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14. High-Density Olive Plantations

Author

Rallo, Luis, primary, Barranco, Diego, additional, Castro-García, Sergio, additional, Connor, David J., additional, Gómez del Campo, María, additional, and Rallo, Pilar, additional

Published
2014
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18. Influencia de la gamificación en diferentes cursos y tipos de alumno

Author

Sola Guirado, Rafael, Castro García, Sergio, González Sánchez, Emilio, Sola Guirado, Rafael, Castro García, Sergio, and González Sánchez, Emilio

Abstract

[EN] The gaming tools opens up new opportunities in teaching, especially in subjects related to agriculture where there is a general demotivation for theoretical contents. A test has been designed by Kahoot! as an intermediate self-assessment, based on the same teaching module, for different courses (extension, university and master) It has been assessed the tool impact on the learning process of different types of students (age, previous studies, professional experience ...) and it has been evaluated according to a questionnaire. The results show that the tool is still unknown and that it increased its motivation, especially for those with non-university studies. 56% looked at the tool very useful in the classroom and 48% would use it at home. However, they would not use it to final evaluation purposes. The higher the academic rank of the course was, the lower were the successes in the test. This was related to their experience as farmers, and this point out the importance of the practice in the learning. There was a slight negative relationship between the number of hits and the response time. In the nontechnological blocks, there were differences between the different courses., [ES] La gamificación web abre nuevas oportunidades en la enseñanza, especialmente en materias relacionadas con agricultura donde existe una desmotivación general en el aprendizaje de contenidos teóricos. En este trabajo se ha diseñado un test con Kahoot! como evaluación intermedia, sobre los contenidos de un mismo módulo de enseñanza, impartido en diferentes cursos (extensión, grado y postgrado). Se ha evaluado su impacto sobre el proceso de aprendizaje de diferentes tipos de alumnos (edad, estudios previos, experiencia profesional…) y su valoración según un cuestionario. Los resultados muestran que la herramienta es aún desconocida y que aumentó su motivación, especialmente para aquellos con estudios no universitarios. El 56% percibe la herramienta de gran utilidad en el aula y el 48% que debería usarse mucho en casa. Sin embargo, no la utilizarían para evaluación final. A mayor rango académico del curso impartido, peor fueron los aciertos en el test. Esto estuvo relacionado con su experiencia como agricultores, y señala la importancia de la práctica en el aprendizaje. Hubo una ligera relación negativa entre el número de aciertos con el tiempo de respuesta. En los bloques no tecnológicos, hubo diferencias entre los tipos de cursos.

Published
2018

19. Frequency response of Valencia oranges to selective harvesting by vibration

Author

Castro García, Sergio, Blanco Roldán, Gregorio L., Ferguson, Louis, Sánchez González, E.J., and Gil Ribes, Jesús

Subjects
Mechanical harvesting, Trunk shaker, food and beverages, Acceleration transmissibility, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Canopy shaker
Abstract

Citrus mechanical harvesting has been investigated since the 1960’s. Even though mechanical harvesting could significantly lower production costs, the implementation by the private sector has been slow. The current harvesting technologies detach the fruits with trunk, canopy or branch vibration. For late-season sweet orange varieties which simultaneously bear mature fruit, immature fruitlets and flowers shaker harvesting decreases the subsequent year’s yield. This study, investigated the frequency response of mature fruits and immature fruitlets to determine the optimum frequency range for an efficient and selective harvest. Laboratory vibration transmission tests were conducted with 14 branches bearing 76 mature fruits and 151 immature ‘Valencia’ fruitlets. The fruit and branch response to the forced vibration was measured by several sets of five triaxial accelerometers with a dynamic signal analyser. Three frequency ranges with the highest vibration transmission values were identified for mechanical harvesting lower than 10 Hz. The first frequency range (1.5-2.5 Hz) corresponded best with the most efficient vibration transmission, involving more than 90% of fruit. The second frequency range (4.5-5 Hz) successfully discriminated between mature fruit and immature fruitlets. In this frequency range, 53.4% of mature fruit amplified the acceleration a mean value of 2.2 times, while only 7.3% of immature fruitlets amplified the acceleration with a mean value of 4.4 times. The lowest third frequency range had a vibration transmission value of 7-8 Hz. The frequency response of mature citrus fruits, and their markedly higher fruit mass, were significant factors in efficient selective mechanical harvesting.

Published
2017

23. Vibration parameters assessment to develop a continuous lateral canopy shaker for mechanical harvesting of traditional olive trees

Author

Sola Guirado, Rafael Rubén, Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco, Blanco-Roldán, Gregorio L., Castro-García, Sergio, Castillo Ruiz, Francisco José, Gil Ribes, Jesus Antonio, Sola Guirado, Rafael Rubén, Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco, Blanco-Roldán, Gregorio L., Castro-García, Sergio, Castillo Ruiz, Francisco José, and Gil Ribes, Jesus Antonio

Abstract

The fruit harvesting is a key factor involving both product quality and profitability. Particularly, mechanical harvesting of traditional oil olive orchards is hint by tree training system for manual harvesting, tree size and several and slanted trunks which makes difficult trunk shaker work. Therefore, canopy shaker technology could be a feasible alternative to develop an integral harvester able to work on irregular canopies. The aim of this research was to determine vibration parameters applied to the olive tree for efficient mechanical harvesting by canopy shaker measuring fruit removal efficiency and debris. In this work, a continuous lateral canopy shaker harvester has been developed and tested on large olive trees in order to analyse the operating harvester parameters and tree properties to improve mutual adaptation. Vibration amplitude and frequency, rod density and ground speed were assessed. Vibration amplitude and frequency beside ground speed were decisive factors on fruit removal efficiency. Increasing rod density has not influenced on removal efficiency although it increased significantly debris. Promising results has been reached with 77.3% of removal efficiency, applying a 28 s shaking duration, 0.17 m amplitude vibration and 12 rod drum. This result was obtained reporting 0.26 s of accumulative shaking time over 200 m/s2 resultant acceleration. The canopy shaker mechanism enabled more than 65% of detached fruits to fall vertically, facilitating catch fruit. In order to improve removal efficiency it is advisable to adapt trees, set high amplitude in the shaker mechanism, and enhance the contact time between rods and tree.

Published
2016

24. Analysis of fruit and oil quantity and quality distribution in high-density olive trees in order to improve the mechanical harvesting process

Author

Castillo Ruiz, Francisco José, Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco, Blanco-Roldán, Gregorio L., Agüera-Vega, Juan, Sola Guirado, Rafael Rubén, Castro-García, Sergio, Castillo Ruiz, Francisco José, Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco, Blanco-Roldán, Gregorio L., Agüera-Vega, Juan, Sola Guirado, Rafael Rubén, and Castro-García, Sergio

Abstract

Olive fruit production and oil quality distribution with respect to canopy distribution are important criteria for selection and improvement of mechanical harvesting methods. Tests were performed in a high-density olive orchard (Olea europea L., cv. Arbequina) in southern Spain. Fruit distribution, fruit properties and oil parameters were measured by taken separate samples for each canopy location and tree. Results showed a high percentage of fruits and oil located in the middle-outer and upper canopy, representing more than 60% of total production. The position of these fruits along with their higher weight per fruit, maturity index and polyphenol content make them the target for all mechanical harvesting systems. The fruits from the lower canopy represented close to 30% of fruit and oil production, however, the mechanical harvesting of these fruits is inefficient for mechanical harvesting systems. Whether these fruits cannot be properly harvested, enhance tree training to raise their position is recommended. Fruits located inside the canopy are not a target location for mechanical harvesting systems as they were a small percentage of the total fruit (<10%). Significant differences were found for polyphenol content with respect to canopy height, although this was not the case with acidity. In addition, the ripening index did not influence polyphenol content and acidity values within the canopy. Fruit production, properties and oil quality varied depending on fruit canopy position. Thus harvesting systems may be targeted at maximize harvesting efficiency including an adequate tree training system adapted to the harvesting system.

Published
2015

26. Buenas prácticas de transferencia del conocimiento en la Universidad de Córdoba

Author

Pérez Ruiz, Manuel, León Pineda, Francisco, González Sánchez, Emilio Jesús, Márquez García, Francisco, Cuadrado Elías, José David, Marcos Álvarez, Nuria, Madueño Luna, Antonio, Barasona Mata, José, López Giménez, Francisco Jesús, Rodríguez Lizana, Antonio, Grupo de Investigación AGR 126 Mecanización y Tecnología Rural, Blanco Roldán, Gregorio L., Gil Ribes, Jesús, Castro García, Sergio, and Agüera Vega, Juan

Subjects
Premios, Transferencia del conocimiento
Published
2009

27. Estimation of soil coverage of chopped pruning residues in olive orchards by image analysis

Author

Jiménez Jiménez, F., Blanco-Roldán, Gregorio L., Márquez García, Francisco, Agüera-Vega, Juan, Castro-García, Sergio, Jiménez Jiménez, F., Blanco-Roldán, Gregorio L., Márquez García, Francisco, Agüera-Vega, Juan, and Castro-García, Sergio

Abstract

Residue chopping from orchard pruning is becoming a common practice in conservation agriculture after the establishment of eco-conditionality policies in the European Union. This type of residue is used to protect the soil from erosion and improve the water balance and fertility of soils by improving the organic matter content. However, no studies have evaluated the influence of pruning residues and size on soil coverage. This study examines the effect of different treatments on pruning residue soil coverage in an olive orchard (cv. Picual). Treatments consisted of two quantities of pruning residues, specifically, high (2.04 kg m-2) and low (1.02 kg m-2), and two chopping speeds, low (2.4 km h-1) and high (3.2 km h-1). The different treatments were evaluated by image analysis and pixel counting to determine the soil cover percentage, size, number and distribution of the pruning residues after chopping. After chopping, the soil cover percentage was 39% higher in the high quantity pruning residue treatments but was not significantly influenced by the chopping speed. The size and number of lignified residues was quantified via pixel counting. In the high quantity pruning residue treatments, the number of large lignified residues (> 6 cm2) was higher, and the number of pruning residues smaller than 2 cm2 was lower, when compared with low quantity pruning residue treatments. The high chopping speed treatments produced more smaller-sized pruning residues.

Published
2013

29. Mechanical canopy and trunk shaking for the harvesting mechanization of table olive orchards.

Author

Sola-Guirado, Rafael R., Castillo-Ruiz, Francisco J., Blanco-Roldan, Gregorio L., Gonzalez-Sanchez, Emilio, and Castro-García, Sergio

Subjects
*OLIVE, *FRUIT harvesting, *HARVESTING equipment, *HARVESTING machinery, *AGRICULTURAL equipment, *PLANT canopies
Abstract

Table olive harvesting is highly dependent on manual labour and may jeopardize the crop benefit. The introduction of a mechanical harvest system requires a global evaluation of the whole process. A trunk shaker along with shaker combs and a continuous canopy shaker harvester have been tested in two orchards with different tree training and layout to determine their feasibility to mechanical harvesting in table olives. For that purpose, several parameters have been evaluated. Canopy shaker required adapted orchard layout and hedge of canopies for reaching an acceptable harvesting efficiency about 80% and trunk shaker performed a higher efficiency of more than 95% but depended highly on labour. Both systems had a high field capacity about 0.15 ha h-1 but low for the trunk shaker considering the people (0.01 ha h1 person-1). The vibration pattern that applied on branches was totally different although the quantitative tree damages were no significative different. There were no significant differences in fruit bruising between both systems, but there were between the different sampling points, mainly in the detachment. The fruit bruising index of the remaining fruit on canopy suggests that it is possible to perform a second harvest. Both mechanical systems are suitable for table olive harvesting whilst improving the efficiency of manual systems with bearable damages, but each one has pros and cons that must be considered bearing in mind that require an adaptation of the orchard where there are applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020

32. Caracterización, adaptación y mejora de nuevos sistemas de recolección integrales para olivar

Author

Castillo-Ruiz, Francisco J., Gil Ribes, Jesús, and Castro García, Sergio

Subjects
Olea europaea L, Mechanical harvesting, Sacudidor de copa, Trunk shaker, Recolección mecanizada, Canopy structure, Canopy shaker, Poda, Arquitectura de copa, Vibrador de troncos, Pruning
Abstract

La presente tesis doctoral aborda el estudio conjunto de la recolección mecanizada y la poda del olivo para mejorar el uso de las cosechadoras, actuales y en desarrollo, por medio de la adaptación del árbol y el diseño de la plantación. Se han considerado tres de las principales tipologías de cultivo del olivo presentes en España: tradicional, intensivo y superintensivo. Las adaptaciones del árbol a la máquina se han centrado en el olivar tradicional, ya que apenas se realizan nuevas plantaciones de esta tipología de cultivo, mientras que, el diseño de plantación se ha estudiado para el olivar superintensivo, En caso del olivar intensivo se han tenido en cuenta ambos factores. Para determinar la influencia del diseño de plantación sobre el funcionamiento de las cosechadoras de olivar se ha desarrollado un sistema de seguimiento remoto y una metodología de análisis de tiempos, junto con un monitor de rendimiento. Estos desarrollos han permitido la obtención y análisis de un gran volumen de datos para tres cosechadoras comerciales de olivar. En cuanto a la adaptación del árbol a las cosechadoras, se ha estudiado la distribución de la producción de aceite en la copa del árbol, tanto en calidad como en cantidad, para establecer las zonas prioritarias donde debe actuar un sistema de recolección mecanizada. Además, se han establecido tres tratamientos de poda para evaluar la adaptación del olivar tradicional a la recolección con cosechadoras, tanto actuales como en desarrollo. La caracterización de la estructura del árbol se ha completado con una metodología para evaluar la porosidad de copa basada en la radiación transmitida. Finalmente, a nivel de fruto se ha determinado el efecto que genera la aplicación de esfuerzos torsores en el pedúnculo del fruto, de cara a mejorar el porcentaje de derribo que podría obtenerse con una cosechadora en futuros desarrollos. Actualmente, el olivar superintensivo cuenta con un sistema de cosecha muy eficiente y con una alta capacidad de trabajo, aunque sensible a distintos parámetros de diseño de la plantación como son el ancho de calle de servicio o la longitud de línea de árboles. Al igual que el olivar superintensivo, las explotaciones intensivas requieren una adaptación del árbol a la cosechadora, mientras que el sistema de derribo se diseña para obtener una mayor eficiencia en aquellas zonas de la copa de mayor interés, como la zona exterior y superior del árbol. Del mismo modo, el olivar tradicional requiere una adaptación importante de la estructura del árbol para mejorar la eficiencia de la cosechadora. La adaptación de la estructura del árbol no ha influido en la producción de frutos en el periodo estudiado. Sin embargo, en algunos casos se ha producido una reducción de la producción de frutos en zonas de la copa que son difícilmente accesibles para algunos sistemas de derribo, como ocurre con la producción de las ramas interiores. Todo ello, a pesar de que la aplicación de diferentes tratamientos de poda si ha generado diferencias en la porosidad de la copa y, por lo tanto, en la radiación transmitida. Por último, se ha determinado que es recomendable generar giros superiores a 180º en los frutos para facilitar su desprendimiento, variando los resultados en función de la variedad., This doctoral thesis addresses the related studies of mechanised olive harvesting and pruning of olive trees, in order to improve their use by present and developing harvesters, through the adaptation of the tree and the layout of the orchard. In the research, the three main orchard categories currently in use in Spain have been considered: traditional, intensive and super high density olive orchards. On one hand, the adaptation of the tree to the harvester by pruning has been focused in traditional orchards, since very few new orchards are planted in this way. On the other hand, orchard layout was mainly considered for super high density orchards: whilst for intensive orchards, both factors were studied. A remote tracking system, a time elements methodology and a yield monitor were developed for the study of olive harvesters. Using these devices, a large data set from three olive harvesters was gathered and analysed. This data set was used to assess the influence of orchard layout on harvesting performance. Regarding the adaption of the tree to the harvesting system, the distribution of olive oil yield in the tree canopy has been studied – regarding quality as much as quantity – in order to establish a system to increase harvesting efficiency. Furthermore, three pruning treatments were tested, in order to evaluate the adaptation of traditional olive trees to different harvesting systems. A methodology for the measurement of olive tree crown porosity was developed and tested, based on radiation transmittance, in order to describe olive tree structure. Finally, the effects of twisting forces on fruit stalks were assessed in order to improve harvesting efficiency for further harvester developments. Currently, super high density olive orchards have an efficient and highly effective harvesting system, although this is influenced by orchard layout, mainly alley width and row length. The adaptation of trees to the harvester is required by both super high density and intensive olive orchards. Furthermore, the fruit detachment system should be designed to obtain high harvesting efficiency in those canopy areas which are more productive to harvest, such as the outer canopy and upper canopy. In the same way, traditional olive trees require important adaptations in order to increase harvesting efficiency, although it was found that debris production is not related to pruning treatments. Tree pruning did not influence the total fruit yield, although in some cases, fruit distribution has been modified by pruning, reducing yield within the inner canopy, which is more difficult to reach with some harvesting systems. Despite this, crown porosity and thus radiation transmittance were affected by pruning treatment. Finally, it was found that it is advisable to apply stalk twisting angles over 180 º in order to improve fruit detachment process although different cultivar behaviour was observed.

Published
2017

33. Postharvest assessments of table olive damage using image analysis and VIS/NIR spectroscopy

Author

Jiménez Jiménez, Francisco, Blanco Roldán, Gregorio L., and Castro García, Sergio

Subjects
Fuit quality, Mechanical harvesting, Espectroscopía VIS-NIR, Aceituna de mesa, Molestado, Calidad del fruto, Recolección mecanizada, Bruise, Table olives, VIS-NIR spectroscopy
Abstract

En la actualidad la recolección de la aceituna de mesa se realiza principalmentede forma manual. Sin embargo, el elevado coste de la mano de obra, su disponibilidadtemporal y el bajo rendimiento de campo genera un reducido beneficio económico alsector olivarero. Por ello, la Organización Interprofesional de la Aceituna de Mesa(INTERACEITUNA) ha impulsado un proyecto de investigación para la adaptación ymejora de los sistemas de recolección mecanizada a las plantaciones de olivar de mesamediante el empleo de vibradores de troncos.Entre las líneas de trabajo, el estudio de los sistemas de recolección disponiblesy la reducción de los daños provocados al fruto por la recolección mecanizada son dosde los principales retos para la obtención de un producto de calidad. El presente trabajotiene el objetivo de evaluar la calidad del fruto durante la recolección mecanizada convibradores de troncos mediante técnicas e inspección visual, análisis de imágenes yespectroscopia VIS-NIR a través de la determinación del molestado, el estudio de lasusceptibilidad a daño mecánico de los frutos provocados por la recolección convibradores de troncos y la generación de modelos PLS que permitan determinar el gradode molestado de los frutos en función de la energía del impacto. Los resultadosobtenidos ofrecen información útil sobre la incidencia de los daños y evolución delmolestado según el sistema de recolección, la variedad, temperatura, tiempo tras larecolección y energía del impacto. Por último, el escandallo digital mediante análisis deimágenes, la espectrofotometría de infrarrojo mediante la medida de la reflectancia y elíndice de molestado para aceituna de mesa presentado en este estudio, ha permitidoevaluar la calidad de la cosecha tras la recolección., Nowadays, table olives harvesting is realized by hand, which is a seriousproblem for the viability of olive farms and hence industries, because the high cost ofmanual harvesting leaves a narrow profit margin for the producers. In this scenario, theSpanish Association of table olive producers and industries (INTERACEITUNA) haspromoted a project for mechanical harvesting with trunk shakers of this cultivar.However, before doing that it is necessary to reduce bruise damage and study theharvesting system during the process to preserve fruit quality.The main objective of this research work has been to determine fruit qualityduring harvesting with trunk shakers by means of manual inspection, image analysisand VIS-NIR spectroscopy. In order to achieve this objective olive bruise has beenquantified, susceptibility to mechanical damage has been studied and PLS models havebeen developed to determine bruise damage in terms of impact energy. Usefulinformation about bruise incidence and bruise time evolution depending on harvestingsystem, variety, temperature, impact energy and time after harvesting has been obtained.Finally, bruise index by image analysis, infrared spectroscopy in reflectance mode andbruise reflectance index for table olives presented in this study allowed evaluating fruitquality after harvesting.

Published
2015

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