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Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre os desafios que se colocam perante os novos fluxos de refugiados dirigidos à Europa desde o início da segunda década do século XXI. Com o intuito de explicar a nova crise dos refugiados, revisita-se o modelo de repulsão-atração e confronta-se o desígnio da agência – motivos individuais que induzem à migração – com a interferência da estrutura – fatores económicos, sociais e políticos que explicam o aumento dos fluxos, atendendo também à dinâmica e operacionalidade do enquadramento legal vigente no contexto europeu. Apesar da escassa evidência empírica ainda disponível, conclui-se que os novos movimentos de refugiados colocam profundos desafios à observação e análise teórica, bem como ao enquadramento legal existente, assumindo-se por isso que são necessários estudos mais aprofundados e novos instrumentos de regulação para responder à dimensão e complexidade dos fluxos. Abstract >This paper addresses the challenges resulting from the new refugee flows directed to Europe since the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century. Aiming to explain the new refugee crisis, the push-pull model is revisited and the role of agency – individual motives that induce migration – is confronted with interference from the structure – economic, social and political factors that explain the increase of flows, also attending to the dynamics and operation of the legal framework in the European context. Despite the scarce empirical evidence, we conclude that the new refugee movements pose profound challenges to observational and theoretical analyses, as well as to the existing legal framework. Further studies and new regulatory instruments are needed in order to respond to the size and complexity of such flows. Resumen El propósito de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los retos que resultan de los nuevos flujos de refugiados dirigidos a Europa desde el inicio de la segunda década del siglo XXI. Con el fin de explicar la nueva crisis de refugiados, se revisita el modelo de push-pull y se enfrenta la agencia –las razones individuales que inducen la migración– con la interferencia de la estructura –los factores económicos, sociales y políticos que explican el aumento de los flujos–, teniendo en cuenta la dinámica y el funcionamiento del marco legal vigente en el contexto europeo. A pesar de la escasa evidencia empírica aún disponible, se llega a la conclusión de que los nuevos movimientos de refugiados plantean dificultades para la observación y el análisis teórico y desafían el marco legal existente. Se necesitan más estudios y nuevos instrumentos de regulación para responder a la dimensión y a la complejidad de los flujos.

Previous research highlighted the underrepresentation of immigrants in receiving societies’ political system. Furthermore in countries with authoritarian legacies a tendency for civic apathy and weak parties was identified. Under such circumstances, what are the chances for immigrants’ political claims within the political opportunity structure (POS)? What role do individuals and groups play – their agency – in propelling immigrants’ political claims? Taking Portugal as a case study, this article analyses how immigrants’ political inclusion is influenced by access to political rights, the party system, and the citizenship regime, envisaging a comprehensive view upon the macro-structure that creates the conditions for such inclusion. The POS’ analytical role is discussed to understand immigrants’ political mobilization and involvement with political parties. Additionally, acknowledging that political contexts can be appropriated differently by actors, we consider the weight of perceptions (and its mismatches with the objective POS), by analysing the discursive environment in which political strategies occur., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In Portugal, as in other receiving countries, during recent decades immigrants achieved higher entrepreneurial rates than natives. However, a detailed analysis of official data makes it clear that not all immigrant groups have the same propensity to become an entrepreneur in Portugal nor the entrepreneurship rates and/or the employment created by immigrants in the country are constant in time. This chapter aims to explain these trends throughout the identification of several determinants that frame immigrant entrepreneurship. Three explanatory dimensions are emphasised: the Portuguese opportunity structure (in particular, the interference of the legal framework and the labour market), the community entrepreneurial resources of each immigrant group and the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur himself.

En este artículo se propone y presenta un modelo heurístico de estrategias empresariales que considera la diversidad de tácticas de los inmigrantes y los límites de la generalización de las explicaciones de sus estrategias. El modelo se comprueba y se explica a partir de datos recogidos en un trabajo comparativo de investigación empírica con empresarios chinos, indios y caboverdianos establecidos en Portugal. Se pretende mostrar de este modo la diversidad y complejidad de las estrategias empresariales de los inmigrantes.