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This study aimed to assess the French version of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS) and to explore the factors influencing the attachment between French pet owners and their cats and dogs. Given the absence of a French tool to evaluate pet attachment, LAPS was translated into French using a rigorous back-translation method. An online survey was developed to assess LAPS scores, socio-demographic data, and owner characteristics, resulting in 1872 eligible responses. The French LAPS demonstrated strong reliability as well as good internal consistency and repeatability. Median LAPS scores were higher for dog owners (58.5) compared with cat owners (52.0), while individuals who owned both species showed significantly higher scores for their dogs than for their cats. Factors associated with higher attachment scores for owners of both species included the female gender of the owner, living without children, and lower educational background. This study reinforces the existing body of evidence about gender and pet type differences in terms of attachment and highlights the potential influence of social desirability bias. It provides valuable insights into the complexities of human-animal bonds in the French context and shows the influence of social standards on pet attachment.

Introduction: The current study aimed to expand current knowledge on cat-related guilt beyond work cat conflict and guilt about cat parenting to determine the influence of owner’s personality traits, choices regarding their cat’s lifestyle, and cat-related guilt factors. Additionally, we sought to assess potential predictors of anxiety and depression to determine the contributions of cat-related guilt, owner personality traits, and social compensatory behaviors, while controlling for owner demographics. Methods: An online, anonymous, cross-sectional survey was disseminated between October 18 and 28, 2023. Survey respondents (n = 531) were adults who resided in the United States and were the primary caretakers of a cat they had owned for at least 6 months. Descriptive statistics captured cat owner demographics. Multiple linear regression was used to predict guilt about cat parenting, work cat conflict, anxiety, and depression. Results: Significant predictors of guilt about cat parenting included guilt factors, time away, indoor, and attention. Significant predictors of work cat conflict included gender and cat guilt factors, time away, and attention. Work cat conflict and personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism) significantly predicted depression scores. Lastly, anxiety scores were significantly predicted by work cat conflict, neuroticism, and social compensatory behaviors. Discussion: Findings from this study extend understanding of cat owner’s guilt and illuminate how their personality traits, compensatory behaviors, and lifestyle choices for their pets influence how they perceive and internalize feelings about their cat parenting practices. The nuanced nature of parenting guilt receives limited social recognition, leaving owners isolated in their disenfranchised guilt which significantly influences feelings of anxiety and depression. Our findings underscore the imperative for research and public education about beneficial ways to integrate social contact and enrichment activities to foster both human and animal wellbeing.

Bacterial pneumonia can present in both dogs and cats as either acute or chronic disease, and clinical signs may suggest respiratory or systemic impairment. Aspiration pneumonia, a common form of disease, can be caused by esophageal or laryngeal disease, vomiting, or altered mentation, such as with CNS disease or general anesthesia. Bacterial pneumonia can also develop due to inhaled airway foreign bodies, reduced local immune function, or impaired clearance of respiratory secretions. Rapid identification of the etiology and associated risk factors for pneumonia can help veterinarians develop a targeted therapeutic plan and prevent recurrence of disease.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains the most common cardiomyopathy in humans and cats with few preclinical pharmacologic interventional studies. Small-molecule sarcomere inhibitors are promising novel therapeutics for the management of obstructive HCM (oHCM) patients and have shown efficacy in left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) relief. The objective of this study was to explore the 6-, 24-, and 48-hour (h) pharmacodynamic effects of the cardiac myosin inhibitor, CK-586, in six purpose-bred cats with naturally occurring oHCM. A blinded, randomized, five-treatment group, crossover preclinical trial was conducted to assess the pharmacodynamic effects of CK-586 in this oHCM model. Dose assessments and select echocardiographic variables were assessed five times over a 48-h period. Treatment with oral CK-586 safely ameliorated LVOTO in oHCM cats. CK-586 treatment dose-dependently eliminated obstruction (reduced LVOTOmaxPG), increased measures of systolic chamber size (LVIDs Sx), and decreased select measures of heart function (LV FS% and LV EF%) in the absence of impact on heart rate. At all tested doses, a single oral CK-586 dose resulted in improved or resolved LVOTO with well-tolerated, dose-dependent, reductions in LV systolic function. The results from this study pave the way for the potential use of CK-586 in both the veterinary and human clinical setting.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a multisystemic, generally lethal immuno-inflammatory disease of domestic cats caused by an infection with a genetic variant of feline coronavirus, referred to as the FIP virus (FIPV). We leveraged data from four different antiviral clinical trials performed at the University of California, Davis. Collectively, a total of 60 client-owned domestic cats, each with a confirmed diagnosis of naturally occurring FIP, were treated with a variety of antiviral compounds. The tested therapies included the antiviral compounds GS-441524, remdesivir, molnupiravir and allogeneic feline mesenchymal stem/stroma cell transfusions. Four client-owned cats with FIP did not meet the inclusion criteria for the trials and were not treated with antiviral therapies; these cats were included in the data set as untreated FIP control cats. ELISA and Western blot assays were performed using feline serum/plasma or ascites effusions obtained from a subset of the FIP cats. Normalized tissue/effusion viral loads were determined in 34 cats by a quantitative RT-PCR of nucleic acids isolated from either effusions or abdominal lymph node tissue. Twenty-one cats were PCR "serotyped" (genotyped) and had the S1/S2 region of the coronaviral spike gene amplified, cloned and sequenced from effusions or abdominal lymph node tissue. In total, 3 untreated control cats and 14 (23.3%) of the 60 antiviral-treated cats died or were euthanized during (13) or after the completion of (1) antiviral treatment. Of these 17 cats, 13 had complete necropsies performed (10 cats treated with antivirals and 3 untreated control cats). We found that anticoronaviral serologic responses were persistent and robust throughout the treatment period, primarily the IgG isotype, and focused on the viral structural Nucleocapsid and Membrane proteins. Coronavirus serologic patterns were similar for the effusions and serum/plasma of cats with FIP and in cats entering remission or that died. Viral RNA was readily detectable in the majority of the cats in either abdominal lymph node tissue or ascites effusions, and all of the viral isolates were determined to be serotype I FIPV. Viral nucleic acids in cats treated with antiviral compounds became undetectable in ascites or abdominal lymph node tissue by 11 days post-treatment using a sensitive quantitative RT-PCR assay. The most common pathologic lesions identified in the necropsied cats were hepatitis, abdominal effusion (ascites), serositis, pancreatitis, lymphadenitis, icterus and perivasculitis. In cats treated with antiviral compounds, gross and histological lesions characteristic of FIP persisted for several weeks, while the viral antigen became progressively less detectable.

Feline paraneoplastic alopecia is associated with intraabdominal neoplasms. A 13‐year‐old female cat was presented with a history of a cutaneous mass on the head, followed by ventrally distributed alopecia with shiny skin. Necropsy revealed an apocrine adenocarcinoma and telogenisation/miniaturisation of the hair follicles, respectively. These findings are consistent with paraneoplastic alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Staggering disease (SD) is a severe neurological disease that has been regularly reported in Swedish cats since the beginning of the 1970s. The aetiology of SD has been debated, but novel rustrela virus (RusV) was recently suggested as the causative agent in Swedish cases dating from 2017 onwards. However, whether RusV was associated with earlier cases of feline SD in Sweden remained unknown. Further, presence of RusV in extraneural tissues of RusV-infected cats and viral transmission routes for RusV are still unknown. Therefore, we investigated the presence of RusV in nervous tissue of historical cases of plausible feline SD in Sweden, dating back to the 1970s, as well as the presence of RusV in selected extraneural tissues. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain and spinal cord from 14 encephalitic cats matching the criteria for SD based on clinical and pathological records, and five non-encephalitic control cats were screened for the presence of RusV antigen and RNA using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. Extraneural presence of RusV antigen was investigated by IHC in four known RusV-positive cats. Morphologic changes were evaluated using light microscopy. In addition, the 14 encephalitic cats were tested for Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) RNA by RT-qPCR. Results: Morphologic findings compatible with SD were confirmed in 13 of 14 encephalitic cats. All 13 cats were RusV-positive by IHC and 12 of them also by RT-qPCR. One encephalitic cat, morphologically and clinically untypical of SD, as well as all control cats tested negative for RusV RNA and showed either negative or uncertain RusV immunolabeling. There was no firm evidence of extraneural presence of RusV. All encephalitic cats were negative for BoDV-1. Conclusions: We show that RusV has infected cats in Sweden as far back as the 1970s, whereas BoDV-1 was not detected in any of the investigated cats. This further strengthens RusV as the causative agent of feline SD. Our findings suggest that RusV is strongly neurotropic in cats and that the cat may represent a dead-end host. Further investigations into the pathogenesis of RusV-associated meningoencephalomyelitis in cats are warranted, including disease transmission, pathophysiologic responses and mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co‐evolutionary relationships associated with biogeographical context mediate the response of native prey to introduced predators, but this effect has not yet been demonstrated for domestic cats. We investigated the main factors influencing the vulnerability of prey species to domestic cat Felis catus predation across Australia, Europe and North America, where domestic cats are introduced. In addition to prey data from empirical records, we used machine‐learning models to compensate for unobserved prey in the diet of cats. We found continent‐specific patterns of predation: birds were more frequently depredated by cats in Europe and North America, while mammals were favoured in Australia. Bird prey traits were consistent across continents, but those of mammalian prey diverged, notably in Australia. Differences between prey and non‐prey species included mass, distribution, and reproductive traits, except in Australian mammals where there was no evidence for a relationship between mass and the probability of being prey. Many Australian mammal prey also have a high extinction risk, emphasizing their vulnerability compared to European and North American counterparts. Our findings highlight the role of eco‐evolutionary context in assessing predation impacts and also demonstrate the potential for machine learning to identify at‐risk species, thereby aiding global conservation efforts to reduce the negative impacts of introduced predators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic cats (Felis Catus) are often exposed to stimuli that have the potential to negatively impact their welfare. These can include situations such as veterinary visits, travel, changes to their home environment, and interactions with unfamiliar people or pets. Cannabidiol (CBD)-infused pet products have grown in popularity in recent years, as pet owners search for ways to calm and relax their pets. However, research into the pharmacokinetic properties of CBD in cats is limited and investigations into its efficacy are in their infancy. The present study aimed to explore the effect of a single 4 mg/kg bodyweight dose of a THC-free CBD distillate on measures of stress in cats when experiencing a composite stress-paradigm, consisting of cat carrier travel and exposure to a novel person within an unfamiliar environment. Physiological and behavioural indicators of stress were collected pre-, during, and post-testing. No significant effect of CBD was observed on serum cortisol, IgA, or glucose, either before or immediately after the stress-paradigm (all p > 0.05). This was true despite cortisol being shown to significantly increase post-test for both treatments (both p < 0.001), suggesting that travel and meeting a novel person successfully induced a stress response within this population of cats. No significant differences in any measures of cat behaviour, including latency to approach the novel person, were observed between treatments (all p > 0.05). Overall, no influence of CBD was observed in cats, suggesting further research into appropriate dosage, delivery matrices, and other conditional factors, such as individual coping styles, should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsTo evaluate the respiratory functions in children with cat sensitization accompanying allergic respiratory diseases and to compare these with those of healthy controls, as well as within themselves by classifying according to their diseases, domestic cat exposure, and age groups.This prospective case-control study included 130 children aged 3–17 years with cat sensitization (CS group) accompanying respiratory allergic diseases and 70 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC group). The cases’ demographic parameters were recorded, and respiratory functions were analyzed using IOS and spirometry.At IOS evaluation, zR5, R5-20, Fres, and AX values were higher in children in the CS group compared to the HC group (p = 0.029, p = 0.008, p = 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively), while zX5 and zX20 values were lower (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001). R5-20 and AX were higher in asthma compared to allergic rhinitis (p = 0.008, p = 0.015), but were insignificant compared to asthma and allergic rhinitis coexistent group (p > 0.05). R5-20, Fres, and AX were higher, and zX20 was lower in the preschool age group (p < 0.001). No correlation was found between zFEV1, zFVC, zFEV1/FVC, zFEF25-75, and zR5 values in the CS group (p > 0.05).Pulmonary resistance was higher and reactance was lower in the entire and peripheral airways in children with cat sensitization accompanying respiratory allergic diseases compared to the healthy controls. Peripheral airway resistance and reactance were more impaired in the asthma group compared to allergic rhinitis. However, peripheral airway resistance and main airway reactance were more impaired in the preschool age group than in the older ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trauma is a common cause of cutaneous surgical disease with an increased risk of secondary infection in cat clinics. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a platelet and leukocyte concentrate containing multiple cytokines and growth factors, is known to accelerate the healing of wounds. However, how PRF affects wound healing in the cat trauma model has not been fully investigated. The study aimed to examine the impact of PRF on skin wound healing in the cat trauma model. In this study, PRF from cats was successfully produced for our investigation. The models of feline trauma were effectively established. A total of 18 cats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 6): (1) Control group (CON); (2) PRF group; (3) Manuka honey group (MAN, as a positive control). Experiments were performed separately on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Our results showed that PRF was a safe and efficient method of wound healing that did not influence the cat's body temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate (HR). PRF accelerated skin wound healing in the cat trauma model based on the rate and histological observation of wound healing. In addition, PRF promoted the production of growth factors and suppressed inflammation during wound healing. PRF accelerated wound healing by increasing the formation of collagen fibers, as shown by Masson-trichrome staining. The outcomes of the PRF and MAN groups were comparable. In conclusion, PRF improves the healing of skin wounds in cats by boosting the synthesis of growth factors, reducing inflammation, and enhancing the synthesis of collagen fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Feline blood transfusion is required for the treatment of various illnesses in cats, and the safety of donor cats is vital. Donor adverse reactions can include cardiorespiratory, venepuncture‐related, and behavioral abnormalities. Hypothesis/Objectives: To describe a large number of feline blood donation events and document use of sedation and anxiolysis, record volume of blood collected and describe the frequency, type, and risk factors for, adverse reactions. Animals: The study included 7812 individual cats and 29 201 donation events at a blood banking center over 5 years. Methods: Retrospective analysis of donation event records with signalment, donation volume, sedation status, donation number, and adverse reactions (acute and caregiver reported) recorded. Risk factors for adverse reactions were examined by stratifying data according to groups exposed to relevant predictors and calculating odds ratios with 95% and 99% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Adverse reactions were uncommon (0.29%, 2.88/1000 donor events) and most commonly were cardiorespiratory (0.08%, 0.75/1000 donor events) or behavioral (0.06%, 0.62/1000 donor events). The only risk factor significantly associated with adverse reactions was conscious donation, with conscious donors 4.4 times more likely to have an adverse reaction (95% CI, 2.5‐7.9, P ≤.0001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Feline blood donation is associated with a low rate of adverse reactions. Sedation should be considered to reduce adverse reactions, and the environment and interactions optimized to reduce donor stress. Caregiver education on care postdonation could reduce behavioral adverse reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Minimizing harm from antimicrobials requires use of the narrowest spectrum drug, at an effective dose for the minimum effective duration. Many prescribers are not currently following these guidelines. To address suboptimal antimicrobial use, the underlying reasons must be understood. Objectives: To identify factors influencing choices of antimicrobial drug, dose, and duration for companion animals. Subjects: Twenty‐two veterinarians treating companion animals in Australia. Diversity of participants was deliberately sought. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted online. Two case studies were discussed, and then a range of broader questions was posed. Transcripts were analyzed thematically, using an inductive approach. Results: Few participants chose guideline‐concordant management for the case studies. Prescribing choices were influenced by a complex array of factors associated with the clinical case, pet owner, drug, veterinarian, veterinary colleagues, and external factors. Key factors driving broad‐spectrum antimicrobial use included a sense of safety, habit, ease of administering the drug (especially in cats), pharmaceutical marketing, and the self‐perpetuating dispensary cycle. Many participants were concerned about antimicrobial resistance, but insufficiently informed about how to minimize this risk. Several participants believed that longer duration of treatment and ensuring patients finish a predetermined course would decrease the risk of antimicrobial resistance and improve clinical outcomes. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Veterinarians are engaged with the concept of antimicrobial stewardship, but face numerous practical barriers and require more information. In particular, improved education is needed on enhancing patient safety by minimizing both spectrum of activity and duration of treatment, and dispelling myths about "finishing the course." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the nature of inflammatory responses in cats with bacterial and viral infections is essential for accurately managing the infection. This study aimed to investigate the diversities of inflammatory responses between bacterial and viral infections in cats to figure out their role in the pathophysiology of these infections. Methods: Seventy‐five owned cats were included in the study. The evaluations were performed based on three groups: healthy control, bacterial infection group (those with bronchopneumonia and gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract infections) and viral infection group (21 with feline coronavirus [FCoV], 3 with feline leukaemia virus [FeLV] and 1 with feline calicivirus), each containing 25 individuals. Total and differential leukocyte counts, C‐reactive protein (CRP), transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) concentrations were assessed in the blood samples collected from sick and healthy animals. Results: No statistically significant difference was noted in serum TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐10 concentrations of the infected cats (p = 0.996, p = 0.160 and p = 0.930, respectively). Serum TGF‐β concentration in the viral infection group was reduced compared to the healthy control (p = 0.001). In contrast, WBC count and IL‐6 and CRP concentrations were increased in the cats with bronchopneumonia, gastrointestinal tract infections and urinary tract infections compared to the healthy control and viral infection groups (p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: This study revealed significant differences between bacterial and viral infections regarding the fashion of inflammatory responses in cats, and the relevant data will undoubtedly contribute to the management and control of feline infectious diseases, rendering the development of novel therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac troponin I, a particular biomarker, is released into the bloodstream in response to myocardial injury. Objectives: To evaluate perioperative changes in high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI) concentration during ovariohysterectomy in cats undergoing three different anaesthesia protocols. Methods: Twenty‐one female mixed‐breed cats owned by clients aged (2.2 ± 0.7 years) and weight (3.2 ± 0.5 kg) were included in our study. The cats were divided into three groups: propofol–isoflurane (PI) group (n = 7), xylazine–ketamine (XK) group (n = 7) and xylazine–isoflurane (XI) group (n = 7). After pre‐anaesthetic propofol (6 mg/kg IV) was administered to cats in Group PI, a mask was placed, and anaesthesia was maintained with 3.0% isoflurane in oxygen. Cats in Group XK underwent general anesthetization with xylazine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg IM) and, 10 min later, ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg IM). Cats in Group XI were administered xylazine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg IM), and then anaesthesia (3.0% isoflurane and oxygen) was continued with a mask. Blood samples were collected from all cats; preoperatively and postoperatively at 0 and 12 h (Pre‐, Post‐0 h and Post‐12 h, respectively). Serum hs‐cTnI concentrations were measured with the Advia Centaur TnI‐Ultra. Results: In all 21 cats, hs‐cTnI concentration increased at Post‐0 h and 12 h measurement points compared to Pre‐. In the XK group, hs‐cTnI concentrations exhibited a significant increase at the Post‐0 h (51.30 ng/L) and Post‐12 h (157.70 ng/L) time points compared to Pre‐ (6.70 ng/L) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The XK group increased the concentration of hs‐cTnI more than other protocols. In the PI group, the increase in hs‐cTnI concentrations at Post‐0 and 12 h increased less than the other two groups (p < 0.05). The PI group was found to induce less myocardial damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of available antiseizure medications with demonstrated efficacy in cats is limited. As such, there is a need to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of newer medications so that proper dosing regimens can be made. Brivaracetam (BRV) is a more potent analogue of levetiracetam, and is Food and Drug Administration approved for use in people. The goal of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral doses of BRV in healthy cats. A cross‐over study involving eight healthy cats, that were administered 10 mg of BRV intravenously as a bolus and orally in the fasted state. Blood samples were collected over 24 h. Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Data were subjected to non‐compartmental analysis. Median (min–max) of maximal concentration, time to maximal concentration, area under the curve, elimination half‐life and oral absolute bioavailability were 902 (682–1036) ng/mL, 0.6 (0.5–2.0) h, 6.4 (5.2–7.2) h, 8145 (6669–9351) ng × h/mL and 100% (85–110) respectively. BRV appeared to be well tolerated by all cats. A single dose of BRV is well tolerated both orally and intravenously. Maximal concentrations are produced rapidly and within the human reference interval considered to be therapeutic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate which of two short questionnaires, the Asthma Control Test (ACT) or the COPD Assessment Test (CAT), correlates better with severity variables and whether they share similar determinants in patients with asthma–COPD overlap. Method: This observational, cross-sectional, multicentric study included smokers and former smokers of more than 10 pack-years, with non-fully reversible airflow obstruction and either a concomitant diagnosis of asthma or signs of type 2 inflammation, from 15 centres in Spain. Results: A total of 157 patients were included, 109 (69.4%) were men, the mean age was 63.3 (SD: 9) years and the mean FEV1 (%) was 59.7% (SD: 20.5%). The mean CAT score was 14.5 (SD: 8.7), and the mean ACT score was 17.9 (SD: 5.2). Both scores showed good correlations (r = 0.717; p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and mMRC dyspnoea scores were independently and significantly associated with both the CAT and ACT scores; however, age was only significantly associated with the CAT, and the EQ-5D scores and the number of exacerbations in the previous year were only significantly associated with the ACT scores. The ACT had a slightly better predictive value for exacerbations than the CAT (AUC = 0.70 (95% CI: 0.62 to 0.79 vs. 0.65 (95% CI: 0.56 to 0.74))). Conclusions: There is a good correlation between ACT and CAT scores in patients with ACO. However, severe patients scored worse on the CAT than the ACT. Anxiety, depression and dyspnoea were significantly associated with both the CAT and ACT scores. The ACT was a slightly better predictor of exacerbations than the CAT in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the use of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in dogs and cats by veterinary anaesthesiologists. A cross-sectional online, voluntary, anonymous survey. Data from 153 answered questionnaires. An anonymous questionnaire was sent via e-mail to diplomates, residents and residency-trained individuals from the American and European Colleges of Veterinary An(a)esthesia and Analgesia, to gather information on the use, perceived advantages, reasons for the use or not of TIVA and attitudes towards this technique in dogs and cats. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis to detect significant associations were performed. The effect size was estimated using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A significance level of p < 0.05 was used. We obtained 153/703 responses (66% diplomates, 34% residents; overall response rate of 21.7%). Although 99% and 94% of respondents used TIVA in dogs and cats, respectively, only 14% used it frequently (several times a week) in dogs, and < 1% in cats. Most respondents used propofol (97%, dogs) and alfaxalone (85%, cats), mostly combined with opioids. Reasons for not using TIVA more frequently included prolonged recovery (49%, dogs; 61%, cats), higher cost (46%, dogs) and concerns about drug accumulation (44%, cats). Frequent TIVA use was driven by clinical indications (100%) and greater haemodynamic stability (87%). A higher proportion of respondents using TIVA frequently reported the high stability of the anaesthetic plane (20%; OR = 5.0; 95% CI: 1.4–17.8; p = 0.013) and disagreed with using TIVA only when a specific clinical indication existed (OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.4–10.0; p = 0.013). Although occasional, TIVA use is reported among veterinary anaesthesiologists. Clinical indications for TIVA are the most likely reason for its use, whereas factors such as a prolonged recovery or higher cost might limit its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As two kinds of increasingly popular pets, the saliva of cat or canine is most likely to be left at the crime scene compared with the common types of body fluids in forensics. Accurately identifying the species of saliva samples found at the crime scene involving pets will help the investigators find available testing materials, reduce the consumption of reagents and save the investigative time of the case. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the characteristics and differences of saliva microbiomes of cat, canine and human. In this study, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technology was used to reveal microbial communities of saliva samples of healthy human, cat, and canine. Alpha diversity analyses indicated that canine saliva demonstrated the highest microbial diversity, followed by cat saliva, whereas human saliva microbial diversity was the lowest. The saliva samples of the three species all had their own unique microbial community compositions, and the dominant phyla of canine and cat salivas were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidete, while the dominant phyla of human saliva were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. There was no significant statistical difference in the salivary microbiota obtained by the two collection methods (cotton swab and liquid saliva). The gender of cats and canines might have no effect on the salivary microbiota, but the different breeds had an impact on their saliva microbiomes. Principal coordinates analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis and random forest analysis all indicated significant differences in microbial community structures among the three species, allowing inference on the species sources of saliva samples by microbiome method. Differential microbial biomarkers for the salivas of three species were screened out using a variety of bioinformatics analyses, and the results demonstrated that Prevotella melaninogenica, Veillonella parvula, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae could be used as species-specific microbial biomarkers of human saliva. The detections of human species-specific microbes provide a potential method for determining human saliva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Our study analyzes the effects of the permanent presence of cats on the health and social network of residents with pathologies in nursing home. Fifty-three residents, thirty-six caregivers, and four cats in three Alzheimer's Disease units ("ADU") and one Disability unit ("DISU") were observed for 180 hours. Social networks were created via instantaneous sampling of physical proximities and social exchanges between residents, caregivers, and the cats. Our results showed that: (1) the four units behave similarly in the presence or absence of a cat (2) cats are placed at the periphery of the network and interact with residents showing a keen interest in them, and (3) caregivers who are in strong contact with the cat show a greater number of social interactions in their unit. This study, using for the first time a social network approach, opens up a new field of understanding of human-animal relationships in a care dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) induction has recently emerged as potential therapeutic approaches in kidney pathology and the mitochondria-targeted therapies should be investigated to improve treatment of animals with kidney diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MB induction with sildenafil citrate on the cGMP/NO pathway, glomerular filtration, and reduction of kidney damage and fibrosis (TGF-β/SMAD pathway) in cats with acute on chronic kidney disease (ACKD). Thirty-three cats were divided into the non-azotemic (healthy) group (n:8) and the ACKD group (n:25), comprising different breeds, sexes, and ages. Sildenafil citrate was administered to the non-azotemic and ACKD groups (2.5 mg/kg, PO, q12 hours) for 30 days. Serum and urine NO, MDA, NGAL, KIM-1, TGF-β1, IL-18, FGF 23, PGC-1α and cGMP concentrations were measured. Results: Serum cGMP concentrations increased (P < 0.05) in the non-azotemic group during the 2nd (median 475.99 pmol/mL) and 3rd (median 405.01 pmol/mL) weeks of the study, whereas serum cGMP concentrations decreased in the ACKD group during the 4th(median 188.52 pmol/mL) week compared to the non-azotemic group (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in serum biomarker concentrations except NO, which increased in the 4th week (P < 0.05). The urinary concentrations of NO, MDA, PGC-1α, TGF-β1, NGAL, KIM-1, IL-18, and FGF 23 in the ACKD group were found to be higher compared to those in the non-azotemic group from the 1st to the 4th week (P < 0.05). In the ACKD group, the urine PGC-1α concentration in the 2nd (median 6.10 ng/mL) week was lower compared to that in the 0 and 1st (median 7.65 and 7.21 ng/mL, respectively) week, and the NO concentration in the 3rd (median 28.94 µmol/mL) week was lower than that in the 0th (median 37.43 µmol/mL) week (P < 0.05). Conclusions: While sildenafil citrate has been determined to induce a low level of MB and to have a beneficial effect on glomerular filtration, it is observed to be ineffective in mitigating renal damage and fibrosis via the TGF-β/SMAD pathway in cats with ACKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonography with color Doppler is the most quantitative analysis method for intra-renal parameters. There is a wide variation between authors in the measurement site and referencing the inter-lobar resistivity index (RI) in felines. Our objective is to morphometrically and ultrasonographically investigate the normal renal dimensions and vasculatures and draw up a normal reference value for the renal inter-lobar artery resistivity index (RI) using a Pulsed wave-Doppler ultrasonography. A total of twelve adult domestic cats were sedated and treated according to IACUC regulation guidelines to be examined using Doppler ultrasound. The same cats were used for morphometric investigation and divided into three groups regarding the used technique. The size difference between the right and left kidneys is slight, measuring 17 g (weight), 3.65 ± 0.06 cm (length), 2.54 ± 0.08 cm (width), and 2.21 ± 0.03 cm (thickness) for the right kidney, and about 15 g, 3.42 ± 0.06 cm, 2.32 ± 0.05 cm, and 2.13 ± 0.03 cm for the left one, respectively. There are three patterns of renal arteries' point of origin. The mean RI values of both kidneys were 0.57 ± 0.08 (0.50–0.67) in the right kidney and 0.60 ± 0.08 (0.51–0.69) in the left kidney. The gross examination and ultrasonography measurements did not have a statistically different effect on the actual renal dimensions. Moreover, 0.69 is considered the standard resistivity index (RI) threshold of the feline inter-lobar artery with no correlation to the animal's body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sporotrichosis is caused by species of the fungus Sporothrix that affect human and several animal species. The transmission of sporotrichosis is classically from an environmental source following penetrating injury. The alternative zoonotic route has gained attention due to the rapid and significant spread of cat‐transmitted sporotrichosis in South America and Malaysia, resulting in several thousand human and feline cases in recent decades, especially in Brazil. In Australia, sporotrichosis is sporadic and mainly related to environmental sources. Although feline sporotrichosis is rare in Australia, zoonotic transmission occurred in two of five reported cases, including a recent case cluster, which is reported in this article. The investigation of such cases in Australia is important, as cats not only represent a source of infection living in close proximity with humans, but also, they may represent sentinels for the environmental presence of the fungus. To encourage the investigation and reporting of new veterinary cases, we have reviewed Australian sporotrichosis cases in humans and cats and report a new case cluster of feline sporotrichosis in Perth, WA, Australia, with zoonotic transmission. The index case was a kitten who developed severe facial sporotrichosis with prominent involvement of the nasal planum. Two human cases – one suspected and one confirmed – are also described in the owner, who was a veterinary nurse, and the attending veterinarian, respectively, probably from handling the kitten while not wearing gloves. Later, another mature cat in the same household also became infected. The affected cats were successfully treated using combination of itraconazole and terbinafine. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second case of cat‐transmitted sporotrichosis reported from Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intradural lipomas have been previously reported in individuals with spinal dysraphism; however, they have not been reported in cats with an intact spinal canal. Desmoid tumors are a rare finding in veterinary medicine, and there is no prior description of these tumors invading the spinal cord. Furthermore, the etiopathogenesis remains debated, with trauma, such as surgical intervention of an intradural structure, potentially contributing to its development. Case description: A 10-month-old domestic shorthair cat was presented initially with progressive proprioceptive ataxia. The MRI identified an intradural compressive lesion at the cranio-cervical junction, confirmed as a lipoma by histopathology. Despite surgical removal, postoperative complications led to the cat's euthanasia. Postmortem examination revealed invasion of a desmoid tumor at the surgical site. Conclusions: This case highlights the rarity of intradural lipomas in this location and the unusual complication of desmoid tumor invasion. It underscores the need for further research into the underlying mechanisms and potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for similar cases and suggests that these findings may be added to the list of potential post-surgical complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide increases as the population ages. The progression of the disease increases the risk of complications and death and leads to end-stage renal failure, requiring renal replacement therapy. Despite the positive effect of hemodialysis (HD), patients are at risk of developing malnutrition, inflammation, oxidative stress, or cardiovascular disease, which worsens quality of life and can lead to organ dysfunction. The occurrence of the mentioned disorders depends largely on the diet, so changes in diet composition are an important part of the treatment of kidney disease. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a balanced diet on some parameters of oxidative stress, immune response, and nutritional status in patients. This study included 57 HD patients (19 women and 38 men). In all of them, nutritional status and diet were initially determined, and then, they were divided into six groups, which received different diets and supplements. Serum levels of albumin, total protein, MDA, and the cytokines Il-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 were determined, and the activity of the enzymes such as CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px were determined in erythrocytes by spectrophotometry. Based on the results of BMI, albumin, and total protein, it can be concluded that a well-balanced diet can reduce weight loss. This study shows that a well-balanced diet can reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ensure the normal activity of antioxidative enzymes in the blood of HD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nocardia infections in cats most commonly present as subcutaneous wounds, or less commonly, as pneumonia, purulent pleurisy and disseminated disease. Abdominal involvement is rarely reported, and to date, localised retroperitoneal infection has only been reported in people. This report describes a five‐year‐old domestic shorthair cat living in Canberra, Australia, that presented with a two‐month history of pyrexia and inappetence progressing to anorexia. Ultrasonography showed a large retroperitoneal mass incorporating both ureters. Euthanasia was elected because of the guarded prognosis. Necropsy examination revealed the mass to be comprised of extensive pyogranulomatous inflammation with fibrosis, Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon and filamentous Gram‐positive bacteria. Culture and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry identified the causative agent as Nocardia brasiliensis. N. brasiliensis is commonly diagnosed as a cause of cutaneous nocardiosis in Australian human patients, but to date has only been reported in one cat from the United States and one dog from Australia. A treatment approach that might have been used in such a case is provided even though the cat's owners elected not to proceed with surgical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-year-old neutered male Turkish Angora cat presented with respiratory signs, including chronic snoring sounds and dyspnea with open-mouth breathing. Nasopharyngeal stenosis (NPS) was diagnosed based on endoscopy and computed tomography (CT). An attempt was made to break down the membrane, causing stenosis in the nasopharynx through balloon dilation using a valvuloplasty balloon dilation catheter (12 mm × 3 cm) and retroflexed endoscope. The balloon size was selected according to the identified diameter of the stenotic site on nasopharyngeal CT images. The balloon was inflated with radiographic contrast medium and maintained for 2 min; the similar procedure was repeated four additional times. The stenotic membrane was excised after balloon dilation. Topical Mitomycin C (MMC) was then administered to the stenotic region. After 2 weeks, an additional MMC application was repeated to prevent recurrence. The cat remained free of clinical signs without recurrence for 12 months after the most recent procedure. In this study, effective treatment results were obtained using a combination of balloon dilation, membrane excision, and topical MMC for membranous nasopharyngeal stenosis in a cat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius has been isolated from dogs, cats, and horses and is also known as an emergent zoonotic agent. We administered orbifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, to treat bacterial infections of cutaneous wounds caused by excessive grooming of the skin in contact with the subcutaneous port of the subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) system in a cat. However, after 80 days of treatment, a severe abscess was observed in the wound and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. pseudintermedius was isolated from the abscess. The isolate was identified as a novel sequence type (ST) 2660 and contained genes for leukocidins (lukS and lukF), exfoliative toxin (siet), and biofilm regulation (icaA and icaD). The isolate was resistant to macrolide, lincosamide, fluoroquinolone, and tetracycline classes. In addition, the isolate had strong biofilm-forming ability which significantly increased with culturing at 39 °C compared with that at 37 °C, suggesting that the isolate prefers a cats' body temperature as the optimal biofilm growth condition. Notably, the biofilms were increased in the presence of doxycycline with culturing at 39 °C. This study is the first report in Japan on the new sequence type of S. pseudintermedius isolated from a companion animal and clarifies the distinctive virulence of S. pseudintermedius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KPT-335 (Verdinexor) is a novel SINE that potently inhibits the nucleoprotein Exportin 1 (XPO1/CRM1) of tumor cell lines and reduces the replication level of the influenza virus. KPT-335 is mainly used for the treatment of canine tumors. Drugs for the effective treatment of feline tumors are currently unavailable in China. KPT-335 may have potential in the treatment of cat tumors. However, the effects of KPT-335 in cats are unreported, and no relevant methodology has been established for pharmacokinetic studies. In this study, a UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to determine KPT-335 concentrations in cat plasma, followed by pharmacokinetic studies. Briefly, plasma proteins are precipitated with acetonitrile, and the supernatant was collected for detection after centrifugation. The linearity for KPT-335 in cat plasma was in the range of 5-1,000 ng/mL. Satisfactory accuracy and precision were obtained. The intra-day accuracy was between -4.10% and 10.48%, the precision was ≤4.65%; the inter-day accuracy was between -0.11% and 8.09%, and the precision was ≤5.85%. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were within regulatory limits. The results of preliminary pharmacokinetic studies were as follows: Tmax was 1.46 ± 0.51 h; Cmax was 239.54 ± 190.60 ng·mL-1; T1/2 was 5.16 ± 2.30 h; AUC0-t was 1439.85 ± 964.64 ng·mL-1·h. The AUC0-∞ was 1589.82 ± 1003.75 ng·mL-1·h. The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid and simple UPLC-MS/MS method to detect KPT-335 concentration in cat plasma and to conduct preliminary pharmacokinetic studies to support the future application of KPT-335 in felines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To investigate safety and effectiveness of velagliflozin oral solution as sole therapy in naïve and previously insulin-treated diabetic cats. ANIMALS 252 client-owned cats receiving ≥ 2 doses of velagliflozin; 214 (85%) naïve diabetics and 38 (15%) insulin-treated diabetics. PROCEDURES Prospective, baseline-controlled, open-label clinical field trial. Cats received velagliflozin orally, once daily. Physical examinations and blood collections were performed days 0, 3, 7, 30, 60, 120, and 180. RESULTS Data are median (range). Screening blood glucose (BG) was 436 mg/dL (272 to 676 mg/dL). On days 30, 60, 120, and 180, single BG after receiving velagliflozin was 153 mg/dL (62 to 480 mg/dL), 134 mg/dL (64 to 414 mg/dL), 128 mg/dL (55 to 461 mg/dL), and 125 mg/dL (77 to 384 mg/dL), respectively. Screening fructosamine was 538 µmol/L (375 to 794 µmol/L). On the same recheck days, fructosamine was 310 µmol/L (204 to 609 µmol/L), 286 µmol/L (175 to 531 µmol/L), 269 µmol/L (189 to 575 µmol/L), and 263 µmol/L (203 to 620 µmol/L). At day 180, 81% of 158 cats remaining had BG and/or fructosamine within reference ranges; 88.6% (124 of 140) and 87.7% (121 of 138) showed improvement in polyuria and polydipsia, respectively. Ketonuria developed in 35 cats (13.9%), including 18 (7.1%) that had ketoacidosis. Ketoacidosis was less common in naïve diabetic cats (11 of 214 [5.1%]) compared to insulin-treated diabetic cats (7 of 38 [18.4%]). At ketoacidosis diagnosis, 14 of 18 cats (77.8%) were euglycemic (ie, BG < 250 mg/ dL). Most episodes of ketosis or ketoacidosis (30 of 35 [85.7%]) occurred within the first 14 days of treatment. Insulin-treated diabetic cats were less likely to complete the trial. No clinical hypoglycemia occurred. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Velagliflozin improved glycemic parameters and clinical signs in diabetic cats. Velagliflozin provides an alternative to insulin as a stand-alone treatment of diabetic cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hematological parameters serve as vital diagnostic tools in veterinary medicine, aiding in the identification of various diseases and metabolic conditions in animals. However, their reliability can be influenced by a multitude of factors, including storage conditions and duration. Pre-analytical errors, which account for up to 70% of laboratory diagnostic errors, primarily stem from issues such as sample collection, transportation, and storage. To address this, the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineWorking Group for the Preanalytical Phase conducted a survey to understand preanalytical practices among human laboratories. Despite significant interest, diversity in monitoring approaches was noted among European laboratories. The complete blood count (CBC) stands as a frequently requested test by veterinarians, but its accuracy can be affected by pre-analytical variables like storage temperature and delay in analysis. This study aimed to assess the stability of hematological parameters in feline blood samples stored at different temperatures (4°C and 20°C) for up to 48 hours. Ten clinically healthy cats were included in the study, with blood samples collected and analyzed immediately and at various time points over 48 hours. Results showed stability in hemoglobin concentration for 48 hours at both temperatures. However, RBC and PCV values increased significantly after 24 hours at 20°C. MCV, MCH, and MCHC values remained relatively stable over time, with minor fluctuations. Notably, WBC counts declined significantly after 48 hours at 20°C, while no significant changes were observed at 4°C. These findings underscore the importance of prompt analysis and appropriate storage conditions in maintaining the integrity of hematological parameters in veterinary practice. In conclusion, blood samples from cats stored at 4°C remain reliable for up to 48 hours for most hematological parameters, while samples stored at 20°C are suitable for up to 24 hours. These findings provide valuable insights for veterinarians and laboratory professionals, emphasizing the need for standardized pre-analytical practices to ensure accurate diagnostic results in veterinary hematology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Cardiac biomarkers, such as serum galectin-3 (Gal-3) and titin levels, may be related to cats with sarcomeric gene mutations. This study evaluated cardiac biomarkers and echocardiographic parameters in cats with or without myosin-binding protein C3 (MYBPC3) gene mutations. Materials and Methods: Forty-two healthy cats without cardiac symptoms, including Bengal, Maine Coon, Scottish fold, and Ragdoll cats, were enrolled in this study. Cats were categorized into three groups: Homozygous wild type (n = 17), homozygous MYBPC3 gene mutation (n = 14), and heterozygous MYBPC3 gene mutation (n = 11). All recruited cats underwent echocardiography, and blood samples were collected for DNA extraction. DNA sequencing for MYBPC3 gene mutations at A31P and A74T loci was first examined by Sanger sequencing. The biomarkers of cardiac fibrosis (Gal-3) and myocardial stiffness (titin) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Gal-3 levels >250 pg/mL were associated with echocardiographic parameters. However, Gal-3 levels were not significantly different between cats with MYBPC3 gene mutations and those in the wild-type group. Titin was associated with the left ventricular (LV) thickness and systolic function (r = 0.405, p = 0.013). Qualitative measurement of titin antibodies showed that the highest percentage of these antibodies was found in homozygous wild-type cats. No correlation was found between titin levels and MYBPC3 gene mutations. Weight was positively associated with interventricular septum (r = 0.312, p = 0.056) and LV wall thickness (LVPW) (r = 0.219, p = 0.187). However, they were not associated with Gal-3 levels. Conclusion: LVPW was correlated with weight in cats with sarcomeric gene mutations. Serum titin may be an underlying factor for cardiac hypertrophy in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Body temperature is the most useful clinical parameter for evaluating animal health. In clinical practice, rectal temperature is the gold standard for assessing body temperature, but rectal temperature measurement is not convenient and can cause stress in animals. The non-contact infrared thermometer is considered an alternative method for skin temperature measurements in animals. Many biological factors may influence the response of body regions to thermal challenges; thus, the identification of these variables is essential for accurate infrared temperature measurements. This study aimed to estimate the relationship between the physiological factors of cats and their body temperature measured across various body positions, as well as to propose a model for predicting rectal temperature using an infrared thermometer. Materials and Methods: A total of 184 client-owned cats were included in this study. The infrared temperature (°F) was measured using a non-contact infrared thermometer at five body positions: maxillary canine gingival margin (GCT), anal skin (ANS), inguinal canal (ING), ear canal (EC), and palmar pad. The five biological factors (age, body condition score [BCS], gender, hair type, and hair color) were recorded and analyzed to adjust predictive factors for rectal temperature prediction. All statistical analyses were performed using multivariable linear regression. The rectal temperature prediction model was then designed using the forward stepwise selection method. Results: Based on multivariable linear regression analysis of infrared temperature results, the pre-prediction model showed significant correlations with rectal temperature for ANS, GCT, and EC (p = 0.0074, 0.0042, and 0.0118, respectively). Moreover, the combination of infrared temperatures on ANS and ING was the most appropriate parameter for predicting rectal temperature (p = 0.0008). All models were adjusted according to the baseline characteristics of the cats. However, the adjusted R-squared values of the pre-prediction model of the infrared temperature on the ANS, GCT, and EC and the final prediction model by the infrared temperature on the ANS combined with the ING were low (8.7%, 8.9%, 7.3%, and 12.8%, respectively). Conclusion: The prediction model of rectal temperature of cats by infrared temperature from a non-contact infrared thermometer in ANS combined with ING and adjusted by age, BCS, hair type, and hair color may be applicable for use in clinical practice. This study found that the adjusted R-squared values of all models were low; the predictive model will need to be developed and used to test validity and reliability with an external study group for assessing their practical usefulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term hydrocephalus is commonly used to indicate increased volume of the cerebral ventricles, particularly the lateral ventricles. The disease is characterized by increased accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull, and can occur in any animal, more frequently in puppies, although considered a rare congenicity in felines. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical examination, ultrasound examination, tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the skull. The treatment of hydrocephalus is based on the patient's clinical condition and age and can be performed clinically or surgically. The surgical method consists of promoting a diversion of CSF flow from the lateral ventricle to the jugular vein or peritoneal cavity, while drug treatment is based on medications that reduce CSF production. The present study aimed to report a clinical case of congenital hydrocephalus diagnosed in adulthood in a feline. We opted for clinical treatment, with systemic drug therapy. The therapeutic choice was in line with recommended practices in the literature, aiming to stabilize the case and minimize patient discomfort. Although the animal presented relapses, pharmacological therapy was effective in managing the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human rabies cases today are predominantly associated with infection from rabid domestic dogs. Unlike dogs, a common global reservoir species that perpetuates rabies viruses (RABV) within their populations, domestic cats are much less frequently reported or vaccinated. Epidemiologically, cats are important vectors of lyssaviruses but are not viral reservoirs. Typically, cats are incidental hosts only, infected with the predominant lyssavirus in their geographic locale. Human cases associated with rabid cats have occurred in Africa, Asia, Europe and throughout the Americas. As adept, solitary hunters, wild and domestic felids are at risk of lyssavirus infection based upon interactions with infected prey, such as bats, or from transmission by other mesocarnivores, such as rabid dogs, foxes, jackals, raccoons, and skunks. Current veterinary vaccines provide safe and effective immunity in cats against phylogroup I lyssaviruses, such as RABV, but not against divergent lyssaviruses in phylogroups II-IV. With the focus upon the global elimination of canine rabies, the emergence of rabies in cats represents a concerning trend. Clearly, education about the occurrence of rabies in cats needs to be improved, as well as the routine vaccination of cats to reduce the associated risks to public health, agriculture, and conservation biology from a One Health perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study shows that nutrients that are not digested have a significant effect on stool moisture and quality. As protein in the lower gut increased, stool moisture increased and quality decreased in both species. Also, increasing fiber in the lower gut resulted in increased stool quality and reduced moisture in both species. Both species also had a response to advancing age: in the dog, age increased firmness for the first 11 years of life, while in the cat, age increased firmness after 4 years of age. The effect of digestive bypass macronutrients and age on stool quality (moisture and firmness) in dogs and cats is not well understood. Data were analyzed from digestibility tests (n = 2020, 361 dogs and 536 cats) including dry and wet product types. Both food and feces were measured for moisture and nutrients according to standard protocols; stool firmness was graded. Linear mixed modeling was used to evaluate the associations between nutrient bypass, age and stool quality. Bypass protein increased stool moisture (dog, cat p < 0.0001) and decreased firmness (dog p = 0.01, cat p < 0.0001), while bypass fiber decreased stool moisture and increased firmness (dog, cat p < 0.0001 for both). Both species manifested a negative quadratic effect of advanced age on stool firmness (dog p < 0.0001 and cat p = 0.02). However, the association of advanced age (quadratic effect) with metabolizable energy required to maintain body weight was different between species; dogs had a positive association (p = 0.028), while it was negative for cats (p < 0.0001). Taken together, these data may aid in the development of food formulations for companion animals, which can better meet changing nutritional needs across life stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enteric protozoan parasites Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are common cause of diarrhea in pet dogs and cats, affecting primarily young animals. This comparative study evaluates the diagnostic performance of conventional and molecular methods for the detection of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. infection in dogs and cats. The compared diagnostic assays included merthiolate-iodine-formalin (MIF) method, lateral flow immunochromatography rapid test (ICT) and real-time PCR; using direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) as golden standard. The study included the analysis of 328 fecal samples from different dog (n = 225) and cat (n = 103) populations. According to DFA, the overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 24.4% (80/328, 95% CI: 19.8–29.4), varying from 11.6% (12/103, 95% CI: 6.2–19.5) in cats to 30.2% (68/225, 95% CI: 24.3–36.7) in dogs. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 4.0% (13/328, 95% CI: 2.1–6.7), varying from 2.9% (3/103, 95% CI: 0.6–8.3) in cats to 4.4% (10/225, 95% CI: 2.1–8.0) in dogs. MIF was only used for the detection of G. duodenalis, which was identified by this method in 22.7% of dogs and 7.8% of cats, respectively. DFA was the most sensitive technique for detecting G. duodenalis in samples from dogs and cats (p-value: < 0.001), followed by real-time PCR. Identification of Cryptosporidium infections was most effectively accomplished by the combination of DFA and PCR technique (p-value: < 0.001). In addition, epidemiological (sex, age, origin) and clinical (fecal consistency) variables were collected to assess their potential associations with an increased likelihood of infection by G. duodenalis and/or Cryptosporidium spp. Breeder dogs were more likely to harbor G. duodenalis infection (p-value: 0.004), whereas female cats were significantly more infected with Cryptosporidium (p-value: 0.003). In conclusion, DFA (alone or in combination with PCR) has been identified as the most accurate and cost-effective method for detecting G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal samples from pet dogs and cats. This highlights their importance in both veterinary and clinical settings for enabling prompt treatment and preventing potential transmission to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Small-bore wire-guided thoracostomy tubes (SBWGTT) are commonly used in cats to manage pleural disease and generally have a low complication rate. Our study aimed to explore the correlation between recumbency of cats, placement method, and the occurrence of insertional complications to identify risk factors during SBWGTT placement. In this experimental cadaveric study, SBWGTT placement using a modified Seldinger technique was conducted in 24 feline cadavers. Cats, euthanized for reasons unrelated to the study, were randomly assigned to pleural effusion (EFF; n = 12) and pneumothorax (PNEU; n = 12) groups. Each cadaver was intubated and ventilated with a peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 10 mmHg, and sterile saline or air was instilled into the thorax over a 5 mm thoracoscopic trocar in the fourth intercostal space (ICS). Instillation was stopped when the lateral thoracic wall to lung distance (TWLD) reached 10 to 12 mm, measured with ultrasound in the favorable position. Sternal recumbency was the favorable position for the EFF group, and lateral recumbency for the PNEU group. Following the placement of the first SBWGTT in each group, the cadavers were positioned unfavorably (lateral recumbency for EFF group, sternal recumbency for PNEU group), and a second drain was introduced contralaterally. A bilateral 8th ICS thoracotomy was then performed to visually assess intrathoracic structures and drain integrity. A binary logistic regression mixed model was conducted to determine interaction between the induced condition and body position. Results: A total of 48 SBWGTTs were placed, with complications observed in 33.3% (8/24) of cases. Five of these were major complications consisting of lung lacerations. Complications were more common in the unfavorable position, accounting for 75% of cases, although this result was not statistically significant. The odds of complication rates were > 70% in the unfavorable position and decreased with an increase in TWLD (< 30%). Conclusion: Complications associated with SBWGTT placement are influenced by recumbency, although the data did not reach statistical significance. Placing cats in lateral recumbency for pneumothorax treatment and sternal recumbency for pleural effusion treatment may reduce insertional complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The majority of primary, intraocular tumors in cats originate from the uvea and include feline diffuse iris melanoma, lymphoma, and iridociliary epithelial adenoma or adenocarcinoma. In this case report, we describe for the first time the clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical findings of a rare myxoid intraocular neoplasm arising from the ciliary body in a cat. Case presentation: A 14-year-old, female, spayed domestic shorthaired cat was presented for evaluation of discolouration of the right eye. Upon examination, a clear to light whitish-tan, bubble-shaped intraocular mass adherent to the inferior ciliary body and extending into the anterior chamber was noted. Within five weeks, the tumor was significantly larger and the eye had developed secondary glaucoma so was enucleated. Light microscopic examination of the globe revealed a multinodular, hypocellular neoplasm arising from the ciliary body composed of interwoven spindle cells embedded in abundant amounts of a lightly basophilic myxoid matrix. Neoplastic cells exhibited strong immunoreactivity for cytokeratin while also showing moderate to strong immunoreactivity to vimentin. A diagnosis was therefore made of an unusual intraocular myxoid epithelioid sarcoma arising from the ciliary body. Conclusions: Although apparently exceedingly rare, epithelioid myxosarcoma should be included as a differential diagnosis for intraocular tumors in cats and they represent a clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical diagnostic challenge. Early surgical intervention should be considered to prevent local invasion and ascension to the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the world, more and more cats are being kept in captive spaces such as homes, animal shelters, and cat cafés. There is a growing need to understand whether cross-cultural differences influence human–animal interactions in these human-controlled environments. Cats are one of the world's most popular companion animals, and both the US and Japan have high rates of cat ownership. However, cultural differences may account for differences in how people feel about cats and how humans and cats behave toward one another. The research aim was to examine whether differences exist between the US and Japan across multiple facets of the human–cat relationship. Study 1 examined each country's attitude toward pet cats. Results indicate US citizens have significantly more positive attitudes toward pet cats than Japanese citizens. Study 2 examined owner attachment to their cat and pet cat social behavior. Results indicate owners in both countries were highly attached to their cats. In the US, but not Japan, owner attachment level predicted pet cat sociability toward the owner. Study 3 examined cat social behavior in cat cafés. The results of studies 2 and 3 indicate that pet cats and café cats in the US spend a greater proportion of time in proximity to people compared with pet and café cats in Japan. In all, differences and similarities were seen between the US and Japan. In humans, differences in childhood cat experiences and lower rates of cat ownership may impact attitudes toward cats. In pet cats, owner characteristics, the size of the cat's environment, cat care practices, and attitudes toward cats may impact cat social behavior. Future exploration in this area can benefit our understanding of cross-cultural human–animal interactions and how to apply these findings to improve captive-cat welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the discovery of the endocannabinoid system and due to the empirical evidence of the therapeutic effects on several illnesses both in humans and animals that follow the administration of exogenous cannabinoids (i.e., phytocannabinoids), numerous studies have been conducted. These investigations aimed to identify the expression and distribution of cannabinoid receptors in healthy and pathologic organs and tissues of different animal species and to define the interactions of phytocannabinoids with these receptors. In the last decade, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and tolerability of many Cannabis derivatives formulations, mainly containing cannabidiol, in the main species of veterinary interest, have been also investigated. This manuscript summarizes the findings reported by the scientific studies published so far on the molecular mode of action of the main phytocannabinoids, the localization of cannabinoid receptors in organs and tissues, as well as the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and tolerability of Cannabis derivatives in dogs, cats, horses and other species of veterinary interest. A deep knowledge of these issues is crucial for the use of phytocannabinoids for therapeutic purposes in animal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monitoring antimicrobial use is crucial for understanding current prescribing practices. Such information helps in establishing stewardship programs for effectively using antimicrobials and combating resistance to them. Objectives: This study describes how antimicrobials are prescribed at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Pisa and compares how the internal medicine and intensive care units differ in their usage of antimicrobials. Methods: The study involved cats that were presented in the units in 2021 and 2022. Antimicrobial prescriptions were obtained via the hospital's management software (OCIROE). Results: In a population of 1164 non-surgical cats with 397 antimicrobials prescribed, the most prescribed ones were amoxicillin–clavulanic acid in the internal medicine unit and ampicillin in the intensive care unit. Twenty-five percent of all antimicrobials were Highest-Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials or Antimicrobial Advice Ad Hoc Expert Group Category B. The oral route was the main route of administration in the internal medicine unit, while parenteral was the most common route used in the intensive care unit. Most antimicrobials were prescribed to treat pathologic conditions affecting the urinary (39%), gastroenteric (21%), respiratory (13%), and integumentary (12%) systems. A diagnosis, accurate dosage, and the use of species-approved medications were recorded in the antimicrobial prescriptions. However, only 11% of these prescriptions were supported by antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Conclusions: These results suggest room for improvement, particularly in increasing the use of antimicrobial susceptibility testing to ensure more targeted antimicrobial therapy. Given the importance of antimicrobial resistance and the One Health approach, the study also highlights the need to consider the broader impact of antimicrobial use in animals, including the potential contribution to resistance in bacteria that affect both animal and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Retained fetal membranes (RFM) are a common reproductive issue in cattle, affecting overall health and reproductive efficiency. This study examined oxidative stress (OS) and fatty acid profiles in Romanian Spotted cows, comparing those with normal calving to cows with RFM. Serum samples were collected from 22 cows over a 9-week period surrounding calving to measure key OS markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Placental tissues were also analyzed for OS markers and fatty acid composition. The results showed significant changes in OS before and after birth, with cows experiencing RFM exhibiting lower antioxidant activity and higher lipid damage. Additionally, RFM cows had higher saturated fatty acid levels in the placenta, indicating metabolic stress. These findings highlight the role of OS and fatty acid imbalances in RFM, suggesting potential ways to improve dairy cow health by addressing these factors. (1) Background: Retained fetal membranes (RFM) in cattle negatively impact reproduction, calving intervals, and health. This study examined OS markers and fatty acid profiles in Romanian Spotted cattle, comparing cows with normal parturition to those with RFM. Over 9 weeks, serum samples were collected from 22 cows (7 with RFM, 15 normal) at intervals before and after parturition. Placental tissues were also analyzed. The aim was to identify OS biomarkers that predict RFMs, track changes over time, and assess their impact on the placental fatty acid profile. (2) Methods: Samples were analyzed for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Placental fatty acids were profiled using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. (3) Results: SOD and CAT activities increased in cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM) before parturition (SOD: p < 0.001, RFM 404.601 ± 20.941 vs. NP 339.101 ± 44.911; CAT: p < 0.01, RFM 121.132 ± 14.831 vs. NP 96.070 ± 2.397), indicating OS. However, significant decreases during labor suggested weakened antioxidant defenses. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) peaked during parturition in RFM cows (p < 0.0001, 38.780 ± 3.727 vs. 11.150 ± 1.555), signaling heightened stress. Additionally, MDA levels increased before parturition (p < 0.001, RFM 8.424 ± 1.894 vs. NP 3.807 ± 0.484), confirming lipid peroxidation. RFM cows also exhibited higher levels of saturated fatty acids and lower monounsaturated fatty acids, pointing to metabolic stress. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the role of OS and fatty acid imbalances in RFMs, suggesting potential strategies to improve reproductive outcomes by managing OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Minoxidil is an FDA-approved drug used for human hair regrowth. Minoxidil toxicosis can occur and be fatal in dogs and cats and presents with symptoms such as lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, hypotension, and tachypnea. We described a case of minoxidil toxicosis in a cat after accidental exposure to topical minoxidil presenting with severe clinical signs, including respiratory distress and hemodynamic instability. Chest X-rays showed mild lung infiltration and pleural effusion. Initial treatments with oxygen, fluids, furosemide, and dopamine were ineffective. However, hemodialysis proved effective in improving the patient's condition and facilitating a full recovery. This case is the first to document successful hemodialysis treatment for minoxidil toxicosis in a cat, thus highlighting the potential therapeutic role of hemodialysis in minoxidil toxicosis. A 5-year-old castrated male American Shorthair cat presented with lethargy and anorexia after accidentally knocking over a bottle of topical minoxidil and spilling it onto its body. Physical examination revealed rapid shallow breathing, pale mucous membranes, hypothermia, tachycardia, and hypotension. Thoracic radiography revealed mild pulmonary infiltration and pleural effusion. Despite conservative treatment, including oxygen therapy, and intravenous fluid, furosemide, and dopamine administration, the patient showed no improvement. After two sessions of intermittent hemodialysis, the cat's respiratory pattern and overall condition gradually improved; normal body temperature and blood pressure were achieved. The cat recovered fully and was discharged on the 11th day of hospitalization. This is the first report on the use of hemodialysis in the treatment of a cat with minoxidil toxicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neonatal and pediatric diseases are complex and can cause high mortality in kittens, associated with bacterial infections, blood type mismatches, congenital defects, viral and parasitic diseases, and poor care, among others. This study aimed to identify the leading causes of death and prevalence of congenital malformations by performing necropsies on 68 stray kittens under two months old. Results showed that respiratory lesions were the leading cause of death in the youngest kittens, while older kittens primarily suffered from gastrointestinal problems. Infectious diseases were common in all age groups, and 40% of the kittens had congenital malformations, with the most common being megaesophagus, cardiovascular anomalies, and bone and kidney defects. The findings highlight the importance of good hygiene in preventing infections and emphasize the need for better care and preventive measures to enhance kitten survival rates. Neonatal and pediatric mortality in kittens could be associated with bacterial infections, complications from inadequate management, congenital malformations, neonatal isoerythrolysis, parasitic diseases, and viral diseases. The complexity of causes, coupled with kittens' physiological and immunological immaturity, complicates the diagnosis and treatment of disease, highlighting the necessity for preventive measures. This study aimed to identify the leading causes of death and the occurrence of congenital malformations in stray kittens. Necropsies were performed on 68 kittens, all aged under two months. Results indicated that respiratory lesions were the leading cause of death in the youngest group, while gastrointestinal problems were more prevalent in older groups. Infectious causes were predominant across all age groups. Congenital malformations were observed in 40% of the animals, with megaesophagus, cardiovascular anomalies, bone defects, and kidney defects being the most prevalent. The findings underscore the critical importance of hygiene in preventing infections and related complications. Promoting sterilization and sanitary control in stray cats is essential to reduce overpopulation and improve living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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