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Since the 1960s, the productive model of Málaga has been pointed toward tourism. The redevelopment of the historic centre of the city and the increasing specialization of some areas in services linked to tourism have created several negative consequences on the habitability and the identity of those areas. This work aims at developing a methodology that allows measuring, individually, the spatial influence and intensity of gentrification and touristification. The final goal is join together both urban processes in a map, also including the evolution of their variables over time. The method allows delimiting areas where both processes overlap. The results show a strong gentrification and touristification in the historic centre of Málaga, also observed along the main road axis and the coastline. In addition, touristification is higher in the areas adjacent to the historic centre whereas gentrification is observed in squares with special architectural characteristics., La ciudad de Málaga ha ido orientando su modelo productivo hacia el turismo durante algo más de un siglo. La remodelación del centro histórico y la creciente especialización de parte de la ciudad en los servicios vinculados al turismo han generado una serie de externalidades negativas en la habitabilidad y la identidad de determinados espacios urbanos de la ciudad. Por ello, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal elaborar una metodología que permita medir por separado la distribución espacial e intensidad de los procesos de gentrificación y turistificación, para trasladarlo finalmente a una cartografía que integre ambos fenómenos urbanos, considerando la evolución temporal en muchas de las variables. Los resultados permiten identificar dónde se solapan ambos procesos y, además, posibilita el diagnóstico de su evolución espacial. La metodología permite concluir que ha habido un proceso de gentrificación y turistificación intensos en el centro de Málaga, con una expansión de forma continua hacia los principales ejes viarios y el litoral, distinguiéndose una mayor prevalencia de la turistificación en las coronas que rodean al centro histórico y un proceso de gentrificación en núcleos con un carácter arquitectónico particular.

El Centro Histórico de Málaga ha estado sufriendo una serie de profundas transfor-maciones arquitectónicas, funcionales y sociales en las últimas décadas. Estos proce-sos no han sido analizados aún de forma sistemática, pese a que el estudio de los procesos urbanos como el de la gentrificación es un tema de máxima actualidad. Este trabajo pretende determinar si el Centro Histórico de Málaga ha presentado un proceso de gentrificación desde el último tercio del siglo XX hasta inicios del siglo XXI. Se ha procedido a la obtención de una serie de indicadores demográficos, socioeconómicos e inmobiliarios y al análisis de los mismos. Los resultados obtenidos indican la existencia de un proceso de gentrificación avanzado. Este estudio estable-ce la base para una vía de investigación más amplia de este espacio urbano malagueño., The Historic Center of Malaga has been undergoing a series of profound architectur-al, functional and social transformations in recent decades. These processes have not yet been systematically analysed, despite the fact that the study of urban pro-cesses such as gentrification is a very present field of academic research. This work aims to determine if the Historic Center of Malaga has presented a gentrification process from the last third of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century. The results were obtained and analysed on the basis of a selection of demographic, socio-economic and property indicators that facilitate the identification of this urban phenomenon. The results obtained indicate the existence of an advanced gentrifica-tion process. This study establishes the basis for a broader avenue of investigation of this Malaga urban space.

The present research analyses the epidemiological bases, the methodology approach and the utility of the Geo-Covid Cartographic Platform to face COVID-19 transmission at an intra-urban scale. Geo-Covid is based on the study of the main drawbacks and limitations of the current risk maps, and the proposed hazard mapping methodology is presented as an alternative approach with a high spatial-temporal accuracy. It is based on 1) the map of neighborhood active focuses of contagion, which are classified according to several hazard indexes, 2) the map of highly-transited areas by potential asymptomatic positives cases and 3) the map of Points of Maximum Risk of contagion. In order to test the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for mapping COVID-19 hazard and risk, it has been applied to Málaga City (Spain) during several stages of the epidemic in the city (2020 and 2021). The neighborhood focus of contagion is proposed as the basic spatial unit for the epidemiological diagnosis and the implementation of mitigation and control measures. After the analysis, it has been concluded that the proposed methodology, and thus, the maps included in the Geo-Covid Cartographic Platform allow a realistic and rigorous analysis of the spatial distribution of the epidemic in real-time., El artículo recoge los fundamentos epidemiológicos, la metodología y las utilidades de la plataforma cartográfica Geo-Covid para la lucha frente a la trasmisión de la Covid-19 a nivel intraurbano. Tras un análisis de las principales carencias en el ámbito de la cartografía de riesgo a nivel vecinal, y de los fallos que inducen a un diagnóstico erróneo del patrón de trasmisión en la ciudad, se propone como complemento y alternativa una cartografía de peligrosidad de máximo detalle espacial y temporal, que se basa en el Mapa de Focos de contagio vecinal activos, gradado según distintos indicadores de peligrosidad. El catálogo cartográfico de peligrosidad de Geo-Covid se complementa con el Mapa de áreas de máximo tránsito de potenciales positivos asintomáticos, así como el de Puntos de máximo riesgo de contagio. La metodología cartográfica propuesta se aplica a distintos momentos de afección de la pandemia a la ciudad de Málaga (2020 y 2021). Se concluye que la plataforma cartográfica propuesta en el artículo (Geo-Covid) permite un análisis realista y riguroso de la distribución espacial natural de la epidemia en tiempo real. El foco de contagio vecinal se propone como unidad básica para el diagnóstico epidemiológico y la acción contra el contagio.

[EN] Housing prices are influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. This study aims to highlight the economic impact of the perceived landscape on single-family houses prices in a Spanish Mediterranean urban area (Marbella). Considering the landscape an important added value in real estate markets, this study also explores the landscape elements that contribute the most to the value of housing. A particularly positive influence of mixed views (urban elements and Mediterranean scrub) and sea views is detected in the analysis. Sea views are highly requested in the local housing market, but due to the graded topographical layout of Marbella, it is not very difficult to have sea views for houses. The low importance of views on natural land areas is worth noting when one of the attractions of this municipality is that of a highly valued Mediterranean natural environment. Views on the old town centre are somewhere in between: although the old town centre is highly regarded, with a generally good state of preservation, the sampled properties have poorer quality perspectives, with reduced visual basins and views centred on the foreground, usually the houses opposite.

[EN] Since the 1960s, the productive model of Málaga has been pointed toward tourism. T he redevelopment of the historic centre of the city and the increasing specialization of some areas in services linked to tourism have created several negative consequences on the habitability and the identity of those areas. This work aims at developing a methodology that allows measuring, individually, the spatial influence and intensity of gentrification and touristification. The final goal is join together both urban processes in a map, also including the evolution of their variables over time. The method allows delimiting areas where both processes overlap. The results show a strong gentrification and touristification in the historic centre of Málaga, also observed along the main road axis and the coastline. In addition, touristification is higher in the areas adjacent to the historic centre whereas gentrification is observed in squares with special architectural characteristics., [ES] La ciudad de Málaga ha ido orientando su modelo productivo hacia el turismo durante algo más de un siglo. La remodelación del centro histórico y la creciente especialización de parte de la ciudad en los servicios vinculados al turismo han generado una serie de externalidades negativas en la habitabilidad y la identidad de determinados espacios urbanos de la ciudad. Por ello, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal elaborar una metodología que permita medir por separado la distribución espacial e intensidad de los procesos de gentrificación y turistificación, para trasladarlo finalmente a una cartografía que integre ambos fenómenos urbanos, considerando la evolución temporal en muchas de las variables. Los resultados permiten identificar dónde se solapan ambos procesos y, además, posibilita el diagnóstico de su evolución espacial. La metodología permite concluir que ha habido un proceso de gentrificación y turistificación intensos en el centro de Málaga, con una expansión de forma continua hacia los principales ejes viarios y el litoral, distinguiéndose una mayor prevalencia de la turistificación en las coronas que rodean al centro histórico y un proceso de gentrificación en núcleos con un carácter arquitectónico particular.

[ES] La comunicación se marca como objetivo identificar y caracterizar tipologías territoriales y paisajísticas de urbanismo disperso rural (rural sprawl), como paso previo al diseño de propuestas de actuación para la recuperación paisajística de estos espacios. Esta modalidad urbanizadora se ha expandido notablemente en las últimas décadas en ámbitos rurales cercanos al litoral mediterráneo, respondiendo a procesos como el turismo residencial o la segunda residencia. Las áreas de estudio seleccionadas se corresponden con varios municipios de la comarca de la Axarquía, en la provincia de Málaga, representativos de las diferentes intensidades alcanzadas por este fenómeno así como de su diversidad funcional. Para la identificación de tipologías se analizarán tanto los elementos constructivos como otros componentes territoriales significativos, especialmente las infraestructuras., [EN] The aim of the communication is to identify and characterize territorial and landscape typologies of rural sprawl, as a preliminary step in the design of action proposals for the landscape recovery of these spaces. This urbanization modality has expanded considerably in recent decades in rural areas near the Mediterranean coast, responding to processes such as residential tourism or the second residence. The study area selected corresponds to Viñuela, a municipality in the region of Axarquía, in the province of Malaga, representative of the intensity reached by this phenomenon as well as its functional diversity. For the identification of typologies, both the construction elements and other significant territorial components, especially infrastructures, will be analyzed.

[EN] The assessment of vulnerability to the danger of flooding, with a focus on the need for rescue and assistance from the population, is still in an exploratory scientific phase. The main objective of this research is to propose a methodology based on the issues of rescue and assistance in the face of the risk of floods and to provide a tool for its management. A series of maps is presented, indicating those territorial elements that require rescue and surveillance in a prioritized manner in a visual and accessible way for public administration. Four methodological cartographic proposals have been designed as follows: (1) a map of territory sectors with special rescue needs (dependent population and/or buildings without shelter); a map of the impact on transportation infrastructure and vulnerable areas of buildings (2); a map of vulnerability to possible disorder and looting caused by flooding events (3); and a map of the increase in the cost of deployment for rescue and assistance systems (4). As an experimental zone to test the effectiveness of these proposals, a peri-urban area of the municipality of Málaga (Spain) is chosen, which has an extensive history of severe floods. The results confirm the applied and preventive nature of the tool, which can be incorporated into flood risk management plans and local flood risk action plans developed by public administrations. The main finding of the research is the technical advancement that comes with a precise understanding of vulnerability and its resulting issues for better flood risk management.

[EN] The present research analyses the epidemiological bases, the methodology approach and the utility of the Geo-Covid Cartographic Platform to face COVID-19 transmission at an intra-urban scale. Geo-Covid is based on the study of the main drawbacks and limitations of the current risk maps, and the proposed hazard mapping methodology is presented as an alternative approach with a high spatial-temporal accuracy. It is based on 1) the map of neighborhood active focuses of contagion, which are classified according to several hazard indexes, 2) the map of highlytransited areas by potential asymptomatic positives cases and 3) the map of Points of Maximum Risk of contagion. In order to test the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for mapping COVID-19 hazard and risk, it has been applied to Málaga City (Spain) during several stages of the epidemic in the city (2020 and 2021). The neighborhood focus of contagion is proposed as the basic spatial unit for the epidemiological diagnosis and the implementation of mitigation and control measures. After the analysis, it has been concluded that the proposed methodology, and thus, the maps included in the Geo-Covid Cartographic Platform allow a realistic and rigorous analysis of the spatial distribution of the epidemic in real-time., [ES] El artículo recoge los fundamentos epidemiológicos, la metodología y las utilidades de la plataforma cartográfica Geo-Covid para la lucha frente a la trasmisión de la Covid-19 a nivel intraurbano. Tras un análisis de las principales carencias en el ámbito de la cartografía de riesgo a nivel vecinal, y de los fallos que inducen a un diagnóstico erróneo del patrón de trasmisión en la ciudad, se propone como complemento y alternativa una cartografía de peligrosidad de máximo detalle espacial y temporal, que se basa en el Mapa de Focos de contagio vecinal activos, gradado según distintos indicadores de peligrosidad. El catálogo cartográfico de peligrosidad de Geo-Covid se complementa con el Mapa de áreas de máximo tránsito de potenciales positivos asintomáticos, así como el de Puntos de máximo riesgo de contagio. La metodología cartográfica propuesta se aplica a distintos momentos de afección de la pandemia a la ciudad de Málaga (2020 y 2021). Se concluye que la plataforma cartográfica propuesta en el artículo (Geo-Covid) permite un análisis realista y riguroso de la distribución espacial natural de la epidemia en tiempo real. El foco de contagio vecinal se propone como unidad básica para el diagnóstico epidemiológico y la acción contra el contagio.

[EN] Natural lighting is a fundamental element in the habitability of dwellings. However, it is still difficult to calculate its effect on the façades of the buildings in detail, due to the morphological complexity of the property itself, as well as the environment that surrounds it. This study provides a methodological proposal that uses pre-existing open data to extrude buildings by using a GIS procedure. Based on three selected real estate properties with different characteristics in the city of Marbella (Spain), the hours of sunlight received by each building’s façade are calculated, taking into account the digital land model and the digital surface model of the area. The results confirm the usefulness of the method to measure and analyze differences in luminosity between buildings with similar urban characteristics and their surroundings, as well as to record the differences in luminosity between floors and the orientations of the same building at several heights. The methodological proposal opens a path for many applications related to energy efficiency, housing conditions, and property valuation.

[ES] Se analiza la presencia de contenidos paisajísticos en la publicidad inmobiliaria gráfica en el litoral de la provincia de Málaga durante el periodo conocido como desarrollista, las décadas de los años 60 y 70 del pasado siglo, la etapa de mayor expansión inmobiliaria de esta franja costera. Como fuente se ha utilizado la prensa escrita, concretamente el diario de mayor difusión en la provincia. La metodología ha seguido las siguientes fases: delimitación temporal del muestreo, criterios de selección de anuncios inmobiliarios, recopilación de anuncios, análisis de la presencia del paisaje en los anuncios, evolución temporal y distribución espacial del protagonismo paisajístico y, finalmente, comparación del paisaje incluido en los anuncios y el existente en la realidad. Los resultados preliminares nos señalan la presencia relevante de contenidos paisajísticos en la publicidad inmobiliaria desde fechas tempranas, especialmente en espacios vinculados con el desarrollo turístico y en áreas de elevado nivel socioeconómico. Como principal conclusión se considera que el análisis a gran escala de la publicidad inmobiliaria constituye una fuente relevante para analizar la percepción del paisaje en los procesos de expansión urbana, incluso en una época en la que el paisaje no constituía aún una materia de conocimiento técnico y científico., [EN] The presence of landscape content in graphic real estate advertising on the coast of the province of Malaga is analyzed, during the period known as development, the decades of the 60s and 70s of the last century, the stage of greatest real estate expansion of this coastal strip. The written press has been used as a source, specifically the newspaper with the largest circulation in the province. The methodology has followed the following phases: delimitation of the temporal sampling, selection criteria for real estate advertisements, compilation of advertisements, analysis of the presence of the landscape in the advertisements, temporal evolution of the landscape role and, finally, verification between the landscape included in the announcements and the existing one in reality. Preliminary results indicate the relevant presence of landscape content in real estate advertising from early dates, especially in spaces linked to tourism development and in areas of high socioeconomic status. As a main conclusion, it is considered that the large-scale analysis of real estate advertising constitutes a relevant source to analyze the perception of the landscape in the processes of urban expansion, even at a time when the landscape was not yet a matter of technical knowledge and scientist.

[EN] After the extraction of sulfide minerals such as galena, sphalerite and pyrite for decades, the abandoned minesites are a sort of mosaic of different substrates related with the different activities carried out on mineral management and processing. After the exploitation time, a slow but steady natural colonization starts by a select group of species, resilient enough to the very harsh conditions. The presence of high levels of heavy metals, acidic pH and a poor water retention are the key limiting factors. The list of the species and their specific role in the colonization strategies have been studied with the aim of determining the physiological or ecological mechanisms involved in overcoming the environmental restrictions. Phragmites australis can be considered as a pioner species, colonizing first the substrate and creating the necessary conditions for other species to stablish themselves in the area. This species creates a shallow network of rhizomes that allows the accumulation of resources (organic matter, finer mineral particles, etc.) that will ease the germination and growth of other species, specially Retama sphaerocarpa. We have observed some interspecific strategies that lead to the improvement of edaphic conditions, increasing the organic matter content, favoring compaction, water retention and some enzymatic activities linked to microbial activity. This study draws predictions on the hypothetical ability to gerenate resources by plants and how different soil types alter plant strategies to achieve a sustainable plant cover, despite trenchant environmental constraints.The general objective of this study is to gather knowledge to understand the relationship between soil properties and species distribution in harsh environment.