample from Al-Behera province were reported. BLAST analysis revealed that the positive samples were closely related to the Kazakhstani Kubash/KAZ/16 strain (accession number MN642592). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GPCR gene of the LSDV recently circulating in Egypt belongs to a global cluster of field LSDV with a nucleotide identity of 98–100%. LSDV isolation was successfully performed four days after inoculation using 9 to 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs showing characteristic focal white pock lesions dispersed on the choriallantoic membrane after three blind passages. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, cell rupture, vacuoles in cells, and virus particles ovoid in shape were demonstrated by electron microscopy. Conclusion: In this study the role of hard ticks in the transmission of the LSDV to susceptible animals in Egypt was revealed and confirmed by various methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses about the Application of Case Based Reasoning (CBR) Method for Expert Systems in Diagnosing Cattle Disease. Beginning with data collection by consulting experts in the Department of Agriculture in Animal Health, Pohuwato Regency. The data obtained in the form of data names of disease and symptom data. The data is obtained based on the steps of the CBR method calculation in order to obtain the results of the diagnosis and the solution provided for handling the disease. Researcher have analyzed and create program listings to build a system that will be used by farmers. Based on CBR calculations Scours case which has the lowest weight is 0.09 while the highest weight is owned by the Pink Eye case 1. In this process provides a solution to the similarity of the case weight from the old case to the new higher case. In the case of Pink Eye having a higher weight and positive exposure to pink eye disease, the solution given is the provision of anti-allergic, anti-biotic and vitamin. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the application of the CBR method is good for using cattle disease and is very helpful for farmers in dealing with cattle disease.

Background: The livestock plays an important role in the economy of farmers. The mismanagement of sick and dying cattle leads to an increase in sanitation cost of municipalities, incidences of diseases by exposed carcasses, and hence more expenditure on avoidable health catastrophes. Objective: The objective is to study the fate of sick and failing cattle and their detailed management regarding disposal of dead cattle. Materials and Methods: The qualitative research approach was used. The dual strategies of purposive sampling and snowballing were employed to identify potential respondents. The study was conducted 15 in-depth interviews among smallholder dairy farmers, scientists, officials of National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), municipality officials, and veterinarians in peri-urban areas of Karnal, Haryana, located in North India. Data were analyzed based on the contents of these audio-recorded interviews. The recordings have transcribed and translated. After translation completion, a content analysis was performed manually to identify emerging themes and interconnections. Results: This article highlighted three core themes such as impact of low literacy and awareness levels, role of informal forms of disposal, and preference of informal channels over municipality. Conclusions: There is a gap in current practices and management of sick and dying cattle. Small-scale farmers prefer to dispose their cattle in an informal way. It needs to improve animal welfare by modeling guidelines for disposal of dead cattle and its consequences pertaining to zoonoses.

ABSTRACT: Acute hepatotoxicity caused by plants poisoning is responsible for economic losses in farm animals in Brazil. Reports of Cestrum intermedium natural poisoning in cattle are not commonly described in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This study aimed to document an outbreak of spontaneous C. intermedium poisoning in dairy cattle in the Central-Eastern Mesoregion of RS. Three nine-month-old Holstein and Jersey heifers were affected after they were placed in a small paddock with shortage forage. In this area, specimens of C. intermedium Sendtn with signs of consumption were observed. Morbidity and lethality rates were 100% and clinical courses ranged from 9 to 12 hours. At post mortem examination of the three heifers, there was predominance of acute liver lesions. The liver was moderately enlarged and on the cut surface there was a marked accentuation of the lobular pattern and hemorrhage. Inside the rumen, partially digested C. intermedium Sendtn leaves were observed. The histological aspects of the liver were mostly centrilobular coagulative necrosis and hemorrhage, frequently extended to the midzonal region. The immunohistochemistry technique was performed, in which the polyclonal antibody caspase 3 was used in liver fragments. Moderate to marked immunolabeling was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of hepatocytes, predominantly on the periphery of areas of hepatic necrosis indicating cell apoptosis. The diagnosis of C. intermedium Sendtn poisoning in dairy cattle in this study was based on epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological findings. Since the C. intermedium poisoning is uncommon in dairy cattle, we are describing it for the first time in the Central-Eastern Mesoregion of RS, and represents a differential diagnosis of other acute toxic liver diseases in cattle.

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial and multietiological disease entity described in all geographic regions of Brazil. This brief review discusses aspects related to epidemiology, etiologic agents, clinical and pathological manifestations, and challenges in the diagnosis of BRD in Brazil. The main infectious disease agents associated with respiratory outbreaks in cattle from Brazil are bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus have been associated with the development of pneumonia in adult cattle and calves, respectively in Brazil, and should be considered as possible causes of BRD. Additionally, studies using epidemiological data, histopathological and molecular associations with morbidity and mortality should be carried out in Brazil, to demonstrate the real impacts of BRD on livestock.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common disease in beef cattle and leads to considerable economic losses in both beef and dairy cattle. It is important to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying BRD and to identify biomarkers for early identification of BRD cattle in order to address its impact on production and welfare. In this study, a longitudinal transcriptomic analysis was conducted using blood samples collected from 24 beef cattle at three production stages in the feedlot: 1) arrival (Entry group); 2) when identified as sick (diagnosed as BRD) and separated for treatment (Pulled); 3) prior to marketing (Close-out, representing healthy animals). Expressed genes were significantly different in the same animal among Entry, Pulled and Close-out stages (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.01 & |Fold Change| > 2). Beef steers at both Entry and Pulled stages presented obvious difference in GO terms (FDR < 0.05) and affected biological functions (FDR < 0.05 & | Z -score| > 2) when compared with animals at Close-out. However, no significant functional difference was observed between Entry and Pulled animals. The interferon signaling pathway showed the most significant difference between animals at Entry/Pulled and Close-out stages (P <.001 & | Z -score| > 2), suggesting the animals initiated antiviral responses at an early stage of infection. Six key genes including IFI6 , IFIT3 , ISG15 , MX1 , and OAS2 were identified as biomarkers to predict and recognize sick cattle at Entry. A gene module with 169 co-expressed genes obtained from WGCNA analysis was most positively correlated (R = 0.59, P = 6E-08) with sickness, which was regulated by 11 transcription factors. Our findings provide an initial understanding of the BRD infection process in the field and suggests a subset of novel marker genes for identifying BRD in cattle at an early stage of infection. • Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) leads to considerable economic losses in both beef and dairy cattle. • Longitudinal transcriptomic analysis was conducted on blood samples from 24 beef cattle at three feedlot production stages. • Findings help increase understanding of the infection process and suggest marker genes to identify BRD early in infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have been used since the earliest times to treat different disorders of humans and animals. The aim of this study was to identify the plant, mineral and animal remedies used in the treatment of cattle diseases traditionally raised, in the submontane area of the Curvature Carpathians. Relevant information has been collected from 237 interviewed subjects on the treatments used to control diarrhoea, mastitis, external mammary gland injuries, mammary papillomatosis, indigestion, acute meteorism and respiratory disorders, foot injuries/ infections, external and internal parasite infections. There have been identified 56 plants, 8 mineral substances and 6 substances of animal origin used in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. According to the answers of the interviewees, the most frequently used plants belong to the Asteraceae family (32.35%), followed by Rosaceae (17.64%), Aliaceae, Betulacea and Fabaceae (8.82%), and the most frequently used species were Robinia pseudoacacia, Artemisia absinthium and Sempervivum tectorum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is consensus regarding the importance of blackleg vaccination as a preventive measure, and proper immunization protocols are available. However, few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of vaccine protection against Clostridium chauvoei and the treatment of the disease in calves exhibiting early or advanced clinical courses. This study describes twelve blackleg cases in unvaccinated calves and in calves that received a single dose of the vaccine. It also reports the recovery of some calves after antibiotic therapy. Methodology: Two necropsies of cattle dead from blackleg were performed. Fragments of skeletal muscle from these two cattle were immersed in paraffin for multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Results: Twelve calves up to nine months of age developed signs of blackleg and eight died. Ten of those 9-month-old calves had received only the first dose of a blackleg vaccine at 4 months of age, but no booster. The last two affected calves belonged to a herd that had never been vaccinated. Four out of five calves treated with penicillin for 6-7 days recovered from the disease. The diagnosis of blackleg was based on necropsy, histopathological findings and detection of C. chauvoei in skeletal muscle samples of two necropsied calves using PCR. Conclusions: The occurrence of cases only in calves that did not receive a booster dose or were not vaccinated indicated that the vaccine used was effective when performed as recommended by the manufacturer. However, neglecting the booster resulted in casualties due to blackleg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early decades of colonial rule (1900 to c.1930), Salaga, a town in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana), experienced frequent outbreaks of anthrax, a zoonotic disease of cattle and humans. This article examines this unusual incidence of cattle diseases in a commercial town that was not even located in the Sudan savannah belt in the Northern Territories, ideal for livestock. The article argues that at the turn of the twentieth century, Salaga, a town that had prospered in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a major entrepot for slaves and kola nut, found itself without a major trade commodity. In response to a revolt of the people of eastern Gonja against Asante rule, Asante after 1874 moved its kola trade from Salaga south to Kintampo. The declaration of the Northern Territories as a British Protectorate in 1900 ended the trade in slaves. Salaga decided to rebuild its local economy on cattle trade, as the caravan trade that had brought slaves down from the Niger Bend and Hausaland also brought cattle. This pitted the merchants and residents of Salaga against the colonial administration, that had designated the Northern Territories a labor reserve for the south. This economic conflict, and the irregular cattle herding and slaughtering practices at Salaga gave entry to cattle diseases as a major public health hazard and turned colonial veterinary knowledge and policy into contested sites. Resolution came from 1930, as the colonial government showed new commitment to developing the Northern Territories as a zone for cattle export and gained local endorsement of colonial veterinary science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The recent rise in mobile phone use and increased signal coverage has created opportunities for growth of the mobile Health sector in many low resource settings. This pilot study explores the use of a smartphone-based application, VetAfrica-Ethiopia, in assisting diagnosis of cattle diseases. We used a modified Delphi protocol to select important diseases and Bayesian algorithms to estimate the related disease probabilities based on various clinical signs being present in Ethiopian cattle. Results A total of 928 cases were diagnosed during the study period across three regions of Ethiopia, around 70% of which were covered by diseases included in VetAfrica-Ethiopia. Parasitic Gastroenteritis (26%), Blackleg (8.5%), Fasciolosis (8.4%), Pasteurellosis (7.4%), Colibacillosis (6.4%), Lumpy skin disease (5.5%) and CBPP (5.0%) were the most commonly occurring diseases. The highest (84%) and lowest (30%) levels of matching between diagnoses made by student practitioners and VetAfrica-Ethiopia were for Babesiosis and Pasteurellosis, respectively. Multiple-variable logistic regression analysis indicated that the putative disease indicated, the practitioner involved, and the level of confidence associated with the prediction made by VetAfrica-Ethiopia were major determinants of the likelihood that a diagnostic match would be obtained. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated that the use of such applications can be a valuable means of assisting less experienced animal health professionals in carrying out disease diagnosis which may lead to increased animal productivity through appropriate treatment.

Background: The livestock plays an important role in the economy of farmers. The mismanagement of sick and dying cattle leads to an increase in sanitation cost of municipalities, incidences of diseases by exposed carcasses, and hence more expenditure on avoidable health catastrophes. Objective: The objective is to study the fate of sick and failing cattle and their detailed management regarding disposal of dead cattle. Materials and Methods: The qualitative research approach was used. The dual strategies of purposive sampling and snowballing were employed to identify potential respondents. The study was conducted 15 in-depth interviews among smallholder dairy farmers, scientists, officials of National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), municipality officials, and veterinarians in peri-urban areas of Karnal, Haryana, located in North India. Data were analyzed based on the contents of these audio-recorded interviews. The recordings have transcribed and translated. After translation completion, a content analysis was performed manually to identify emerging themes and interconnections. Results: This article highlighted three core themes such as impact of low literacy and awareness levels, role of informal forms of disposal, and preference of informal channels over municipality. Conclusions: There is a gap in current practices and management of sick and dying cattle. Small-scale farmers prefer to dispose their cattle in an informal way. It needs to improve animal welfare by modeling guidelines for disposal of dead cattle and its consequences pertaining to zoonoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early history of inoculation against lungsickness of cattle in South Africa provides a case study of the intercontinental transfer and local adaptation of an innovative veterinary treatment during a period when the state did not yet command the resources to regulate medicinal exchanges and experimental knowledge production. After the accidental importation of lungsickness into the Cape in 1853, information about the Belgian method of tail inoculation was disseminated swiftly, but was initially so brief and imprecise that local cattle-owners' experiments modified the technique considerably. Their experiences were debated in colonial newspapers, but were commonly so unfavourable that many farmers remained hesitant, whereas the colonial medical profession almost unanimously opposed inoculation on theoretical grounds. Yet its advocates continuously publicised updated instructions, and with improving results, tail inoculation was increasingly widely used in the colony and later adopted by Africans. A different technique of oral immunisation that became generally utilised for calves was almost certainly a local invention, apparently by Khoekhoe cattle-owners, within three years of the disease's arrival, and was subsequently adopted by settler farmers. Lungsickness inoculation thus demonstrates the potential benefits of pharmaceutical experimentation in a diversity of therapeutic systems unrestricted by hegemonic scientific doctrine and state regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nebovirus is a new genus within the family Caliciviridae and is a causative agent of calf diarrhea. The limited nebovirus genomic sequences that are currently available has hampered understanding of nebovirus genetic evolution. The aim of the present study was to determine the genomic characterization of strain Bo/LZB-1/17/CH, which was previously identified as being similar to the novel genotype strain Bo/DijonA216/06/FR based on partial capsid sequences. Our results show that the complete RNA genome of strain Bo/LZB-1/17/CH is 7453 nucleotides (nt) in length and shares 79.0%–83.5% nt identity with all available nebovirus genomes in the GenBank database. A phylogenetic analysis based on its complete genome sequence revealed that strain Bo/LZB-1/17/CH clustered into an independent branch. Two interesting characteristics were observed in the genome of strain Bo/LZB-1/17/CH. First, the major capsid protein (VP1) of strain Bo/LZB-1/17/CH shares 96.6% amino acid (aa) identity with strain Bo/DijonA216/06/FR but shares only 75.2%–76.8% aa identity with other nebovirus strains and has an even lower identity in the P2 domain (61.1%–65% aa identity). Second, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of strain Bo/LZB-1/17/CH is more closely related to NB-like strains than it is to strain Bo/DijonA216/06/FR, and a recombination event was identified within the 3′ end of the RdRp in strain Bo/LZB-1/17/CH. In conclusion, the results in this study indicate that strain Bo/LZB-1/17/CH may represent a novel nebovirus strain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of a recombinant event in nebovirus RdRp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate disease reporting, ideally in near real time, is a prerequisite to detecting disease outbreaks and implementing appropriate measures for their control. This study compared the performance of the traditional paper-based approach to animal disease reporting in Ethiopia to one using an application running on smartphones. In the traditional approach, the total number of cases for each disease or syndrome was aggregated by animal species and reported to each administrative level at monthly intervals; while in the case of the smartphone application demographic information, a detailed list of presenting signs, in addition to the putative disease diagnosis were immediately available to all administrative levels via a Cloud-based server. While the smartphone-based approach resulted in much more timely reporting, there were delays due to limited connectivity; these ranged on average from 2 days (in well-connected areas) up to 13 days (in more rural locations). We outline the challenges that would likely be associated with any widespread rollout of a smartphone-based approach such as the one described in this study but demonstrate that in the long run the approach offers significant benefits in terms of timeliness of disease reporting, improved data integrity and greatly improved animal disease surveillance.

Handling reproductive disorders in the cattle farming businesses is still ineffective due to a lack of information about the treatment of cattle, which has led to a significant decline in meat production. To reduce the impact of reproductive disease, it is necessary to perform detection and early treatment to prevent significant losses and a wider spread of the disease. This article explains the application of an expert system that provides a means of consultation imitating the reasoning process of an expert in solving complex problems concerning the health of cows reproduction. We will apply Fuzzy Tsukamoto method to help diagnose the level of risk of disease in cattle based on six clinical symptoms. The result of this research is a mobile expert system that will conclude the level of risk of endometritis disease in cattle. This mobile application is developed based on android, for ease of use, and can be used by farmers in making the diagnosis by themselves. The validation results of this expert system show that the system is able to determine the level of risk of endometritis for cow’s reproduction disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia influenced the formation of ideas about disease transmission in Dublin between 1862 and 1882. Public health officials used their experience with pleuropneumonia to try to understand the media by which diseases might pass between bodies. The story of pleuropneumonia in Dublin shows how practical experience in meat inspection shaped medical ideas. The slaughterhouse served not only as an important arena of public health action but also as a site of knowledge formation. However, attempts to use ideas about pleuropneumonia to push for changes to public health practices fell short of expectations. A number of obstacles slowed change including special interest groups, poor finances, scientific confusion, and the division of duties between civic bodies and Poor Law Unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular findings that confirmed the participation of ovine herpesvirus 2 (OVH-2) in the lesions that were consistent with those observed in malignant catarrhal fever of cattle are described. Three mixed-breed cattle from Rio Grande do Norte state demonstrated clinical manifestations that included mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal opacity and motor incoordination. Routine necropsy examination demonstrated ulcerations and hemorrhage of the oral cavity, corneal opacity, and lymph node enlargement. Significant histopathological findings included widespread necrotizing vasculitis, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, lymphocytic interstitial nephritis and hepatitis, and thrombosis. PCR assay performed on DNA extracted from kidney and mesenteric lymph node of one animal amplified a product of 423 base pairs corresponding to a target sequence within the ovine herpesvirus 2 (OVH-2) tegument protein gene. Direct sequencing of the PCR products, from extracted DNA of the kidney and mesenteric lymph node of one cow, amplified the partial nucleotide sequences (423 base pairs) of OVH-2 tegument protein gene. Blast analysis confirmed that these sequences have 98-100% identity with similar OVH-2 sequences deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the deduced amino acid sequences, demonstrated that the strain of OVH-2 circulating in ruminants from the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Norte and Minas Gerais are similar to that identified in other geographical locations. These findings confirmed the active participation of OVH-2 in the classical manifestations of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever.Os achados moleculares confirmaram a participação do herpesvírus ovino tipo 2 (OVH-2) nas lesões observadas em um surto de febre catarral malígna em bovinos. Três bovinos oriundos de propriedade rural de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte apresentaram manifestações clínicas, que incluíram secreção nasal mucopurulenta, opacidade da córnea e incoordenação motora. A necropsia revelou ulcerações e hemorragias da cavidade oral, opacidade da córnea e linfonodomegalia. Os achados histopatológicos significativos incluíam vasculite necrosante generalizada, meningoencefalite não supurativa, nefrite intersticial linfocítica, hepatite linfocítica e trombose. A PCR, realizada a partir de DNA extraído do rim e do linfonodo mesentérico de um dos animais, amplificou um produto com 423 pares de base do gene da proteína do tegumento do herpesvírus ovino 2 (OVH-2). O sequenciamento direto dos produtos da PCR e a análise pelo Blast demonstraram que o produto amplificado apresentava 98-100% de identidade com sequências do OVH-2 depositadas no GenBank. As análises filogenéticas, baseadas nas sequências deduzidas de aminoácidos demonstraram que a cepa de OVH-2 circulando em ruminantes nos estados de Rio Grande do Norte e Minas Gerais são semelhantes àquelas identificadas em outras regiões geográficas. Esses achados confirmam a participação ativa de OVH-2 nas manifestações clássicas de febre catarral maligna em ovinos.

Purpose: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis skin positivity and associated risk factors in cattle in western Uganda. Methods: Herds were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. The comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin test (CCT) was used to determine cattle tuberculosis status using US Department of Agriculture protocols. Risk factor data were collected from cattle owners through questionnaires collected by in-person interviews. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to measure the association between risk factors and herd CCT reactor prevalence. Results: A total of 525 cattle from 63 herds were screened for M. bovis infection. Of the 525 cattle tested, 2.1 % were CCT reactors and 15.43 % were CCT suspects. Of herds tested, 14.28 % had at least 1 CCT reactor. Using a private water source for cattle and not introducing new cattle into the farm were associated with lower prevalence of M. bovis skin positivity. The herd-level prevalence of M. bovis reactors in Kashaari County of Mbarara District was 14.5 %, and the individual cattle prevalence was low (2.1 %). Conclusions: Using communal sources of drinking water for cattle and introducing new cattle on the farm were farm management practices associated with increased risk of M. bovis exposure in cattle. Despite the low prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (TB), there is a need to educate the populace on the possibility of human infection with zoonotic TB and for educating farmers on practices to reduce the risk of acquiring M. bovis in the Mbarara District. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inaugural issue of Pathologia Veterinaria in 1964 contained the first detailed account of lesions in aborted fetuses following natural, experimental, and postvaccinal infection with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). The article, written by pathologists Kennedy and Richards, described diagnostic gross and histologic features in 13 bovine fetuses. The authors provided clinical and epidemiologic features of 1 postvaccination outbreak, including the absence of clinical signs in infected dams and the propensity for abortions to occur after 6 months’ gestation. Subsequent field and experimental studies corroborated and expanded these observations. As a result of this and later reports, veterinarians became alert to the association between infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and abortion, including the risks of exposing pregnant cattle to live vaccinal BoHV-1. Methods were developed to corroborate a morphologic diagnosis of herpetic abortion in cattle, including immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction methods. Outbreaks of postvaccinal BoHV-1 abortion in the United States began to be reported with apparently increased frequency in the early 2000s. This coincided with licensure in 2003 of modified live BoHV-1 vaccines intended for use in pregnant cattle, which are now sold by 3 manufacturers. Ten recent herd episodes of postvaccinal BoHV-1 abortion are reported. All 10 BoHV-1 isolates had single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) profiles previously identified in a group of BoHV-1 isolates that contains vaccine strains, based on a BoHV-1 SNP classification system. They lacked SNP features typical of those in characterized field-type strains of BoHV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a study on breakout of seneciosis in cattle with high prevalence of photosensitization. It further mentions several symptoms including weight loss, excessive lacrimation and nasal serous discharge. It also mentions that liver biopsy was performed on several cattle which found hard liver, distended gall bladder and abomasum.