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La inmigración en el Mediterráneo Central ha dado lugar a una serie de iniciativas por parte de los sucesivos gobiernos italianos destinadas a contrarrestar la llegada a los puertos de la Península de embarcaciones con personas rescatadas en el mar. Dos son las directrices seguidas: la «externalización» de la gestión del fenómeno migratorio, que comenzó en particular a través del «Memorando de Entendimiento sobre los migrantes» estipulado con el gobierno de Trípoli el 2 de febrero de 2017; y la «desvinculación» con respecto a las actividades de Búsqueda y Rescate en el mar, limitando gradualmente la participación directa y sobre todo desalentando estas operaciones por parte de las ONG, «culpables» de atraer a las personas rescatadas a la jurisdicción italiana. En 2018 y 2019, llegaron los dos llamados «decretos de seguridad». Estos decretos prevén, entre otras cosas, medidas para combatir a toda costa el fenómeno de la migración irregular por mar, incluso a través de un desprendimiento progresivo de los compromisos internacionales asumidos. En esta nota me gustaría detenerme en particular en un único aspecto del «decreto de seguridad bis» (n. 53/19 convertido por la ley n. 77 del 8 de agosto de 2019) que se refiere a la interpretación del derecho de paso inocente en el mar territorial, institución codificada por la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar firmada en Montego Bay en 1982 y ratificada por Italia en 1994., Central Mediterranean migrations have led to a series of initiatives by successive Italian governments, initiatives aimed at countering the arrival in the ports of the Peninsula of boats with people rescued at sea. Two are the guidelines followed: the “outsourcing” of the migratory phenomenon’s management, which began in particular through the “Memorandum of Understanding on migrants” stipulated with the government of Tripoli on 2 February 2017; and the “disengagement” with respect to Search and Rescue activities at sea, gradually limiting the direct involvement and above all discouraging these operations by NGOs, “guilty” of attracting rescued persons to the Italian jurisdiction.In 2018 and 2019, the two so called “security decrees” arrived. These decrees provide, among other things, measures to combat the phenomenon of irregular migration by sea at all costs, including through a progressive detachment from the international commitments undertaken.In this Note I would like to dwell in particular on a single aspect of the “security decree bis” (n. 53/19 converted by law n. 77 of 8 August 2019) which concerns the interpretation of the right of innocent passage in the territorial sea, an institution codified by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea signed in Montego Bay in 1982 and ratified by Italy in 1994.

[Italiano]:L’accentuazione dei flussi migratori è all’origine della formazione delle società multiculturali, così denominate perché connotate dalla presenza di “nuove minoranze”, costituite da persone sradicate dall’insediamento d’origine e portatrici di modelli familiari ispirati a principi rinvenibili negli ordinamenti giuridici dei paesi di provenienza o fondati su diritti di matrice consuetudinaria o confessionale; principi che appaiono spesso assai distanti da quelli dei paesi di approdo. Il giurista è allora chiamato all’arduo compito di risolvere i conflitti tra le diverse culture giuridiche che entrano in contatto, tenendo conto del rango e della pluralità di interessi coinvolti ed avendo riguardo al modo in cui tali interessi si atteggiano quando calati all’interno delle relazioni familiari. ./[English]: The intensification of migratory flows is at the origin of the formation of multicultural societies, so called because characterized by the presence of "new minorities", consisting of people uprooted from the original settlement and bearers of family models inspired by principles found in the legal systems of countries of origin or based on customary or religious norms; principles that often appear very distant from those of the countries of immigration. It is therefore necessary to settle the conflicts between the different legal cultures that come into contact, taking into account the nature and plurality of interests involved and having regard to the way in which these interests take shape in the context of family relations.

1. Introduzione La presenza di migranti è costantemente aumentata negli ultimi venti anni fino a divenire un elemento strutturale della realtà italiana. Secondo i dati più recenti sono circa cinque milioni i non cittadini regolarmente soggiornanti in Italia, e di questi pressappoco un milione sono bambini e adolescenti. Sebbene non manchino dati positivi sull’inserimento di queste persone nel tessuto sociale e produttivo italiano, non va tuttavia trascurato il contesto normativo nell’ambito d...

Il C.I.R.B. (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca Bioetica), cui aderiscono tutte le Università napoletane, è un organismo di ricerca nel quale - con metodo rigorosamente scientifico, grazie al concorso di qualificati cultori delle varie discipline interessate e in un clima di costante e costruttivo dialogo con i rappresentanti delle diverse posizioni culturali - è possibile delineare le trame di una serena e ponderata riflessione comune su tematiche che coinvolgono l’identità stessa della persona umana e il destino delle generazioni future.

In judgment No. 238 of 22 October 2014, the Italian Constitutional Court ruled on the legitimacy of certain norms of the Italian legal order which relate to the implementation of the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) judgment in theJurisdictional Immunities of the State case. In this case the Court found that customary international law concerning State immunity for war crimes and crimes against humanity could not enter the Italian legal order, as it was incompatible with the basic principles of the Italian Constitution. Judgment No. 238/2014 thus reveals a key connection between domestic fundamental values and internationally recognized values. If this connection exists, national courts should decline to give effect to an international decision if it contravenes a fundamental obligation under national as well as international law. Thus, domestic courts may play the role of defenders of the international rule of law from international law itself. According to international law, as well as Italian law, there is no doubt that enforcement of an ICJ decision is mandatory for the State to which the decision is directed. In the case under review, however, the requirement to implement the ruling of the ICJ was set aside in order to defer to the requirement to respect the fundamental values of the Italian legal system, in accordance with the theory of “counter-limits” as developed by the Constitutional Court. This conclusion appears also consistent with the German order, which renders quite weak any possible reaction, or protest, by that State.

Fig. S3: Biotite Mg/Mg+Fe+Mn vs Al diagram of P2 ash layers.

Fig. S4: Biotite Mg/Mg+Fe+Mn vs Mn diagram of P2 ash layers.