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Initiatives in international development and behavioral science rely predominantly on the independent models of the self and agency that are prevalent in individualist Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) cultural contexts. Programs that are guided by these independent models, explicitly or implicitly, as the default way of being and that neglect interdependent models can reduce the potential of development initiatives to advance poverty reduction and well-being in two ways. First, programs based solely on independent models of agency—centered on personal goals and values; self-advancement and self-expression; and autonomy—can limit the scope and effectiveness of the development science toolkit. Second, programs that are not responsive to interdependent ways of being—centered on relational goals and values; responsiveness to social norms, roles, and obligations; and social coordination—that are common in many Global South sociocultural contexts can be met with resistance or backlash. We propose that taking account of interdependent psychosocial tendencies is a promising way to diversify the behavioral science toolkit and to build a more comprehensive science of human behavior. Furthermore, culturally responsive program designs have the potential both to promote decolonized, inclusive approaches that preserve rather than override local ways of being and to enable diverse trajectories of societal development to flourish. We integrate experimental and descriptive research from psychology, economics, education, and global health to suggest how models of interdependent agency can be productively integrated into development program designs to advance quality of life in locally resonant ways.

Purpose Pride is an emotional response to success or achievement with two facets, AP and HP. This study aims to address an unanswered question: how does each type of pride affect indulgence when consumers engage in relatively thoughtful processing (System II) versus when they engage in rapid and more superficial processing (System I). Design/methodology/approach Using four experiments, this research investigates the effects of pride and cognitive resources on indulgence. This study also tests the mediating roles of deservedness and self-esteem using an ANOVA, a bootstrap analysis and a binary logistic-regression analysis. Findings The results show that cognitive resources moderate the effects of AP and HP on indulgence. When consumers have ample cognitive resources, AP leads to more indulgence than HP. When consumers have restricted cognitive resources and engage a quick, affective-based processing system, HP leads to greater indulgence than AP. Research limitations/implications This research enhances understanding of the impact of two kinds of pride on indulgence and advances the authors’ understanding in the broader area linking emotion and consumer decision-making. Practical implications Marketers and public policymakers need to understand the differences between AP and HP because they have potentially different impacts on consumer behavior. Depending on whether companies are trying to motivate consumers to indulge or to restrain from indulging, companies can successfully incorporate AP or HP into their marketing communications. Originality/value The key contribution of this research is that the authors show that both AP and HP can lead to indulgence, depending on the amount of cognitive attention that is allocated to the decision and, therefore, which system consumers deploy.

Lipids may serve as energy reserves to support coral calcification, allow acclimation to higher temperatures, and are implicated in the control of CaCO3 precipitation. Here, we report the lipid composition of the soft tissues (including host and symbionts) of 7 massive Porites spp. coral colonies (4 × P. lutea and 3 × P. murrayensis), which were cultured under different pCO2 concentrations (180, 260, 400 and 750 µatm) and at two temperatures (25 ℃ and 28 ℃), below the thermal stress threshold. We report the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), free fatty acid (FFA) to total fatty acid content, sterol and wax ester profiles, and identify two ketones (n-alkanone) and three long chain aldehyde (n-alkanal) derivatives. Increasing seawater temperature significantly increases the contributions of FFAs to the total lipids, of C18:2 and C20:0 to the total FFA pool, of C14:0 to total FAME, and of campesterol to total sterol. The temperature increase also reduces the contributions of unusual fatty acid derivatives to total lipids, of C14:0, C15:0, C16:0 and C17:0 saturated free fatty acids to total FFAs, and of C16:0 FA to total FAME. Fatty acids are implicated in the control of membrane structure fluidity and the observed changes may promote acclimation and thermostability as temperature varies. Seawater pCO2 has no significant effect on the composition of tissue lipids with the exception that the contribution of C14:0 FA to total lipid content is significantly lower at 180 µatm compared to 260 and 750 µatm. Decreased contribution of total sterols and unusual fatty acid derivatives and increased contribution of total FFAs to total lipids are observed in the fastest calcifying coral (a P. lutea specimen) compared to the other corals, under all pCO2 and temperature conditions. Although a rapid calcifier this genotype has been shown previously to exhibit pronounced abnormal changes in skeletal morphology in response to decreased seawater pCO2. Variations in tissue lipid composition between coral genotypes may influence their resilience to future climate change.

Political polarization is a barrier to enacting policy solutions to global issues. Social psychology has a rich history of studying polarization, and there is an important opportunity to refine and define its contributions to the present political realities. We do so in the context of one of the most pressing modern issues: climate change. We synthesize the literature on political polarization and its applications to climate change, and we propose lines of further research and intervention design. We focus on polarization in the United States, examining other countries when literature is available. The polarization literature emphasizes two types of mechanisms: individual-level psychological processes related to political ideology and group-level psychological processes related to partisan identification. We highlight the potential intervention strategies of circumventing solution aversion, leveraging superordinate identities, correcting misperceived norms, and having trusted experts and politicians communicate about climate change. Interventions that address group-level processes can be more effective than those that address individual-level processes. These areas of research and intervention development are particularly important given that behavioral interventions grounded in scientific research are one of our most promising tools to achieve the behavioral wedge we need to address climate change and to make progress on other policy issues.

Iron-refractory iron-deficiency anaemia (IRIDA) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that presents in childhood. We report the case of fraternal twins presenting with severe hypochromic microcytic anaemia and hypoferritinemia. Two missense mutations affecting the TRMPSS6 gene were identified, consistent with IRIDA. Subsequent parenteral iron therapy improved clinical and blood parameters.

This work was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (award NE/I022973/1) to AAF and NA. Coral skeletal Sr/Ca has valuable potential as a proxy of sea surface temperatures (SSTs). However seawater pCO2 can influence skeletal Sr incorporation and Sr/Ca-SST calibrations derived from present day corals may not be applicable to ancient specimens or older sections of modern corals deposited under lower seawater pCO2 than the present day. In this study we analysed skeletal Sr/Ca in multiple genotypes of massive Porites spp. cultured over a range of seawater pCO2 (from 180 to 750 μatm) and temperature (25°C and 28°C). Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that the Sr/Ca aragonite partition coefficient, KD Sr/Ca is inversely related to seawater temperature and positively related to seawater pCO2 (equivalent to changes in skeletal Sr/Ca of 0.046 mmol mol-1 °C-1 and 0.0002 mmol mol–1 µatm-1 respectively). Applying present day Sr/Ca-SST equations to older coral skeletons growing at lower pCO2 could underestimate seawater temperatures. However KD Sr/Ca vary significantly between some coral genotypes cultured at the same seawater pCO2 indicating that other unidentified processes also influence skeletal Sr/Ca and it is unknown how these processes varied when ancient corals were deposited. We do not observe a significant relationship between KD Sr/Ca and coral calcification rate after combining all coral genotypes to allow identification of the correct KD Sr/Ca to apply to coral records. Postprint

Ocean acidification typically reduces the calcification rates of massive Porites spp. corals, but increasing seawater temperatures (below the stress and bleaching threshold) can offset this effect. Here, we use δ11B to reconstruct the pH of the calcification media (pHECM) used to precipitate the skeleton in poritid corals cultured over a range of seawater pCO2 and at 25 °C and 28 °C. Increasing temperature had no significant effect on pHECM at high pCO2 although corals increased their calcification rates. pHECM was reduced at 28 °C compared to 25 °C at low seawater pCO2, although calcification rates remained constant. Increasing calcification rates could reflect the positive influence of temperature on aragonite precipitation rate, an increase in calcification media saturation state or a change in the concentration/behaviour of the skeletal organic matrix. The two temperatures utilized in this study were within the seasonal range at the coral collection site and do not represent a heat stress scenario. Increasing seawater temperatures may promote calcification in some corals in the future but are unlikely to benefit the majority of corals, which are already living close to their maximum thermal tolerance limits.

The authors suggest that mere attention increases the perceived severity of environmental risks because attention increases the fear and distinctiveness of attended risks. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants were exposed to images of multiple environmental risks, with attention repeatedly oriented to a subset of these risks. Participants subsequently perceived attended risks to be more severe, more frightening, higher priority, and more distinctive than control risks. In Experiments 3 and 4, spatial cueing manipulations were used to briefly draw attention toward some risks and away from others. In Experiment 3, a briefly flashed rectangle drew attention toward one side of a computer screen just before 2 images depicting different risks appeared: 1 image near to where the rectangle appeared and 1 further away. In Experiment 4, incidental attention was cued toward some risks by giving participants an unrelated letter search task that required them to briefly attend near that location. Participants in Experiments 3 and 4 selected cued (attended) risks as more severe, distinctive, and frightening than noncued risks. Across experiments, serial mediation analyses indicated that the effect of the attention manipulation on severity was mediated by the effect of attention on fear which was mediated by distinctiveness. Across experiments, we equated duration of exposure to risks and sought to minimize demand characteristics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This work was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (Award NE/I022973/1) to AAF and NA. Understanding how rising seawater pCO2 and temperatures impact coral aragonite accretion is essential for predicting the future of reef ecosystems. Here we report 2 long term (10-11 month) studies assessing the effects of temperature (25 and 28°C) and both high and low seawater pCO2 (180-750 μatm) on the calcification, photosynthesis and respiration of individual massive Porites spp. genotypes. Calcification rates were highly variable between genotypes but high seawater pCO2 reduced calcification significantly in 4 of 7 genotypes cultured at 25°C but in only 1 of 4 genotypes cultured at 28°C. Increasing seawater temperature enhanced calcification in almost all corals but the magnitude of this effect was seawater pCO2 dependent. The 3°C temperature increase enhanced calcification rate on average by 3% at 180 μatm, by 35% at 260 μatm and by >300% at 750 μatm. The rate increase at high seawater pCO2 exceeds that observed in inorganic aragonites. Responses of gross/net photosynthesis and respiration to temperature and seawater pCO2 varied between genotypes but rates of all these processes were reduced at the higher seawater temperature. Increases in seawater temperature, below the thermal stress threshold, may mitigate against ocean acidification in this coral genus but this moderation is not mediated by an increase in net photosynthesis. The response of coral calcification to temperature cannot be explained by symbiont productivity or by thermodynamic and kinetic influences on aragonite formation. Publisher PDF

Immunotherapy has changed treatment practices for many hematologic malignancies. Even in the current era of targeted therapy, chemotherapy remains the backbone of treatment for many hematologic malignancies, especially in acute leukemias, where relapse remains the major cause of mortality. Application of novel immunotherapies in hematology attempts to harness the killing power of the immune system against leukemia and lymphoma. Cellular immunotherapy is evolving rapidly for high-risk hematologic disorders. Recent advances include chimeric antigen-receptor T cells, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, dendritic cell tumor vaccines, cytokine-induced killer cells, and virus-specific T cells. The advantages of nontransplantation cellular immunotherapy include suitability for patients for whom transplantation has failed or is contraindicated, and a potentially less-toxic treatment alternative to transplantation for relapsed/refractory patients. This review examines those emerging cellular immunotherapies that are changing treatment paradigms for patients with hematologic malignancies.

The uncertainty experienced by college students can have serious repercussions for their success and subsequent retention. Drawing parallels between instructional context and organizational context will enrich theory and research about students’ experiences of uncertainty in their college courses. Therefore, this study used Uncertainty Management Theory to explore how students manage their uncertainty about college courses with their classmates. Overall, the results suggest that although students experience uncertainty mostly related to their academic needs, their uncertainty management focuses more on their socioemotional needs. In managing their uncertainty, students rely on direct communication with their peers, which suggests the importance of considering uncertainty management as a relational activity as opposed to an independent activity. Given this, instructors can facilitate classroom climates and activities that allow students to establish relationships with one another and work interdepe...

Although ample literature exists regarding the effectiveness of faculty development (FD) activities, there is a gap in the literature synthesizing its outcomes. This review, using a predetermined review protocol, analyzed 22 publications on FD for teacher educators using Kirkpatrick’s training evaluation taxonomy. We found that North American universities provide the most empirical evidence about FD activities, focusing on technology integration in teaching and pedagogical skill improvement. Formal programs, such as serial workshops and developmental relationship, were reported with high frequency, compared to self-directed learning and organizational development activities. Empirical research was heavily based on self-reported, qualitative data and emphasized individual-level outcomes. There is a lack of information regarding the impact of FD activities for teacher educators on subsequent student learning or the downstream effect on school systems. Similarly, institutional involvement in FD remai...

Metacognitive reflections embedded in course activities allow students to evaluate their learning immediately following the activities themselves, while providing instructors the opportunity to revise and optimize instruction to target misconceptions. This activity, “Histology Personal Trainer” helps students not only identify major tissue types, but reflect on how they identified them. This activity aims to improve student performance by exercising the students’ observation and comparative skills in combination with a self-reflection activity that helps to identify successful and unsuccessful identification strategies. By the end of the activity, students should be able to adapt their approach to obtain more accurate answers. This activity was used in an anatomy and physiology course, but could be modified for use in various STEM classes.

CLAN (Caring and Living as Neighbours) is an Australian-based non-governmental organisation (NGO) committed to equity for children living with chronic health conditions in resource-poor settings. Since 2004, CLAN has collaborated with a broad range of partners across the Asia Pacific region to improve quality of life for children living with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This exploratory case study uses the Knowledge to Action (KTA) framework to analyse CLAN&rsquo, s activities for children living with CAH in the Asia Pacific. The seven stages of the KTA action cycle inform a systematic examination of comprehensive, collaborative, sustained actions to address a complex health challenge. The KTA framework demonstrates the &ldquo, how&rdquo, of CLAN&rsquo, s approach to knowledge creation and exchange, and the centrality of community development to multisectoral collaborative action across a range of conditions, cultures and countries to redressing child health inequities. This includes a commitment to: affordable access to essential medicines and equipment, education, research and advocacy, optimisation of medical management, encouragement of family support groups, efforts to reduce financial burdens, and ethical, transparent program management as critical components of success. Improvements in quality of life and health outcomes are achievable for children living with CAH and other chronic health conditions in resource-poor settings. CLAN&rsquo, s strategic framework for action offers a model for those committed to #LeaveNoChildBehind.

The cause of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) during the recent ice ages is yet to be fully explained. Most mechanisms for glacial–interglacial CO2 change have centred on carbon exchange with the deep ocean, owing to its large size and relatively rapid exchange with the atmosphere1. The Southern Ocean is thought to have a key role in this exchange, as much of the deep ocean is ventilated to the atmosphere in this region2. However, it is difficult to reconstruct changes in deep Southern Ocean carbon storage, so few direct tests of this hypothesis have been carried out. Here we present deep-sea coral boron isotope data that track the pH—and thus the CO2 chemistry—of the deep Southern Ocean over the past forty thousand years. At sites closest to the Antarctic continental margin, and most influenced by the deep southern waters that form the ocean’s lower overturning cell, we find a close relationship between ocean pH and atmospheric CO2: during intervals of low CO2, ocean pH is low, reflecting enhanced ocean carbon storage; and during intervals of rising CO2, ocean pH rises, reflecting loss of carbon from the ocean to the atmosphere. Correspondingly, at shallower sites we find rapid (millennial- to centennial-scale) decreases in pH during abrupt increases in CO2, reflecting the rapid transfer of carbon from the deep ocean to the upper ocean and atmosphere. Our findings confirm the importance of the deep Southern Ocean in ice-age CO2 change, and show that deep-ocean CO2 release can occur as a dynamic feedback to rapid climate change on centennial timescales. Analysis of deep-sea coral boron isotope data, as a proxy for pH and thus CO2 chemistry, provides evidence of CO2 storage in the deep Southern Ocean during the last ice age, and its rapid release on millennial to centennial timescales during deglaciation.

This work was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (award NE/I022973/1) to AAF and NA. Ocean acidification typically reduces calcification in tropical marine corals but the mechanism for this process is not understood. We use skeletal boron geochemistry (B/Ca and δ11B) to reconstruct the calcification fluid DIC of corals cultured over both high and low seawater pCO2 (180, 400 and 750 μatm). We observe strong positive correlations between calcification fluid pH and concentrations of the DIC species potentially implicated in aragonite precipitation (be they CO32- , HCO3- or HCO3-+CO32- ). Similarly, with the exception of one outlier, the fluid concentrations of precipitating DIC species are strongly positively correlated with coral calcification rate. Corals cultured at high seawater pCO2 usually have low calcification fluid pH and low concentrations of precipitating DIC, suggesting that a reduction in DIC substrate at the calcification site is responsible for decreased calcification. The outlier coral maintained high pHCF and DICCF at high seawater pCO2 but exhibited a reduced calcification rate indicating that the coral has a limited energy budget to support proton extrusion from the calcification fluid and meet other calcification demands. We find no evidence that increasing seawater pCO2 enhances diffusion of CO2 into the calcification site. Instead the overlying [CO2] available to diffuse into the calcification site appears broadly comparable between seawater pCO2 treatments, implying that metabolic activity (respiration and photosynthesis) generates a similar [CO2] in the vicinity of the calcification site regardless of seawater pCO2. Postprint

This work was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (award NE/I022973/1) to AAF and NA. Coral skeletal Ba/Ca is a proxy for seawater Ba/Ca, used to infer oceanic upwelling and terrigenous runoff while [Mg2+] is implicated in the control of coral biomineralisation. We cultured large individuals (>12 cm diameter) of 3 genotypes of massive adult Porites spp. corals over a range of seawater pCO2 to test how atmospheric CO2 variations affect skeletal Ba/Ca and Mg/Ca. We identified the skeleton deposited after a 5 month acclimation period and analysed the skeletal Ba/Ca and Mg/Ca by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Skeletal Mg/Ca varies significantly between some duplicate colonies of the same coral genotype hampering identification of genotype and seawater pCO2 effects. Coral aragonite:seawater Ba/Ca partition coefficients (KD Ba/Ca) do not vary significantly between duplicate colonies of the same coral genotype. We observe large variations in KD Ba/Ca between different massive Porites spp. coral genotypes irrespective of seawater pCO2. These variations do not correlate with coral calcification, photosynthesis or respiration rates or with skeletal KD Mg/Ca or KD Sr/Ca. Seawater pCO2 does not significantly affect KD Ba/Ca in 2 genotypes but KD Ba/Ca is significantly higher at 750 μatm seawater pCO2 than at 180 μatm in 1 P. lutea genotype. Genotype specific variations in KD Ba/Ca between different Porites spp. could yield large errors (~250%) in reconstructions of seawater Ba when comparing Ba/Ca between corals. Analysis of fossil coral specimens deposited at low seawater pCO2, may underestimate past seawater Ba/Ca and ocean upwelling/freshwater inputs when compared with modern specimens but the effect is small in comparison with the observed difference between coral genotypes. Postprint

HLA-matched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from red blood cell (RBC)-incompatible donors is not uncommon. The engraftment process following ABO-incompatible allogeneic HSCT results in the transition from patient blood group to donor blood group in the recipient. In contrast, most non-hematopoietic tissues retain expression of the patient's original blood group for life, and these antigens may adsorb from the plasma onto the donor-derived RBCs. Correct serologic interpretation of the ABO blood group during this engraftment process can be difficult. We present the serologic findings of a 15-year-old girl of Maori descent, who was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia and transplanted with an HLA-matched unrelated group O, D+ bone marrow. Despite engraftment, her RBCs showed persistence of weak A. This case report showcases the importance of awareness and correct serologic interpretation of weak persistence of recipient ABH substance on the patient's RBCs for clinical decision-making, blood component support, and patient wellbeing.

The East Scotia Ridge is an active back-arc spreading centre located to the west of the South Sandwich island arc in the Southern Ocean. Initial exploration of the ridge by deep-tow surveys provided the first evidence for hydrothermal activity in a back-arc setting outside of the western Pacific, and we returned in 2010 with a remotely operated vehicle to precisely locate and sample hydrothermal sites along ridge segments E2 and E9. Here we report the chemical and isotopic composition of high- and low-temperature vent fluids, and the mineralogy of associated high-temperature chimney material, for two sites at E2 (Dog’s Head and Sepia), and four sites at E9 (Black & White, Ivory Tower, Pagoda and Launch Pad). The chemistry of the fluids is highly variable between the ridge segments. Fluid temperatures were ?350 °C at all vent sites except Black & White, which was significantly hotter (383 °C). End-member chloride concentrations in E2 fluids (532 - 536 mM) were close to background seawater (540 mM), whereas Cl in E9 fluids was much lower (98 - 220 mM) indicating that these fluids are affected by phase separation. Concentrations of the alkali elements (Na, Li, K and Cs) and the alkaline earth elements (Ca, Sr and Ba) co-vary with Cl, due to charge balance constraints. Similarly, concentrations of Mn and Zn are highest in the high Cl fluids but, by contrast, Fe/Cl ratios are higher in E9 fluids (3.8 – 8.1 × 10?3) than they are in E2 fluids (1.5 - 2.4 × 10?3) and fluids with lowest Cl have highest Cu. Although both ridge segments are magmatically inflated, there is no compelling evidence for input of magmatic gases to the vent fluids. Fluid ?D values range from 0.2 to 1.5 ‰, pH values (3.02 - 3.42) are not especially low, and F concentrations (34.6 - 54.4 ?M) are lower than bottom seawater (62.8 ?M). The uppermost sections of conjugate chimney material from E2, and from Ivory Tower and Pagoda at E9, typically exhibit inner zones of massive chalcopyrite enclosed within an outer zone of disseminated sulphide, principally sphalerite and pyrite, in an anhydrite matrix. By contrast, the innermost part of the chimneys that currently vent fluids with lowest Cl (Black & White and Launch Pad), is dominated by anhydrite. By defining and assessing the controls on the chemical composition of these vent fluids, and associated mineralisation, this study provides new information for evaluating the significance of hydrothermal processes at back-arc basins for ocean chemistry and the formation of seafloor mineral deposits.

Bathymodiolin mussels are amongst the dominant fauna occupying hydrothermal vent ecosystems throughout the World's oceans. This subfamily inhabits a highly ephemeral and variable environment, where exceptionally high concentrations of reduced sulphur species and heavy metals necessitate adaptation of specialised detoxification mechanisms. Whilst cellular responses to common anthropogenic pollutants are well-studied in shallow-water species, they remain limited in deep-sea vent fauna. Bathymodiolus sp. were sampled from two newly-discovered vent sites on the Southwest Indian Ridge (Tiamat and Knuckers Gaff) by the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Kiel 6000 during the RRS James Cook cruise, JC 067 in November 2011. Here, we use redox proteomics to investigate the effects of tissue metal accumulation on protein expression and thiol oxidation in gill. Following 2D PAGE, we demonstrate a significant difference in intensity in 30 protein spots in this organ between the two vent sites out of 205 matched spots. We also see significant variations in thiol oxidation in 15 spots, out of 143 matched. At Tiamat, 23 protein spots are up-regulated compared to Knuckers Gaff and we identify 5 of these with important roles in metabolism, cell structure, stress response, and redox homeostasis. We suggest that increased metal exposure triggers changes in the proteome, regulating tissue uptake. This is evident both between vent sites and across a chemical gradient within the Knuckers Gaff vent site. Our findings highlight the importance of proteomic plasticity in successful adaptation to the spatially and temporally fluctuating chemical environments that are characteristic of hydrothermal vent habitats.

The notion of a ‘community of practice’ offers fruitful ways to frame and assess literary activities for the producers of literature, creative writers. Referring to Woody Allen's film Midnight in Paris (2011), the experiences of two Australian writers and the Australian Seven Writers’ community of practice, we discuss gaps that our research approach aims to fill through investigating the significance of specific writers’ literary relationships in developing their creative writing skills and work. Framing such relationships as professional ‘communities of practice’, we argue that studying the functions of contemporary writers’ relationships as working environments has the potential to inform both creative writing learning and arts policy-making. As such, advocating for a community-of-practice conceptual framework is the main aim.

© IWA Publishing 2015. Water businesses have always sought to plan for drought-resilient urban water supply systems, especially in areas with extreme climate variability. The recently completed Lower Hunter Water Plan was developed to support population and business growth, and ensure reliable water supplies in drought. As well as introducing Water Wise Rules to encourage water conservation in normal conditions, the plan identified a portfolio (or combination) of drought response measures to be deployed progressively in a drought as water storage levels drop. The keys to the success of the Plan were thorough consultation with stakeholders, and collaborative analysis facilitating transparent evaluation of trade-offs among options and portfolios. A multi-criteria decision analysis process guided the assessment of the drought response options against both quantitative and qualitative criteria, and the assembly and analysis of portfolios. The process integrated the assessment of social and environmental criteria with cost effectiveness analysis, along with analysis of contextual uncertainties and risks, to determine the resilience of the options under different scenarios. The outcome was a portfolio of drought response options that best met the weighted criteria and satisfied their objectives.

Neonatal diabetes occurs due to a genetic form of pancreatic βcell dysfunction. Mutations in a number of genes have been identified in the last decade which has helped not only in the etiological diagnosis but has also influenced medical therapy. Our proband was born at term with a birth weight of 3.99kg with no antenatal risk factors. He presented in severe diabetic ketoacidosis at 8 weeks which required intensive management. He was commenced on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for his ongoing management. His initial genetic analysis for ABCC8, KCNJ11, INS gene mutations was negative. He demonstrated excellent glycaemic control with an average HbA1C of 6.5% at 2 years of age. His growth and development are appropriate for age with no associated co-morbidities. However, further targeted next generation sequencing of all known neonatal diabetes genes identified a hemizygous FOXP3 missense mutation p.R347H with his mother as a carrier. FOXP3 mutations cause IPEX syndrome, (immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome) and can be lethal in infancy and early childhood. Prophylactic bone marrow treatment is the only known cure for this condition. Our proband has isolated neonatal diabetes with no other features of IPEX. His maternal grandfather aged 63 years, was also hemizygous for the mutation. He had enteropathy secondary to ulcerative colitis since childhood which was resistant to conventional treatment and required colostomy. This makes him the oldest living man with IPEX. Our proband’s maternal cousin also had eczema in infancy which has resolved. This case highlights the impact of genetic diagnosis on the management of neonatal diabetes. A lethal condition with no cure other than bone marrow transplant has now been shown to have atypical manifestations with the availability of genetic testing. The management in our patient is challenging given the poor genotype – phenotype correlation and the dearth of information regarding milder forms limited to a few case reports with similar mutation. We have decided against prophylactic bone marrow transplant and will consider it in the event of enteropathy or another autoimmune manifestation. Written informed Consent for this patient has been taken including results of the genetic analyses according to the Institutional Ethics Committee procedures of our health service

Objectives The deployment of the UK-led Joint Inter-Agency Taskforce to Sierra Leone in September 2014 brought the era of contingency operations into focus. Daily health screening of such deployed personnel forms a key element of medical force protection. We have performed a service evaluation of an existing screening programme and detail the comparison of the two thermometers used in this role. Methods Data from the existing screening programme were used to inform a sample size required to enable statistically and clinically significant differences to be detected between the two interchangeably used thermometer systems in use. A prospective service evaluation on these devices was then carried out over a 10-day period and the data analysed by parametric tools. 10 personnel had their temperature recorded by both devices at the same time by a single operator every day. Results For the screened population, a mean temperature of 36.55°C and SD of 0.32°C was revealed. Powered to 80% with a two-tailed α of 0.05, the evaluation of the two thermometers revealed no significant difference between recordings taken with either device (p=0.115). The low SD meant that a pyrexial patient (>37.5°C) would require a recording over 3 SD from the population mean. Discussion Evaluations of medical force protection will carry increasing consequence as the UK deploy on short notice operations to regions of considerable endemic threat. Presence of pyrexia is a key early indicator of illness affecting deployed personnel, and two different thermometer types are provided for this function. We have shown for the first time with statistical and clinical significance that the two thermometers used in contingency force protection are interchangeable. The narrow variance is reassuring and confirms that the chosen trigger (>37.5°C) would warrant further investigation in the pyrexial patient.

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a disorder of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane, characterized by abnormally fragile and spherical RBCs. It is the predominant cause of haemolytic anaemia in people of northern European descent. Owing to the increased rate of RBC synthesis that is characteristic of the condition, it may result in an increase in absorption of iron from the diet by the affected individual. Ultimately, pathological iron overload may develop. Fortunately, the condition responds well to surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy). In this project, iron studies were performed on a set of spleen tissue samples obtained following routine splenectomy for HS. Cell architecture and level of deposition of haemosiderin, the distinctive form of iron found in iron-loaded tissues, were assessed. The tissue iron content was determined by AAS and ICP (mean value=2276±507 μg g-1 dry tissue, values reported for normal spleens range from 972±60 to 1345±190 μg g-1). Ion exchange chromatography was employed to separate the protein content of the tissue into four chromatographic bands, notionally transferrin, ferritin, haemprotein and haemosiderin, and these proteins quantified. Mossbauer spectroscopy identified the iron as Fe(III), predominantly in ferrihydrite (5Fe2O3·9H2O) and haem environments within the tissue. Typical spectral parameters, recorded at 300 K, were: isomer shift and quadrupole splitting of 0.36 and 0.62 mm s-1, respectively, (ferrihydrite) and 0.14 and 1.97 mm s-1 (haem). The results indicate a condition corresponding to mild iron overload.

The East Scotia subduction zone, located in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, hosts a number of hydrothermal sites in both back-arc and island-arc settings. High temperature (> 348 °C) ‘black smoker’ vents have been sampled at three locations along segments E2 and E9 of the East Scotia back-arc spreading ridge, as well as ‘white smoker’ (< 212 °C) and diffuse (< 28 °C) hydrothermal fluids from within the caldera of the Kemp submarine volcano. The composition of the endmember fluids (Mg = 0 mmol/kg) is markedly different, with pH ranging from We demonstrate that the REE geochemistry of fluids from the East Scotia back-arc spreading ridge is variably influenced by ion exchange with host minerals, phase separation, competitive complexation with ligands, and anhydrite deposition, whereas fluids from the Kemp submarine volcano are also affected by the injection of magmatic volatiles which enhances the solubility of all the REEs. We also show that the REE patterns of anhydrite deposits from Kemp differ from those of the present-day fluids, potentially providing critical information about the nature of hydrothermal activity in the past, where access to hydrothermal fluids is precluded.

Poetry

Influenza A virus-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) provide a degree of cross-strain protection that is potentially subverted by mutation. Here we describe the sequential emergence of such variants within CTL epitopes for a persistently infected, immunocompromised infant. Further analysis in immunodeficient and wild-type mice supports the view that CTL escape variants arise frequently in influenza, accumulate with time and revert in the absence of immune pressure under MHCI-mismatched conditions. Viral fitness, the abundance of endogenous CD8(+) T cell responses and T cell receptor repertoire diversity influence the nature of these de novo mutants. Structural characterization of dominant escape variants shows how the peptide-MHCI interaction is modified to affect variant-MHCI stability. The mechanism of influenza virus escape thus looks comparable to that recognized for chronic RNA viruses like HIV and HCV, suggesting that immunocompromised patients with prolonged viral infection could have an important part in the emergence of influenza quasispecies.

In this paper we argue that there are many ways in which history is embedded in a country’s fiction—many of them offering questions rather than answers about a country’s creative practices. In Vietnam it seems inevitable that the war against America and her allies would shape the nation’s creative writing. But is this the case? And what of the ways in which later generations have reacted to the war? In Vietnam and Australia this shared history has played out differently, not least in a postmemory dialogue between a generation who remembers too much and a generation who remembers too little.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood malignancy in Australian children. Recently published data from Western Australia suggest a link between proportion of optimal birth weight and the risk of ALL, but few studies have investigated the relationship between growth during infancy and early childhood and risk of leukemia. The aim of this study was to determine whether children diagnosed with ALL in Western Australia were taller at the time of diagnosis than children of the same age and sex in the general population.Records of children diagnosed with ALL between January 1984 and June 2008 were accessed. Height before the commencement of chemotherapy was recorded and compared to the height of population norms derived from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children.On average, male cases were 0.67 cm (95% CI -0.21, 1.54 cm) taller and female cases were 0.30 cm (95% CI -0.68, 1.28 cm) taller than population controls.Our results suggest that children diagnosed with ALL in Western Australia are slightly taller than their counterparts in the general population. These findings are consistent with at least one previous study. While this increase in height may be too small to be recognizable clinically, it is consistent with the notion that growth factors play a role in the pathogenesis of ALL beyond infancy.

Osteonecrosis is a well-recognised complication of current childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) therapy. There are few studies on the medical management of osteonecrosis in this setting. We studied the therapeutic and radiological effects of oral and intravenous bisphosphonate use compared with standard care as treatment for osteonecrosis in this population.Patients who developed osteonecrosis as a complication of ALL therapy between 1994 and 2007 were treated at a single paediatric institution. Of 17 patients, 9 were commenced on bisphosphonates and 8 treated conservatively. Both groups were observed with time. Pain, analgesic requirement and musculoskeletal function were assessed monthly. Affected joints were radiologically imaged at set intervals. Each scan was graded using an ellipsoid method to give the total volume of osteonecrosis, by blinded radiologic examination.Three of six patients treated with oral alendronate showed clinical improvement. The three patients that had no improvement were subsequently treated with intravenous pamidronate. All six patients treated with intravenous pamidronate showed clinical improvement. Seven of eight conservatively treated patients deteriorated clinically. All patients demonstrated reduction in the radiological burden of osteonecrosis with time. There was no difference in the rate of reduction between conservative and bisphosphonate arms.Bisphosphonate use, in particular pamidronate, improved pain scores, analgesic requirement and musculoskeletal function in patients with osteonecrosis occurring as a complication of childhood ALL therapy. Objective radiologic benefit of bisphosphonate treatment could not be demonstrated. Risks, benefits and long-term outcome of bisphosphonate use in this population should be addressed in a larger prospective, randomised trial.