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Background: The global inequity in the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines underscores the urgent need for innovative and cost-effective vaccine technologies to address access disparities and implement local manufacturing capabilities. This is essential for achieving and sustaining widespread immunity, and for ensuring timely protection of vulnerable populations during future booster campaigns in lower- middle income countries (LMICs)., Methods: To address this need, we conducted a phase II clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the locally manufactured AVX/COVID-12 "Patria" (AVX) vaccine as a booster dose. The vaccine was administered either intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) to participants who had previously completed a vaccination regimen for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using adenoviral vector, inactivated virus, or mRNA-based vaccines. Participants with initial anti-spike IgG titers below 1,200 U/mL were included, allowing us to observe the booster effect induced by vaccination., Results: Both IM and IN immunization with AVX were found to be safe and well-tolerated. The vaccine induced a significant (>2.5-fold) increase in neutralizing antibodies against the ancestral Wuhan strain and variants of concern (VOCs), including Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron (BA.2 and BA.5). This immune response was further supported by increased cellular production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), demonstrating a robust and multifaceted immune reaction., Conclusions: The administration of AVX as a booster dose, whether through IM or IN routes, was safe and well-tolerated. The vaccine extended immune responses not only against the ancestral Wuhan-1 strain but also against various VOCs. Its ability to enhance preexisting immune responses suggests a potential contribution to expanding and sustaining herd immunity within the population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Laboratorios Avimex S.A. de C.V. reports financial support was provided by Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología. México. Bernardo Lozano-Dubernard reports financial support was provided by Laboratorios Avimex S.A. de C.V. P.P., F.K., and A.G.-S. has patent #62/994,252 pending to Mount Sinai. P.P., F.K., and A.G.-S. has patent #63/018,457 pending to Mount Sinai. P.P., F.K., and A.G.-S. has patent #63/020,503 pending to Mount Sinai. P.P., F.K., and A.G.-S. has patent #63/024,436 pending to Mount Sinai. P.P., F.K., and A.G.-S. has patent #63/251,020 pending to Mount Sinai. M.T., D.S.-M., C.L.-M., H.E.C.-C., F.C.-P., G.P.D.L., and B.L.-D. has patent #PCT/IB2022/058886. MX/a/2021/011439 pending to Avimex S.A. de C.V. The vaccine candidate administered in this study was developed by faculty members at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai including P.P., F.K., and A.G.-S. Mount Sinai is seeking to commercialize this vaccine; therefore, the institution and its faculty inventors could benefit financially. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-849 CoV-2 serological assays (USA Provisional Application Numbers: 62/994,252, 63/018,457, 63/020,503, and 63/024,436) and NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (USA Provisional Application Number: 63/251,020) which list F.K. as co-inventor. A.G.-S. and P.P. are co-inventors in the NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine patent application. Patent applications were submitted by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Kantaro, to market serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 and another company, CastleVax, to commercialize SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. F.K., P.P., and A.G.-S. serve on the scientific advisory board of CastleVax and are listed as co-founders of the company. F.K. has consulted for Merck, Seqirus, Curevac, and Pfizer, and is currently consulting for Gritstone, Third Rock Ventures, GSK, and Avimex. The F.K. laboratory has been collaborating with Pfizer on animal models of SARS-CoV-2. C.L.-M. has consulted for AstraZeneca. The A.G.-S. laboratory has received research support from GSK, Pfizer, Senhwa Biosciences, Kenall Manufacturing, Blade Therapeutics, Avimex, Johnson & Johnson, Dynavax, 7Hills Pharma, Pharmamar, ImmunityBio, Accurius, Nanocomposix, Hexamer, N-fold LLC, Model Medicines, Atea Pharma, Applied Biological Laboratories, and Merck. A.G.-S. has consulting agreements for the following companies involving cash and/or stock: Amovir, Vivaldi Biosciences, Contrafect, 7Hills Pharma, Avimex, Pagoda, Accurius, Esperovax, Farmak, Applied Biological Laboratories, Pharmamar, CureLab Oncology, CureLab Veterinary, Synairgen, Paratus, Pfizer, and Prosetta. A.G.-S. has been an invited speaker in meeting events organized by Seqirus, Janssen, Abbott, and AstraZeneca. PP has a consulting agreement with Avimex. Members of Avimex developed the live vaccine used in this study. Avimex filed patent applications with Mount Sinai and CONAHCYT. M.T., D.S.-M., C.L.-M., H.E.C.-C., F.C.-P., G.P.D.L., and B.L.-D. are named as inventors on at least one of those patent applications. The clinical study was entirely performed in Mexico, and Mount Sinai had no role in it. The rest of the participants are employees of their corresponding institutions and declare no competing interests. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

There is still a need for safe, efficient, and low-cost coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines that can stop transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here we evaluated a vaccine candidate based on a live recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) that expresses a stable version of the spike protein in infected cells as well as on the surface of the viral particle (AVX/COVID-12-HEXAPRO, also known as NDV-HXP-S). This vaccine candidate can be grown in embryonated eggs at a low cost, similar to influenza virus vaccines, and it can also be administered intranasally, potentially to induce mucosal immunity. We evaluated this vaccine candidate in prime-boost regimens via intramuscular, intranasal, or intranasal followed by intramuscular routes in an open-label non-randomized non-placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial in Mexico in 91 volunteers. The primary objective of the trial was to assess vaccine safety, and the secondary objective was to determine the immunogenicity of the different vaccine regimens. In the interim analysis reported here, the vaccine was found to be safe, and the higher doses tested were found to be immunogenic when given intramuscularly or intranasally followed by intramuscular administration, providing the basis for further clinical development of the vaccine candidate. The study is registered under ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04871737., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were developed in record time and show excellent efficacy and effectiveness against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, currently approved vaccines cannot meet the global demand. In addition, none of the currently used vaccines is administered intranasally to potentially induce mucosal immunity. Here, we tested the safety and immunogenicity of a second-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that includes a stabilized spike antigen and can be administered intranasally. The vaccine is based on a live Newcastle disease virus vector expressing a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stabilized in a prefusion conformation with six beneficial proline substitutions (AVX/COVID-12-HEXAPRO; Patria). Immunogenicity testing in the pig model showed that both intranasal and intramuscular application of the vaccine as well as a combination of the two induced strong serum neutralizing antibody responses. Furthermore, substantial reactivity to B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 spike variants was detected. Finally, no adverse reactions were found in the experimental animals at any dose level or delivery route. These results indicate that the experimental vaccine AVX/COVID-12-HEXAPRO (Patria) is safe and highly immunogenic in the pig model. IMPORTANCE Several highly efficacious vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have been developed and are used in the population. However, the current production capacity cannot meet the global demand. Therefore, additional vaccines-especially ones that can be produced locally and at low cost-are urgently needed. This work describes preclinical testing of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate which meets these criteria.

Asia is considered an important source of influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics, owing to large, diverse viral reservoirs in poultry and swine. However, the zoonotic origins of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic virus (pdmH1N1) remain unclear, due to conflicting evidence from swine and humans. There is strong evidence that the first human outbreak of pdmH1N1 occurred in Mexico in early 2009. However, no related swine viruses have been detected in Mexico or any part of the Americas, and to date the most closely related ancestor viruses were identified in Asian swine. Here, we use 58 new whole-genome sequences from IAVs collected in Mexican swine to establish that the swine virus responsible for the 2009 pandemic evolved in central Mexico. This finding highlights how the 2009 pandemic arose from a region not considered a pandemic risk, owing to an expansion of IAV diversity in swine resulting from long-distance live swine trade.

La Piedad Michoacán Mexico Virus (LPMV) is a member of the Rubulavirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae family. LPMV is the etiologic agent of "blue eye disease", causing a significant disease burden in swine in Mexico with long-term implications for the agricultural industry. This virus mainly affects piglets and is characterized by meningoencephalitis and respiratory distress. It also affects adult pigs, causing reduced fertility and abortions in females, and orchitis and epididymitis in males. Viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family evade the innate immune response by targeting components of the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. The V protein, expressed by most paramyxoviruses, is a well-characterized IFN signaling antagonist. Until now, there were no reports on the role of the LPMV-V protein in inhibiting the IFN response. In this study we demonstrate that LPMV-V protein antagonizes type I but not type II IFN signaling by binding STAT2, a component of the type I IFN cascade. Our results indicate that the last 18 amino acids of LPMV-V protein are required for binding to STAT2 in human and swine cells. While LPMV-V protein does not affect the protein levels of STAT1 or STAT2, it does prevent the IFN-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1 and STAT2 thereby inhibiting cellular responses to IFN α/β., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Specific-pathogen-free chickens immunized at 14 days of age with either an inactivated recombinant Newcastle disease virus-LaSota/avian influenza H5 (K-rNDV-LS/AI-H5) vaccine or a killed Newcastle disease/avian influenza whole-virus vaccine (K-ND/AI) were protected from disease when challenged with either A/chicken/Queretaro/14588-19/95 (H5N2), a high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) strain isolated in Mexico in 1995, or with a Mexican velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV) strain 21 days postvaccination. All nonvaccinated chickens challenged with HPAIV or VVNDV succumbed to disease, while those vaccinated with K-rNDV-LS/AI-H5 or K-ND/AI were protected from severe clinical signs and death. Both vaccines induced hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody responses against NDV and AIV. Antibodies against AIV nucleoprotein were not detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in birds vaccinated with the inactivated rNDV-LS/AI-H5 vaccine. These chickens became positive for AIV antibodies by ELISA only after challenge with HPAIV. The data clearly indicate that the inactivated rNDV-LS/AI-H5 vaccine confers protection comparable to that of the conventional killed whole-virus vaccine against both NDV and AIV, while still allowing differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals by HI and ELISA tests.

The protective dose of a live recombinant LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-avian influenza H5 vaccine (rNDV-LS/AI-H5) was determined in broiler chickens with high levels of maternal antibodies against NDV and avian influenza virus (AIV). At hatch the geometric mean titers (GMT) of the chickens' maternal antibodies were 2(5.1) and 2(10.3) for NDV and AIV, respectively. At the time of vaccination the GMT was 2(3.1) for NDV and 2(7.9) for AIV. The chickens were vaccinated with one drop (0.03 ml) in the eye at 10 days of age as is typical under field conditions. The test chickens received 10(4.8), 10(5.8), 10(6.8), or 10(7.8) mean chicken embryo infective doses (CEID50) of the rNDV-LS/AI-H5 vaccine. Control chickens were either nonvaccinated, or vaccinated with 10(5.8) or 10(6.8) CEID50 of a commercial live LaSota NDV vaccine. Birds were challenged with either the Mexican highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) strain A/Chicken/Queretaro/14588-19/95 (H5N2) or a Mexican velogenic viscerotropic (VV) NDV strain. One hundred percent of the chickens vaccinated with the rNDV-LS/AI-H5 vaccine were protected against HPAIV and VVNDV when a challenge dose of 10(6.8) EID50 or higher was administered by eye drop. Birds vaccinated with the LaSota NDV vaccine were protected against VVNDV, but not against HPAIV.