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Questo contributo focalizza l’attenzione sulla competenza plurilingue e sulla sua diffusione in ambito scolastico. Viene presa in esame una realtà in cui questo aspetto si realizza, la Scuola europea di Varese, dove studiano ragazzi cresciuti in contesti plurilingue. Ad alcune classi di diversi livelli scolastici è stato somministrato un questionario ‘inedito’ in cui si è cercato di tradurre in domande concrete una parte dei nuovi descrittori del plurilinguismo del Volume Complementare del QCER. Le risposte al questionario, diviso in tre parti, hanno dato risultati interessanti e hanno messo in luce in che modo questi ragazzi si muovano in un vivacissimo spazio culturale plurilingue all’interno dell’istituzione scolastica e monolingue sul territorio. Le conclusioni rivelano come la competenza linguistica plurilingue sia una risorsa e come i soggetti mettano in atto differenti strategie, più o meno consce, per riempire i vuoti linguistici e affrontare diverse situazioni quotidiane. Multilingual and multicultural competence at the European School of Varese. An example of application of the new descriptors of the Companion volume of the CEFRL This paper focuses on multilingual competence and its diffusion in an educational environment. The reality analyzed, the European School of Varese, is attended by teenagers who have grown up in multilingual contexts. Some classes at different school levels were given an “unusual” questionnaire where the actual questions centered around some of the descriptors about multilingualism from the Companion Volume to the CEFRL. The answers to the questionnaire, divided into three parts, highlighted interesting points and has shown the very vivacious multilingual culture inside this local monolingual educational institution. The conclusions show how multilingual language competence can be a valuable resource and that people employ different strategies, whether consciously or not, to fill language gaps and deal with different daily situations., Italiano LinguaDue, V. 13 N. 1 (2021): ITALIANO LINGUADUE

The relative role of propagule pressure, abiotic and biotic variables as determinants of non-native species occurrence differs among studies, hindering the synthesis of emergent patterns in invasion ecology and preventing generalisation for conservation actions. In order to produce a broad and general assessment of the occurrence of alien species in aquatic habitats, we proposed a macroecological approach to assess the drivers of occurrence of alien species in all biota (microorganisms, plants and animals) across several natural habitats in freshwater ecosystems in Italy, and we generalised the results of the analysis to provide a risk map of the occurrence of alien species. We determined that abiotic climatic variables were good predictors of alien species occurrence. Indeed, these variables, together with propagule pressure, expressed as the proximity to major inhabited areas, and differences in the receiving community, expressed as the native species richness, played a crucial role in determining the number of alien species. Furthermore, we found evidence of an influence of body size in determining the occurrence of the non-native species. By using the predictions of our model, we addressed the probability of the occurrence of alien species in freshwater habitats across the whole country and highlighted areas at higher risk.

Introduction of alien species is one of the major threats to aquatic biota and knowledge of the major correlates of their occurrence is pivotal in planning reliable conservation strategies. To understand whether specific freshwater habitats are more likely to be invaded than others, a dataset on the occurrence of 1604 species in 54 taxonomic groups from 181 sites across the Italian peninsula was gathered. The EUNIS habitat classification was used, selecting for the study's seven habitat types at the second EUNIS level, including lentic (EUNIS C1; 64 sites), lotic (EUNIS C2; 99 sites) and highly artificial (EUNIS J5; 18 sites) habitats. The aim of the study was to test whether the overall number of alien species and the proportion of alien species for each taxonomic group differed between habitat types and could be explained by environmental, human-mediated, or climatic factors. Using generalized linear mixed effect models to account for potential confounding factors, only average air temperature of the site was a significant positive predictor of the occurrence of alien species, regardless of habitat type, species richness, and other climatic variables. A direct effect of temperature could be excluded given the origin of alien species, mostly from colder areas than Italy. Thus, an indirect effect could be hypothesized at the Italian latitudes, with warmer areas potentially more likely to be visited by tourists than colder areas. If this hypothesis is confirmed, the results of the analyses call for a compromise between the maintenance of recreational activities in the wild and the preservation of a natural environment to prevent the arrival and spread of alien species. On the other hand, no further recommendations can be implemented regarding habitat susceptibility to alien species. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Alien species, particularly when invasive, are likely to represent a major issue when dealing with biodiversity even though their impact at the ecosystem level needs to be better understood and quantified. Anyway, their spread affects almost all the ecosystems, and the trend of this phenomenon seems to increase at global scale. Here, we present a first attempt to a quantitative description of the invasiveness of habitat and ecosystem types in Italy through the facilities of the European Research Infrastructure on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research LifeWatch. The study is adopting an ecosystem level approach in order to assess the fragility of key EUNIS ecosystem/habitat types to alien species. Ecological modeling and geospatial statistics are used to evaluate abiotic conditional factors of the fragility of the most widespread EUNIS ecosystem types along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in Europe and to map ecosystems fragility at the national and European scale. Ninety-six sites from Italy have been processed and encompassed in 41 habitats (level 2, EUNIS code). Available taxonomical data are referred to about 19,650 records; 10,600 taxa; 10,050 species. The trait "alien species" is going to be harmonized among different taxonomic groups at both geographical and temporal scale. At present, however, the alien trait has been attributed to about 4% of the species data sets, whereas the mean value for Italy is around 3%. The incidence of alien species greatly varies in different environments/habitats, with highest values in terrestrial and freshwater habitats and lowest in marine habitats. Marked differences also occur among different taxonomical groups, with highest incidence of alien species among terrestrial vegetables and vertebrates, lowest for less known groups such as invertebrates.

Dalla banca dati del case study sulle specie aliene di LIFEWATCH, l'Ingrastuttura Europea di Ricerca su biodiversita' ed ecosistemi, sono stati estratti i dati relativi a quattro laghi italiani, due profondi (Lago Maggiore e Lago d'Orta) e due poco profondi (Lago Trasimeno e Lago di Candia). Questi laghi sono stati scelti sulla base della disponibilita' di serie pluriennali di dati rilevati su alcune delle principali componenti biologiche lacustri (fitoplancton, macrofite, zooplancton, macrozoobenthos, pesci). Utilizzando i dati di presenza delle specie native ed aliene, e' stato possibile operare un confronto della distribuzione delle specie aliene, o sospette tali, nei diversi gruppi sistematici. Inoltre si e' cercato di valutare in quali periodi si sia avuto il maggior numero di segnalazioni di specie aliene nei diversi gruppi. il confronto tra le frequenze di specie aliene nei diversi gruppi sistematici suggerisce che la penetrazione di specie e' determinata da due principali tipologie di cause: una legata alle caratteristiche ecologiche delle specie/taxon (es. facilita' di trasferimento, capacita' adattativa), l'altra ricondicubile all'intervento umano (es. introduzioni intenzionali, presenza di corridoi/vettori di invasione). Alcuni aspetti, come la facilita' di percezione della specie aliena, sono stati sottovalutati, e difficilmente oggettivabili in quanto determinati da un complesso di fattori sia biotici (es. cospicuita' e/o nocivita' della specie, tipo di ambienti colonizzati, cripticita' della specie) che antropici (disponibilita' di esperti e di studi sui diversi tipi di habitat/gruppi sistematici). L'aspetto forse meno studiato del fenomeno delle invasioni e' quello relativo all'impatto sugli ecosistemi, spesso difficilmente documentabile a causa della mancanza di studi pregressi sugli ecosistemi invasie// sulle componenti influenzate dalla specie aliena. A titolo esemplicifativo, viene presentata la progressione spaziale e temporale di due specie invasive di molluschi, Corbicula fluminea e Sinanodonta woodiana, e la documentazione del loro impatto sulle specie native in un'area campione del Lago Maggiore.