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Buskia socialis Hincks, 1887 (Figs 3–5) Buskia socialis Hincks 1887: 310, pl. 9, fig. 7; Marcus 1937: 143, pl. 28, fig. 77B, pl. 29, fig. 77A; Prenant & Bobin 1956: 310, fig. 141; Gordon & Mawatari 1992: 14, fig. 2G; Vieira et al. 2008: 9; Schwindt et al. 2020: 15. Material examined. MACN-In 35765. April, 1968, Mar del Plata harbour, collected by Ricardo Bastida, identified by Analía Amor. MACN-In 43871, San Antonio Este harbour, December 6, 2016, collected by Karen Castro. Description. Colony erect, flexible, yellowish, up to 3 cm long. Branching opposite or alternate. Stolon diameter about 104 µm near the apex of the branches, to about 237 µm in older parts of the colony. Retracted zooids flaskshaped, disposed in two longitudinal series along the stolon, about 521–778 µm long and 176–212 µm wide, with proximal end widened and recumbent on the stolon, and anterior end narrower and raised. Insertion point of the zooid on the stolon near the base. The lateral edges near the proximal end of the zooid may be produced into one or two projections adjacent to the stolon. Remarks. Although Mar del Plata harbour has been intensively sampled, B. socialis was not found again there after 1968. The species was not mentioned in a comprehensive study of the bryozoans of three harbours of Buenos Aires Province (Lichtschein de Bastida & Bastida 1980). Buskia socialis is a widespread species and was previously found in Rio de Janeiro (Marcus 1937) and São Sebastião (Brazil), where it has been regarded as non-indigenous (Xavier et al. 2021). It should also be regarded as a NIS in Argentina, due to its global disjunct distribution and its restricted geographic range in the Southwest Atlantic. This record, together with the mention in Schwindt et al. (2020), confirms the establishment of B. socialis in Argentina. Distribution. Mediterranean Sea (Hincks 1887), Portugal (Reverter-Gil et al. 2014), Red Sea (Hastings 1927), Atlantic coast of the United States (Maturo 1968), Brazil (Marcus 1937; Xavier et al. 2021), Buenos Aires and Río Negro provinces (this study). Gordon & Mawatari (1992) suggest that its presence in New Zealand could be due to transport by recreational vessels., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 377-378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Hincks, T. (1887) The Polyzoa of the Adriatic: a supplement to Prof. Heller's ' Die Bryozoen des adriatischen Meeres', 1867. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 19, 302 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938709460247","Marcus, E. (1937) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros, 1. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 1, 5 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1937.113912","Prenant, M. & Bobin, G. (1956) Bryozoaires. Premiere partie. Entoproctes, Phylactolemes, Ctenostomes. Faune de France, 60, 1 - 398.","Gordon, D. P. & Mawatari, S. F. (1992) Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. Miscellaneous Publications New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 52.","Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E. & Winston, J. E. (2008) Synopsis and annotated checklist of Recent marine Bryozoa from Brazil. Zootaxa, 1810 (1), 1 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1810.1.1","Schwindt, S., Carlton, J. T., Orensanz, J. M., Scarabino, F. & Bortolus, A. (2020) Past and future of the marine bioinvasions along the Southwestern Atlantic. Aquatic Invasions, 15, 11 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2020.15.1.02","Lichtschein de Bastida, V. & Bastida, R. (1980) Los briozoos de las comunidades incrustantes de puertos argentinos. In: Aritio, L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5 th Intermational Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Marine Biology, Barcelona, Spain. Graficas Orbe, Madrid, pp. 371 - 390.","Xavier, E. A., Almeida, A. C. S. & Vieira, L. M. (2021) The role of artificial habitats on fouling bryozoan fauna in the southwestern Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 167, 112310. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2021.112310","Reverter-Gil, O., Souto, J. & Fernandez-Pulpeiro, E. (2014) Annotated checklist of recent marine Bryozoa from continental Portugal. Nova Acta Cientifica Compostelana, Bioloxia, 21, 1 - 55.","Hastings, A. B. (1927) Zoological results of the Cambridge expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924. Report on the Polyzoa. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 22, 331 - 353. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1927. tb 00381. x","Maturo, F. J. S. (1968) The distributional pattern of the Bryozoa of the east coast of the United States exclusive of New England. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 108, 261 - 284."]}

Aetea cultrata Vieira, Almeida & Winston, 2016 (Figs 9–11) Aetea sica: Vieira et al. 2008: 12 (in part). Aetea cultrata Vieira et al., 2016: 64, figs 6–11. Material examined. MACN-In 43873, Storni pier, Puerto Madryn, October 27, 2016, collected by Karen Castro. Description. Colony creeping, uniserial, branching, delicate, consisting of an adnate basal portion and erect, distal, tubular stalks. Basal portion slightly punctate, about 269–438 µm long by 70–79 µm wide, expanded distally and tapering proximally. Erect stems about 395 µm long by 91 µm wide, with proximal cylindrical punctate portion. Frontal membrane occupying one side of the upper half of the stalk, with parallel lateral margins, about 175 µm long, with U-shaped proximal margin and straight distal end. One or two tubular, semi-erect zoeciules (kenozooids) may be present, arising from the lateral edges of the distal part of the attached creeping portion. Remarks. Aetea cultrata has been regarded as cryptogenic in Brazil (Xavier et al. 2021). This is its first record for Argentina, where it should also be considered cryptogenic based on its presence in fouling communities and its biogeographical and taxonomic history (see Carlton 1996). Its southern limit of distribution is here expanded by more than 21 degrees of latitude. The records of A. sica for Argentina (Amor & Pallares 1965; Schwindt et al. 2020) should be re-examined, as they could actually belong to A. cultrata (see Vieira et al. 2016). Distribution. Brazil (Vieira et al. 2008, 2016; Xavier et al. 2021), Florida, USA (Winston 1982), Chubut Province (this study).

Microeciella argentina López-Gappa and Liuzzi n. sp. (Figs 37–40) Holotype. MACN-In 43885, sublittoral Mytilus bank off Mar del Plata, depth unknown (35–50 m according to Penchaszadeh 1974), January 15, 1971. Paratypes. MACN-In 43886, Punta Pardelas, Chubut, on Aulacomya atra, collected by SCUBA diving by J. Callebaut, September 13, 1978. Additional material. MACN-In 20570, mouth of Río Negro, A. R.A. “ San Luis ”, July 6, 1932. MACN-In 43887, Storni pier, Puerto Madryn, October 27, 2016, collected by Karen Castro. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, thin, flat, initially fan-shaped, soon expanding by peripheral budding around its margin to attain an irregularly subcircular shape, maximum observed diameter 8 mm. Colour white when dried. Growing margin narrow, usually one generation of zooids visible at budding zone. Ancestrula only visible in young colonies, usually completely overgrown during astogeny; protoecium rounded, about 102 µm in diameter, with sparse, scattered pseudopores; distal tube elongate, strongly curved, about 344 µm long by 82 µm wide, aperture longitudinally elliptical, 83 by 48 µm, tilted to one side. Two distal zooids strongly curved to right and left budded from the ancestrula. Autozooids elongate, proximally indistinct; pseudopores scattered, teardrop-shaped, pointed distally, 5–6 µm wide. Apertures circular to longitudinally elliptical, 84–124 µm long by 65–80 µm wide, sometimes closed by pseudoporous diaphragms; peristomes low. One or more gonozooids near or at a certain distance from the margin of each colony; brood-chamber ovoidal to subcircular, elongate to wider than long (L/W 0.70–2.5), outline indented (but roof not crossed) by apertures of neighbouring autozooids; roof densely pseudoporous, with parallel wrinkles on its surface. Ooeciopore terminal, smaller than an autozooidal aperture, subcircular to transversely elliptical, 58 × 87 µm, erect or curved proximally. Remarks. A closely related species, M. suborbicularis (Hincks, 1880), has been recorded as a cenozoic fossil in Argentina. It has been mentioned for the early Paleocene (Danian, Roca Formation, Río Negro Province; Canu 1911), the late Oligocene (San Julián Formation, Santa Cruz Province; Canu 1904), and the early Miocene (Punta Borja, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chenque Formation, Chubut Province; Canu 1908) of Patagonia. The examination of the material from the Roca Formation identified by Canu (1911) as Diastopora (Berenicea) suborbiculari s (MACNPi 1885), however, shows that it is not conspecific with M. suborbicularis. One of the two colonies deposited in the MACN-Pi collection was reproductive. Its gonozooid differs from that of the Recent M. suborbicularis by being twice as wide as long, with its roof penetrated by autozooidal peristomes, as has been recently described for Platonea sp. from the Roca Formation (Brezina et al. 2021). A re-examination of the Oligocene and Miocene materials (Canu 1904, 1908) from Patagonia would be necessary to confirm their identity. Microeciella argentina n. sp. differs from M. suborbicularis, a well-known European species (see Harmelin 1976, as Microecia suborbicularis; Hayward & Ryland 1985a, b; De Blauwe 2009, as Eurystrotos compacta; Taylor & Zaton 2008), in the L/W ratio of the gonozooid (longer than wide in M. suborbicularis, longer than wide to wider than long in M. argentina n. sp.), in the shape of the brood chamber roof (draped back over the proximal frontal wall in M. suborbicularis, crossed by wrinkles in M. argentina n. sp.), and in the shape of the ancestrula (distal tube of the ancestrula straight in M. suborbicularis, strongly curved in M. argentina n. sp.). Genetic studies would help to better distinguish the two species. According to the material examined, M. argentina n. sp. is present in coastal localities of Río Negro and Chubut provinces at least since 1932, and in a sublittoral mussel bank off Buenos Aires Province since 1971. Distribution. Buenos Aires, Río Negro and Chubut provinces, Argentina (this study)., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 391-392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Penchaszadeh, P. E. (1974) Biologia del mejillon Mytilus platensis, su explotacion pesquera y perspectivas de cultivo de mitilidos en Argentina. FAO / Carpas, Simposio sobre Acuicultura en America Latina, Montevideo, Uruguay, SE / 16, 117 - 122.","Hincks, T. (1880) A history of the British Marine Polyzoa. Vol. 1. Van Voorst, London, 601 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31555","Canu, F. (1911) Iconographie des bryozoaires fossiles de l'Argentine. Deuxieme partie. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, Serie 3, 14, 214 - 288.","Canu, F. (1904) Les bryozoaires du Patagonien. Echelle des bryozoaires pour les terrains tertiaires. Memoires de la Societe Geologique de France, Paleontologie, 12, 1 - 30.","Canu, F. (1908) Iconographie des bryozoaires fossiles de l'Argentine. Premiere partie. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, Serie 3, 10, 245 - 341.","Brezina, S. S., Taylor, P. D., Romero, M. V., Palopolo, E. E. & Casadio, S. (2021) Upper Maastrichtian and Danian bryozoans from Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research, 125, 104845. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2021.104845","Harmelin, J. - G. (1976) Le sous-ordre des Tubuliporina (Bryozoaires Cyclostomes) en Mediterranee, ecologie et systematique. Memoires de l'Institute Oceanographique de Monaco, 10, 1 - 326.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1985 a) Systematic notes on some British Cyclostomata (Bryozoa). Journal of Natural History, 19, 1073 - 1078. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938500770671","De Blauwe, H. (2009) Mosdiertjes van de Zuidelijke bocht van de Noordzee: determinatiewerk voor Belgie en Nederland. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, Oostende, 445 pp.","Taylor, P. D. & Zaton, M. (2008) Taxonomy of the bryozoan genera Oncousoecia, Microeciella and Eurystrotos (Cyclostomata: Oncousoeciidae). Journal of Natural History, 42, 2557 - 2574. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930802277640"]}

Arachnidium fibrosum Hincks, 1880 (Fig. 2) Arachnidium fibrosum Hincks 1880: 511, pl. 71, figs 6, 7; Marcus 1938: 51, pl. 12, fig. 29A, pl. 11, fig. 29B; Marcus 1941: 27; Prenant & Bobin 1956: 226, fig. 99; Hayward 1985: 82, fig. 24; Vieira et al. 2008: 10; De Blauwe 2009: 60, figs 35–37. Material examined. MACN-In 32532, Monte Hermoso, September 23, 1981, collected by Claudia Bremec. MACN-In 42251, Ingeniero White harbour, September 4, 1984, 5 m, collected by Daniel Martínez. MACN-In 43869, Ingeniero White harbour, June 22, 2016, collected by Sandra Fiori. Description. Colony uniserial, adnate, branching, forming a dense network on the substrate. Autozooids expanded distally, irregular in outline, with a slender, tubular, proximal portion, producing up to eight buds. Orifice subterminal, on a papillate peristome. Buds consist of long, bifurcating cylindrical stolons which anastomose irregularly to form a network, sometimes giving rise to stellate bodies that seem to be aborted autozooids. Short, characteristic tapering filaments are common around the margins and on the frontal surface of the autozooids. Remarks. Due to its disjunct geographic distribution (see below), this species could be regarded as cryptogenic, i.e. a species that is not demonstrably native or exotic (Carlton 1996) in Argentina. This study expands its geographic range southwards by about 13 degrees of latitude, from Parana State (Brazil) to Monte Hermoso (Buenos Aires Province). Distribution. Europe (Hincks 1880; Prenant & Bobin 1956; Hayward 1985; De Blauwe 2009), Atlantic coast of United States (Maturo 1968), Brazil (Marcus 1938, 1941; Vieira et al. 2008), Buenos Aires Province (this study)., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 377, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Hincks, T. (1880) A history of the British Marine Polyzoa. Vol. 1. Van Voorst, London, 601 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 31555","Marcus, E. (1938) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros, 2. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Pauloi, 2, 1 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1938.113913","Marcus, E. (1941) Briozoarios marinhos do litoral paranaense. Arquivos do Museu Paranaense, 1, 7 - 36.","Prenant, M. & Bobin, G. (1956) Bryozoaires. Premiere partie. Entoproctes, Phylactolemes, Ctenostomes. Faune de France, 60, 1 - 398.","Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E. & Winston, J. E. (2008) Synopsis and annotated checklist of Recent marine Bryozoa from Brazil. Zootaxa, 1810 (1), 1 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1810.1.1","De Blauwe, H. (2009) Mosdiertjes van de Zuidelijke bocht van de Noordzee: determinatiewerk voor Belgie en Nederland. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, Oostende, 445 pp.","Carlton, J. T. (1996) Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology, 77, 1653 - 1655. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2265767","Maturo, F. J. S. (1968) The distributional pattern of the Bryozoa of the east coast of the United States exclusive of New England. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 108, 261 - 284."]}

Anguinella palmata van Beneden, 1845 (Figs 6–8) Anguinella palmata van Beneden 1845: 34, pl. 4, figs 18–24; Marcus 1937: 133, pl. 26, fig. 71a, b; 1941: 28, fig. 28; Hayward 1985: 92, fig. 29; Gordon & Mawatari 1992: 11, pl. 5A; Winston & Hayward 2012: 22, fig. 11; Vieira et al. 2014: 501, figs 46–48. Material examined. MACN-In 43872, Ingeniero White harbour, June 22, 2016, collected by Sandra Fiori. Description. Colony erect, about 4–5 cm high, flexible, forming grey-brown tufts, consisting of primary and secondary axes giving rise to tubular zooids that are slightly incurved towards the colony axis. Zooids elongate, about 748–1150 µm long and 131–174 µm diameter, cylindrical, opaque, merging without external differentiation into the branch axis; surface with a muddy texture due to the accretion of silt particles; internal anatomical details not visible. Remarks. This supposed globally distributed species probably comprises a cryptic species complex (Waeschenbach et al. 2015). Anguinella palmata has been regarded as cryptogenic in Brazil, where its main dispersal mechanism is by hull fouling (Miranda et al. 2018; Xavier et al. 2021). This is the first record of A. palmata for Argentina, where it should also be regarded as cryptogenic. Distribution. Europe (Hayward 1985), Atlantic coast of Africa (Cook 1985) and United States (Winston & Hayward 2012), New Zealand, Australia (Gordon & Mawatari 1992), Brazil (Marcus 1937; Vieira et al. 2014; Xavier et al. 2021) and Buenos Aires Province (this study). Gordon & Mawatari (1992) suggest that A. palmata was introduced in New Zealand by maritime traffic., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 379, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["van Beneden, P. J. (1845) Recherches sur l'anatomie, la physiologie et le developpement des Bryozoaires qui habitent la cote d'Ostende. Nouvelle Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-arts de Belgique, 18, 1 - 44.","Marcus, E. (1937) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros, 1. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 1, 5 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1937.113912","Gordon, D. P. & Mawatari, S. F. (1992) Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. Miscellaneous Publications New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 52.","Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 11, 1 - 180.","Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E. & Winston, J. E. (2014) Ctenostomatous Bryozoa from Sao Paulo, Brazil, with descriptions of twelve new species. Zootaxa, 3889 (4), 485 - 524. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3889.4.2","Waeschenbach, A., Vieira, L. M., Reverter-Gil, O., Souto-Derungs, J., Nascimento, K. B. & Fehlauer-Ale, K. H. (2015) A phylogeny of Vesiculariidae (Bryozoa, Ctenostomata) supports synonymization of three genera and reveals possible cryptic diversity. Zoologica Scripta, 44, 667 - 683. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12130","Miranda, A. A., Almeida, A. C. S. & Vieira, L. M. (2018) Non-native marine bryozoans (Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata) in Brazilian waters: Assessment, dispersal and impacts. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 130, 184 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2018.03.023","Xavier, E. A., Almeida, A. C. S. & Vieira, L. M. (2021) The role of artificial habitats on fouling bryozoan fauna in the southwestern Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 167, 112310. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2021.112310","Cook, P. L. (1985) Bryozoa from Ghana. A preliminary survey. Annales Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques, Tervuren, 238, 1 - 315."]}

Bugulina flabellata (Thompson in Gray, 1848) (Fig. 16) Bugula flabellata: Ryland, 1960: 82, figs 2A, B, 9A–C, pl. 2 A, D; Lichtschein de Bastida & Bastida 1980: 381, fig. 7; Gordon & Mawatari, 1992: 21, pl. 5E; Hayward & Ryland, 1998: 216, fig. 66; De Blauwe 2009: 220, figs 218–220. Material examined. MACN-In 43876, Comodoro Rivadavia harbour, April 25, 2019, collected by Mariana Abelando. Description. See Lichtschein de Bastida & Bastida (1980). Distribution. Widely distributed in warm and temperate waters of both hemispheres (Gordon & Mawatari 1992). Its presence in Brazil, however, has been regarded as doubtful (Vieira et al. 2008). Its local distribution includes Mar del Plata, Belgrano (Lichtschein de Bastida & Bastida 1980) and Comodoro Rivadavia (this study) harbours., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 382, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1848) List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Centroniae or radiated animals. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 173 pp.","Ryland, J. S. (1960) The British species of Bugula (Polyzoa). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 134, 65 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1960. tb 05919. x","Lichtschein de Bastida, V. & Bastida, R. (1980) Los briozoos de las comunidades incrustantes de puertos argentinos. In: Aritio, L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5 th Intermational Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Marine Biology, Barcelona, Spain. Graficas Orbe, Madrid, pp. 371 - 390.","Gordon, D. P. & Mawatari, S. F. (1992) Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. Miscellaneous Publications New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 52.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1998) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 1. Aeteoidea - Cribrilinoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna. New Series. No. 10. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury, pp. 1 - 366.","De Blauwe, H. (2009) Mosdiertjes van de Zuidelijke bocht van de Noordzee: determinatiewerk voor Belgie en Nederland. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, Oostende, 445 pp.","Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E. & Winston, J. E. (2008) Synopsis and annotated checklist of Recent marine Bryozoa from Brazil. Zootaxa, 1810 (1), 1 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1810.1.1"]}

Exochella moyanoi Ramalho & Calliari, 2015 (Figs 21–23) Exochella longirostris: Canu, 1908: 300, pl. VI, fig. 13; Marcus 1937: 82, fig. 43; 1941: 22, fig. 16; 1949: 1 (non E. longirostris Jullien, 1888). Exochella moyanoi Ramalho & Calliari, 2015: 578, fig. 6A−C. Material examined. MACN-Pi 1920, Holocene material identified by Canu (1908) as Exochella longirostris Jullien, Belgrano harbour (‘Puerto Militar’ in Canu 1908). MACN-In 32304, Mytilus bank, off Mar del Plata. MACN-In 32531, Mytilus bank, off Mar del Plata, January 15, 1971. MACN-In 43877, Storni pier, Puerto Madryn, October 27, 2016, collected by Karen Castro. Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial, usually closely adnate on hard substrates. Autozooids irregularly hexagonal, 335−431 × 246−373 µm, disposed quincuncially, separated by distinct sutures. Frontal shield slightly convex, smooth, with 11−13 marginal areolae separated by ridges converging towards the center; areolae initially rounded and conspicuous, then becoming more slit-like, their size restricted by increasing frontal calcification. Primary orifice D-shaped, with indistinct proximo-lateral condyles; proximal border slightly concave, without denticle. Oral spines 2−4, delicate, cylindrical, articulated, mostly absent, even in marginal autozooids. Peristome well-developed, with a medio-proximal prominent mucro flanked by two proximo-lateral concave spaces; bluntly triangular processes project from the lateral borders but do not fuse with the median mucro; secondary orifice barely longer than wide, 92−131 × 100−119 µm. Adventitious avicularia usually single, sometimes paired, developing from one of the marginal areolae, located mid-laterally, sometimes proximally; rostrum triangular, protruding, pointing towards the orifice of the neighbouring lateral or proximal autozooid; crossbar complete. Ovicell rounded, endozooidal, budding from the distal peristomial margin over the proximal frontal shield of the following zooid, visible only during early ontogeny, then completely covered by frontal calcification. Ancestrula tatiform, with ovoid opesia, gymnocyst granular, more developed proximally and ten delicate spines. Early astogeny with a first pair of zooids budded distolaterally. Remarks. Exochella longirostris Jullien, 1888, a common species in the Magellanic Region, differs from E. moyanoi in its slightly larger zooids, coarsely nodular frontal shield and more slender adventitious avicularia (see Hayward 1991). The examination of Holocene (‘Postpampéen’) material from Puerto Belgrano identified as E. longirostris shows that it is identical with Recent material of E. moyanoi. In the Bahía Blanca estuary, the marine transgression occurred during the middle-late Holocene, after 7,500 yr B.P. (Aliotta & Farinati 1990). Its presence in Argentina before the arrival of European maritime traffic shows that E. moyanoi is a warm-temperate native species reaching its southern limit of distribution at Chubut province, Argentina. This study expands its geographic distribution southwards by about 5 degrees of latitude. Distribution. Brazil, from Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul (Vieira et al. 2008, as E. longirostris; Ramalho & Calliari 2015), Buenos Aires and Chubut provinces (this study); Holocene of Belgrano harbour, Buenos Aires Province (Canu, 1908)., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 383, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Ramalho, L. V. & Calliari, L. (2015) Bryozoans from Rio Grande do Sul continental shelf, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa, 3955 (4), 569 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3955.4.8","Canu, F. (1908) Iconographie des bryozoaires fossiles de l'Argentine. Premiere partie. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, Serie 3, 10, 245 - 341.","Marcus, E. (1937) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros, 1. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 1, 5 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1937.113912","Jullien, J. (1888) Bryozoaires. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn 1882 - 1883, 6, 1 - 92.","Hayward, P. J. (1991) Systematic studies on some Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Ascophora (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 101, 299 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1991. tb 00655. x","Aliotta, S. & Farinati, E. (1990) Stratigraphy of Holocene sand-shell ridges in the Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina. Marine Geology, 94, 353 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0025 - 3227 (90) 90064 - Q","Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E. & Winston, J. E. (2008) Synopsis and annotated checklist of Recent marine Bryozoa from Brazil. Zootaxa, 1810 (1), 1 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1810.1.1"]}

Stephanollona boreopacifica Yang, Seo & Gordon, 2018 (Figs 33–36) Stephanollona boreopacifica Yang et al. 2018: 510, figs 32–34. Material examined. MACN-In 43884, San Antonio Este harbour, November 29, 2018, collected by Evangelina Schwindt. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, mostly unilaminar, but frontal budding may occur in central areas of large colonies.Autozooids with clear boundaries and regularly oriented only near the growing edge; with indistinct limits and unordered in central areas of mature colonies. Frontal shield nodular, surrounded by 7–14 marginal areolar pores. Orifice cleithridiate; distal and lateral rims of anter beaded; sinus broadly U-shaped; condyles on sloping proximolateral shoulders of anter. Oral spines 5–6, long, cylindrical, only their basis remaining in ovicellate zooids. Avicularia adventitious, dimorphic, 1–2 per zooid, absent near the growing edge; avicularian cystid swollen, protruding. Smaller avicularia oval, obliquely orientated, with serrated rostral rim, thin crossbar, and ligula on rostral side of crossbar. Larger avicularia directed disto-laterally, rostrum elongate-triangular with rounded tip and extensive palatal shelf; opesial foramen semicircular; rostral foramen triangular, bordered by smooth cryptocyst, with a relatively long ligula projecting from the crossbar. Ooecium initially recumbent on distal zooid, its shape later obscured by secondary calcification, with rounded triangular frontal tabula and very short labellum; associated avicularia may occur on the ooecium in central parts of mature colonies. Ancestrula not seen. Remarks. Stephanollona boreopacifica was previously known only from its original description. The disjunct geographic distribution and the appearance in a fouling assemblage of a Patagonian harbour suggests that this species should be regarded as a NIS that probably arrived in Argentina by maritime traffic. Distribution. South Korea (Yang et al. 2018), Río Negro Province, Argentina (this study). This is the first record of the species for the Southern Hemisphere and the Atlantic Ocean., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on pages 389-391, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Yang, H. J., Seo, J. E. & Gordon, D. P. (2018) Sixteen new generic records of Korean Bryozoa from southern coastal waters and Jeju Island, East China Sea: evidence of tropical affinities. Zootaxa, 4422 (4), 493 - 518. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4422.4.3"]}

Fenestrulina delicia Winston, Hayward & Craig, 2000 (Fig. 28) Fenestrulina delicia Winston, Hayward & Craig, 2000: 417, figs 13–15; De Blauwe 2009: 386, figs 415–417. Wasson & De Blauwe 2014: 2, figs 2, 3; López-Gappa & Liuzzi 2016: 510, fig. 2a-d. Material examined. MACN-In 43879, Storni pier, Puerto Madryn, October 27, 2016, collected by Karen Castro. Description. See Winston et al. (2000) and López-Gappa & Liuzzi (2016). Remarks. The dispersion of F. delicia from Quequén to other Argentine harbours was predicted by LópezGappa & Liuzzi (2016). In Puerto Madryn the species has not yet attained the high frequency that it had in Quequén harbour in 2012–2013. Distribution. Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America (Winston et al. 2000; Dick et al. 2005), Europe (De Blauwe 2009; Wasson & De Blauwe 2014), Quequén harbour (López-Gappa & Liuzzi 2016) and Chubut Province, Argentina (this study)., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Winston, J. E., Hayward, P. J. & Craig, S. F. (2000) Marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: New and problem species. In: Herrera-Cubilla, A. & Jackson, J. B. C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11 th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archeology, Balboa, pp. 412 - 420.","De Blauwe, H. (2009) Mosdiertjes van de Zuidelijke bocht van de Noordzee: determinatiewerk voor Belgie en Nederland. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, Oostende, 445 pp.","Wasson, B. & De Blauwe, H. (2014) Two new records of cheilostome Bryozoa from British waters. Marine Biodiversity Records, 7, e 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267214001213","Lopez-Gappa, J. & Liuzzi, M. G. (2016) High density of the alien bryozoan Fenestrulina delicia in the fouling assemblage of a South American harbour (Argentina). Marine Biodiversity, 46, 509 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 015 - 0380 - 2","Dick, M. H., Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, S. F. (2005) Intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) of Ketchikan, Alaska. Journal of Natural History, 39, 3687 - 3784. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930500415195"]}

Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 15) Sertularia neritina Linnaeus, 1758: 815. Bugula neritina: Lichtschein de Bastida & Bastida 1980: 380, fig. 6; Gordon & Mawatari 1992: 21, pl. 2G, 5F; Hayward & Ryland, 1998: 220, fig. 68; Giachetti et al. 2020: Table S1. Material examined. MACN-In 43875, Comodoro Rivadavia harbour, April 25, 2019, collected by Mariana Abelando. Description. See Lichtschein de Bastida & Bastida (1980). Remarks. Molecular studies have found that B. neritina is a complex of cryptic species (McGovern & Hellberg 2003; Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2013) which still have not been assigned species names (McCann et al. 2019). Distribution. One of the commonest members of fouling assemblages throughout the world, except in polar and subpolar regions (Gordon & Mawatari 1992). Widely recorded in harbours and marinas of Brazil, where it has been regarded as a non-indigenous species (Xavier et al. 2021). Its local distribution includes Mar del Plata, Belgrano (Lichtschein de Bastida & Bastida 1980), Puerto Madryn (Giachetti et al. 2020) and Comodoro Rivadavia (this study) harbours, as well as the Malvinas / Falkland Islands (Hastings 1943), where it is also regarded as a NIS (Schwindt et al. 2020)., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systemae naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differetiis, synonymis, locis. 10 th Edition. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 795 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Lichtschein de Bastida, V. & Bastida, R. (1980) Los briozoos de las comunidades incrustantes de puertos argentinos. In: Aritio, L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5 th Intermational Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Marine Biology, Barcelona, Spain. Graficas Orbe, Madrid, pp. 371 - 390.","Gordon, D. P. & Mawatari, S. F. (1992) Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. Miscellaneous Publications New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 52.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1998) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 1. Aeteoidea - Cribrilinoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna. New Series. No. 10. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury, pp. 1 - 366.","Giachetti, C. B., Battini, N., Castro, K. L. & Schwindt, E. (2020) Invasive ascidians: How predators reduce their dominance in artificial structures in cold temperate areas. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 533, 151459. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2020.151459","McGovern, T. M. & Hellberg, M. E. (2003) Cryptic species, cryptic endosymbionts, and geographical variation in chemical defenses in the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Molecular Ecology, 12, 1207 - 1215. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2003.01758. x","Fehlauer-Ale, K. H., Mackie, J. A., Lim-Fong, G. E., Ale, E., Pie, M. R. & Waeschenbach, A. (2013) Cryptic species in the cosmopolitan Bugula neritina complex (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Zoologica Scripta, 43, 193 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12042","McCann, L. D., McCuller, M. I., Carlton, J. T., Keith, I., Geller, J. B. & Ruiz, G. M. (2019) Bryozoa (Cheilostomata, Ctenostomata, and Cyclostomata) in Galapagos Island fouling communities. Aquatic Invasions, 14, 85 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2019.14.1.04","Xavier, E. A., Almeida, A. C. S. & Vieira, L. M. (2021) The role of artificial habitats on fouling bryozoan fauna in the southwestern Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 167, 112310. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2021.112310","Hastings, A. B. (1943) Polyzoa (Bryozoa) I. Scrupocellariidae, Epistomiidae, Farciminariidae, Bicellariellidae, Aeteidae, Scrupariidae. Discovery Reports, 22, 301 - 510.","Schwindt, S., Carlton, J. T., Orensanz, J. M., Scarabino, F. & Bortolus, A. (2020) Past and future of the marine bioinvasions along the Southwestern Atlantic. Aquatic Invasions, 15, 11 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2020.15.1.02"]}

Smittoidea spinigera (Liu, 1990) (Figs 30–32) Smittina spinigera Liu, 1990: 122, fig. 2a–d. Smittoidea spinigera: Liu, Yin & Ma 2001: 614, pl. 53, figs 1–3; McCuller & Carlton 2018: 155, fig. S23; Liuzzi et al. 2018: 218; Schwindt et al. 2020: 15. Smittoidea sp.: Schwindt et al. 2014: Table S1. Material examined. MACN-In 43883, San Antonio Este harbour, October 10, 2005, collected by Evangelina Schwindt. MACN-In 43882, Ingeniero White harbour, June 22, 2016, collected by Sandra Fiori. Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, multiserial, whitish.Autozooids subhexagonal, 232–368 × 171–277 µm, disposed quincuncially, separated by distinct sutures. Frontal shield convex, rugose, rising to a high peristome and a suboral avicularian umbo, with one series of 9–14 large marginal areolae separated by ridges. Primary orifice deep, obscured by the peristome, with 2–3 distal oral spines, only their bases persisting in ovicelled zooids; a pair of conspicuous, acute condyles pointing proximally and a lyrule ending laterally in two sharp points. Peristome with raised ridges and a proximal U-shaped sinus. A suboral avicularium directed proximally and obliquely upwards on the distal side of the umbo; rostrum blunt, crossbar complete, with a conspicuous ligula. A small rounded pore on each side of the suboral avicularium connects with the avicularian chamber. Ovicell hyperstomial, spherical, wider than long (144–175 × 166–198 µm), somewhat flattened frontally, not closed by the operculum, with a peripheral band of smooth ectooecium; entooecium pierced by 26–32 rounded or irregular pores with raised edges. Ancestrula tatiform, with proximal cryptocyst and nine delicate spines. Embryos orange. Remarks. Several authors have recorded Smittoidea prolifica Osburn (see original description in Osburn 1952) as introduced in The Netherlands (De Blauwe & Faasse 2004) and the German North Sea (Markert et al. 2016; Kind & Kuhlenkamp 2018). Thanks to the courtesy of Hans De Blauwe, we were able to compare our material with SEM images of S. prolifica from the Netherlands. Our material differs from S. prolifica in the ligula of the suboral avicularium (present in S. spinigera, absent in S. prolifica), in the orientation of the suboral avicularium (perpendicular to the frontal shield in S. prolifica, oblique in S. spinigera), and also in the pores of the ovicell (with raised margins in S. spinigera, with smooth margins in S. prolifica). Smittoidea sp. of Schwindt et al. (2014) is the specimen of San Antonio Este stored at MACN-In 43883. Smittoidea spinigera was not found again at this harbour in 2018, whose pilings are now heavily populated by the introduced solitary ascidian Styela clava (Herdman) (Pereyra et al. 2017; Castro et al. 2021). Distribution. China (Liu 1990; Liu et al. 2001 and references therein), Buenos Aires and Río Negro provinces (this study, and previous reports in Schwindt et al. 2014, 2020; Liuzzi et al. 2018). Although it was found on marine debris transported to the Hawaiian Islands and the NE Pacific by the 2011 tsunami that was generated by the Great East Japan Earthquake (McCuller & Carlton 2018), this is the first record of S. spinigera established in coastal areas beyond its area of origin., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 389, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Liu, X. (1990) Three new cheilostome bryozoans from the coasts of Shandong and Zhejiang provinces. Studia Marina Sinica, 31, 121 - 128.","Liu, X., Yin, X. & Ma, J. (2001) Biology of marine-fouling bryozoans in the coastal waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp.","McCuller, M. I. & Carlton, J. T. (2018) Transoceanic rafting of Bryozoa (Cyclostomata, Cheilostomata, and Ctenostomata) across the North Pacific Ocean on Japanese tsunami marine debris. Aquatic Invasions, 13, 137 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2018.13.1.11","Liuzzi, M. G., Lopez Gappa, J. & Schwindt, E. (2018) Hallazgo de una especie exotica del genero Smittoidea (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) en dos puertos argentinos. In: Libro de Resumenes X Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar. FCEyN- UBA, Buenos Aires, pp. 218.","Schwindt, S., Carlton, J. T., Orensanz, J. M., Scarabino, F. & Bortolus, A. (2020) Past and future of the marine bioinvasions along the Southwestern Atlantic. Aquatic Invasions, 15, 11 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2020.15.1.02","Schwindt, E., Lopez Gappa, J., Raffo, M. P., Tatian, M., Bortolus, A., Orensanz, J. M., Alonso, G., Diez, M. E., Doti, B., Genzano, G., Lagger, C., Lovrich, G., Piriz, M. L., Mendez, M. M., Savoya, V. & Sueiro, M. C. (2014) Marine fouling invasions in ports of Patagonia (Argentina) with implications for legislation and monitoring programs. Marine Environmental Research, 99, 60 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marenvres. 2014.06.006","Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America, part 2, Cheilostomata-Ascophora. Report of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14, 271 - 611.","De Blauwe, H. & Faasse, M. (2004) Smittoidea prolifica Osburn, 1952 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida), a Pacific bryozoan introduced to The Netherlands (Northeast Atlantic). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 74, 33 - 39.","Markert, A., Matsuyama, K., Rohde, S., Schupp, P. & Wehrmann, A. (2016) First record of the non-native Pacific bryozoan Smittoidea prolifica Osburn, 1952 at the German North Sea coast. Marine Biodiversity, 46, 717 - 723. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 015 - 0415 - 8","Kind, B. & Kuhlenkamp, R. (2018) Discovery of the non-indigenous bryozoan Smittoidea prolifica Osburn, 1952 near Helgoland: first record in 2011 for the German North Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 48, 1237 - 1240. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 016 - 0544 - 8","Pereyra, P. J., de la Barra, P., Gastaldi, M., Saad, J. F., Firstater, F. N. & Narvarte, M. A. (2017) When the tiny help the mighty: facilitation between two introduced species, a solitary ascidian and a macroalga in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Marine Biology, 164, 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 017 - 3202 - 1","Castro, K. L., Battini, N., Giachetti, C. B., Trovant, B., Abelando, M., Basso, N. G. & Schwindt, E. (2021) Early detection of marine invasive species following the deployment of an artificial reef: Integrating tools to assist the decision-making process. Journal of Environmental Management, 297, 113333. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jenvman. 2021.113333"]}

Callopora dumerilii (Audouin, 1826) (Figs 12–14) Flustra dumerilii Audouin, 1826: 240. Callopora dumerilii: Ryland 1965: 33, fig. 15b; Hayward & Ryland 1998: 160, figs 40, 42a; De Blauwe 2009: 194, figs 180, 181. Material examined. MACN-In 43874, Storni pier, Puerto Madryn, October 27, 2016, collected by Karen Castro. Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids oval, separated by deep grooves. Gymnocyst smooth, reduced, visible only on the proximo-lateral corners of the autozooid. Cryptocyst developed as a narrow and beaded raised border encircling the oval opesia. Four pointed and erect oral spines at the distal end of the autozooid. The proximal pair usually present, the distal pair absent or occluded in ovicelled zooids. Avicularia adventitious, sometimes absent, located proximo-laterally to the opesia, small, mounted on the gymnocyst, with a triangular pointed rostrum directed proximally or distally. Kenozooids scattered among the autozooids, with a peripheral, smooth gymnocyst and a well-developed beaded cryptocyst. Communication between autozooids by dietellae. Ovicell globular, spherical, ectooecium almost completely membranous, except for a narrow peripheral band; entooecium coarsely granular, with a reticulate appearance. Ancestrula tatiform, with ten delicate, erect spines. Remarks. Callopora dumerilii was found on the ribbed mussel, Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782). It was included by Ryland (1965) in his study of fouling bryozoans from European harbours. This is the first record of C. dumerilii for South America. Its disjoint geographic distribution and the appearance in the fouling assemblage of a Patagonian harbour suggests that it should be regarded as a NIS that probably arrived in Argentina by maritime traffic. Distribution. From Norway to Morocco and Madeira, the Mediterranean Sea (Hayward & Ryland 1998), Holland and Belgium (De Blauwe 2009) and Chubut Province (this study). Its presence in the Atlantic coast of North America is based on the records of Whiteaves (1901) for the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Osburn (1933) for Maine, and Maturo (1968) for the Atlantic coast of the United States, although the species was not included in the comprehensive study by Winston & Hayward (2012) on the bryozoans from Maine to Virginia. Callopora dumerilii has also been cited for remote archipelagos in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Tristan da Cunha (Waters 1888) and Amsterdam Island (Balavoine 1958), in both cases without descriptions or illustrations., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Audouin, J. V. (1826) Explication sommaire des planches de polypes de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, publiees par Jules-Cesar Savigny. In: Description de l'Egypte, ou receuil des observations et des recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'Expedition de l ' armee francaise ... Histoire naturelle. Vol. 1. Part 4. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris, pp. 1 - 339.","Ryland, J. S. (1965) Catalogue of main marine fouling organisms, vol 2: Polyzoa. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 83 pp.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1998) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 1. Aeteoidea - Cribrilinoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna. New Series. No. 10. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury, pp. 1 - 366.","De Blauwe, H. (2009) Mosdiertjes van de Zuidelijke bocht van de Noordzee: determinatiewerk voor Belgie en Nederland. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, Oostende, 445 pp.","Molina, J. I. (1782) Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili. Stamperia di S. Tommaso d'Aquino, Bologna, 367 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 62689","Whiteaves, J. F. (1901) Catalogue of the marine invertebrata of Eastern Canada. Polyzoa. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, pp. 91 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 216086","Osburn, R. C. (1933) The Bryozoa of the Mt. Desert region. In: Procter, W. (Ed.), Biological Survey of the Mount Desert region. Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 3 - 97.","Maturo, F. J. S. (1968) The distributional pattern of the Bryozoa of the east coast of the United States exclusive of New England. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 108, 261 - 284.","Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 11, 1 - 180.","Waters, A. W. (1888) Supplementary report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the Challenger, Zoology, 31, 1 - 41.","Balavoine, P. (1958) Bryozoaires recueillis a la Nouvelle Amsterdam par M. E. Aubert de la Rue en 1953. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie 2, 30, 300 - 301."]}

Hippothoa divaricata Lamouroux, 1821 (Figs 24–27) Hippothoa divaricata Lamouroux, 1821: 82, pl. 80, figs 15, 16; Moyano, 1986: 101, pl. 1; Hayward & Ryland, 1999: 86, figs 16, 17A, B. Material examined. MACN-In 43878, R / V Shinkai Maru, Campaign XI, Station 68, 48º27′ S, 65º27′ W, 103 m, March 5, 1979. MACN-In 43888, Storni pier, Puerto Madryn, October 27, 2016, collected by Karen Castro. Description. Colony encrusting, uniserial, branching, delicate. Each zooid usually gives rise to one distal and two disto-lateral zooids, the latter diverging from the parent zooid at oblique angles; sometimes there may also be two proximo-lateral branches. Zooids of three types: autozooids, female zooids and zooeciules. Autozooid length 522−765 µm, widest in the region of the disto-lateral buds, tapering distally and proximally, with a proximal slender cauda of variable length. Two distal septula give rise to the next autozooid in line. Three pairs of rounded pore chambers in the base of the lateral walls, two of them associated with buds. Autozooids and female zooids bearing a median longitudinal keel, which is the highest point of the frontal shield. Orifice longer than wide, placed beyond the highest point of the autozooid, slanted downwards towards the cauda of the next zooid; anter rounded, sinus Ushaped, condyles well-developed. Female zooids about the same size of autozooids, but with a shorter cauda; ovicell globular, bimucronate, with a pair of pseudopores in non-eroded specimens. Zooeciules small, narrow, elongated, arising from the usual budding sites of autozooids or female zooids; orifice ovate, distal.Ancestrula schizoporelloid, with smooth frontal shield, budding one distal, symmetric zooid. Remarks. The delicate colonies of H. divaricata were growing on the shells of the ribbed mussel, Aulacomya atra. The species was previously unknown in fouling assemblages (Ryland 1965; Gordon & Mawatari 1992; Harmelin 2014) and has not been found in Brazilian harbours and marinas (Miranda et al. 2018; Xavier et al. 2021). H. divaricata was recorded by Waters (1904) for Navarino Island in the Cape Horn region of southern Chile, but the specimen figured by him was collected in an Antarctic station. His Chilean material could actually belong to Neothoa patagonica (Busk, 1852a) or N. chiloensis (Moyano, 1982), two common uniserial Magellanic hippothoids. The material from Pernambuco, Brazil, identified as H. divaricata by Marcus (1939), was later regarded by Morris (1980) as belonging to a different species, H. brasiliensis, which lacks zooeciules and keeled autozooids. Despite extensive sampling in the Magellan region, Moyano (1986) only found H. divaricata in northern Chile. López Gappa (1985) also did not find this species in his study of the Hippothoidae from Ría Deseado, Santa Cruz Province. Our material seems identical to Moyano’s Chilean specimens, both having a schizoporelloid ancestrula which buds only one mid-distal autozooid. We agree with Moyano’s (1986) view in that Viviani (1977) may have dealt with more than one species in his records of H. divaricata for the whole Chilean coast. The New Zealand subspecies H. divaricata pacifica Gordon, 1984, was recently raised to full species rank by Gordon (2020). It is characterized by a kenozooidal ancestrula, which gives rise to one distal ecaudate and two proximo-lateral long-caudate autozooids. The presence of H. divaricata in a sample collected on the Patagonian shelf off Santa Cruz Province, at a depth of 103 m, suggests that this is a native species in Argentina. The morphology of the Southwest Atlantic material closely agrees with European descriptions of the species (e.g., Ryland & Gordon 1977; Hayward & Ryland 1999). However, its identification as H. divaricata is still not completely certain, as the ancestrula of the European material is unknown. Distribution. Chubut and Santa Cruz provinces, Patagonia (this study). Widely distributed in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean (Hayward & Ryland 1999). Records beyond this region are doubtful due to taxonomic uncertainties., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 386, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1821) Exposition methodique des genres de l'ordre des polypiers, avec leur description et celles des principales especes figurees dans 84 planches; les 63 premieres apartenant a l'Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes d'Ellis et Solander. V. Agasse, Paris, 115 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11328","Moyano, H. I. (1986) Bryozoa marinos chilenos VI. Cheilostomata Hippothoidae: South Eastern Pacific species. Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion, 57, 89 - 135.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2. Hippothooidea - Celleporoidea. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna. New Series. No. 14. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury, pp. 1 - 416.","Ryland, J. S. (1965) Catalogue of main marine fouling organisms, vol 2: Polyzoa. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 83 pp.","Gordon, D. P. & Mawatari, S. F. (1992) Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. Miscellaneous Publications New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 52.","Harmelin, J. - G. (2014) Alien bryozoans in the eastern Mediterranean Sea - new records from the coast of Lebanon. Zootaxa, 3893 (3), 301 - 338. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3893.3.1","Miranda, A. A., Almeida, A. C. S. & Vieira, L. M. (2018) Non-native marine bryozoans (Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata) in Brazilian waters: Assessment, dispersal and impacts. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 130, 184 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2018.03.023","Xavier, E. A., Almeida, A. C. S. & Vieira, L. M. (2021) The role of artificial habitats on fouling bryozoan fauna in the southwestern Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 167, 112310. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2021.112310","Waters, A. W. (1904) Bryozoa. Resultats du Voyage du S. V. ' Belgica', Zoologie. Expedition Antarctique Belge, 4, 1 - 114.","Busk, G. (1852 a) Catalogue of marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, I. Cheilostomata (part). Trustees of the British Museum, London, 54 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jcs. s 1 - 1.2.136 b","Moyano, H. I. (1982) Magellanic Bryozoa: Some ecological and zoogeographical aspects. Marine Biology, 67, 81 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00397097","Marcus, E. (1939) Bryozoarios Marinhos Brasileiros, 3. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 3, 111 - 353. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1939.114101","Morris, P. A. (1980) The bryozoan family Hippothoidae (Cheilostomata-Ascophora), with emphasis on the genus Hippothoa. Monograph Series of the Allan Hancock Foundation, No. 10, 1 - 115.","Lopez Gappa, J. (1985) Briozoos marinos de la Ria Deseado (Santa Cruz, Argentina). II. Familia Hippothoidae. Physis, Buenos Aires, Secc. A, 43, 51 - 63.","Viviani, C. A. (1977) Bryozoos del litoral chileno. Las especies del genero Hippothoa (Ascophora). Medio Ambiente, 2, 38 - 52.","Gordon, D. P. (1984) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata from the Kermadec Ridge. New Zealand Oceanographic Memoir, 91, 1 - 198.","Gordon, D. P. (2020) New Hippothoidae (Bryozoa) from Australasia. Zootaxa, 4750 (4), 451 - 476. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4750.4.1","Ryland, J. S. & Gordon, D. P. (1977) Some New Zealand and British species of Hippothoa (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 7, 17 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1977.10419334"]}

Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll, 1803) (Fig. 29) Eschara pallasiana Moll, 1803: 64, pl. 3, fig. 13. Cryptosula pallasiana: Ryland 1965: 72, fig. 34b; Lichtschein de Bastida & Bastida 1980: 384, figs 18–23; Gordon & Mawatari, 1992: 29, pl. 1A–C, pl. 3C, pl. 8C; Hayward & Ryland 1999: 194, figs 74C, 76; López-Gappa & Liuzzi 2018: 1164; Castro et al. 2020: 70. Material examined. MACN-In18244, Quequén harbour.MACN-In32387, Punta Pardelas.MACN-In37995/38084, Necochea. MACN-In 19538, Quequén harbour, March 1931. MACN-In 8575, Puerto Belgrano, April 11, 1956. MACN-In 35506/7, Mar del Plata, November 1, 1963. MACN-In 35397, Riacho Jabalí, San Blas, October 6, 1968. MACN-In 32270, Mar del Plata, 1976. MACN-In 32307, San Antonio Oeste, February 7, 1977. MACN-In 32311, Camarones Bay, February 10, 1977. MACN-In 32312, Caleta Valdés, February 14, 1977. MACN-In 43881, Storni pier, Puerto Madryn, October 27, 2016, collected by Karen Castro. MACN-In 43880, Puerto Deseado harbour, April 24, 2019, collected by Jessica Chiarandini Fiore. Description. See Lichtschein de Bastida & Bastida (1980), Gordon & Mawatari (1992) and Hayward & Ryland (1999). Remarks. Colonies of C. pallasiana were found on shells of the ribbed mussel, Aulacomya atra. This common bryozoan fouler had been previously recorded in the fouling assemblages of Mar del Plata, Quequén and Belgrano harbours (Lichtschein de Bastida & Bastida 1980; López-Gappa & Liuzzi 2018), and Nuevo Gulf (Castro et al. 2020). It is also common in coastal areas of Argentina, from Mar del Plata to Valdés Peninsula, but was not found in Puerto Deseado harbour by Schwindt et al. (2014). Hence, its appearance in this harbour seems to be relatively recent. According to the sample stored in MACN-In 19538, the species is present in Argentina at least since 1931. Distribution. Widespread around the world, particularly in ports and harbours (Gordon & Mawatari 1992). First recorded for Patagonia by Castro et al. (2020)., Published as part of López-Gappa, Juan, Liuzzi, María G., Castro, Karen L., Bobinac, Magalí & Schwindt, Evangelina, 2022, Fouling bryozoans in Argentine harbours (Southwest Atlantic): new records and the description of a new species, pp. 374-400 in Zootaxa 5205 (4) on page 388, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7307128, {"references":["Moll, J. P. C. von (1803) Eschara, ex zoophytorum, seu, phytozoorum ordine pulcherrimum ac notato dignissimum genus novis speciebus auctum, methodice descriptum et iconibus ad naturam delineatis illustratum. In Libraria Camesiniana, Vindobonae, 70 pp.","Ryland, J. S. (1965) Catalogue of main marine fouling organisms, vol 2: Polyzoa. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 83 pp.","Lichtschein de Bastida, V. & Bastida, R. (1980) Los briozoos de las comunidades incrustantes de puertos argentinos. In: Aritio, L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5 th Intermational Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Marine Biology, Barcelona, Spain. Graficas Orbe, Madrid, pp. 371 - 390.","Gordon, D. P. & Mawatari, S. F. (1992) Atlas of marine-fouling Bryozoa of New Zealand ports and harbours. Miscellaneous Publications New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 52.","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2. Hippothooidea - Celleporoidea. In: Barnes, R. S. K. & Crothers, J. H. (Eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna. New Series. No. 14. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury, pp. 1 - 416.","Lopez-Gappa, J. & Liuzzi, M. G. (2018) Recent discovery of non-indigenous bryozoans in the fouling assemblage of Quequen Harbour (Argentina, Southwest Atlantic). Marine Biodiversity, 48, 1159 - 1167. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 016 - 0561 - 7","Castro, K. L., Giachetti, C. B., Battini, N., Bortolus, A. & Schwindt, E. (2020) Cleaning by beaching: introducing a new alternative for hull biofouling management in Argentina. Aquatic Invasions, 15, 63 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2020.15.1.05","Schwindt, E., Lopez Gappa, J., Raffo, M. P., Tatian, M., Bortolus, A., Orensanz, J. M., Alonso, G., Diez, M. E., Doti, B., Genzano, G., Lagger, C., Lovrich, G., Piriz, M. L., Mendez, M. M., Savoya, V. & Sueiro, M. C. (2014) Marine fouling invasions in ports of Patagonia (Argentina) with implications for legislation and monitoring programs. Marine Environmental Research, 99, 60 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marenvres. 2014.06.006"]}

The risk of introducing weeds to new areas through grain (cereals, oilseeds and pulses) intended for processing or consumption is typically considered less than that from seed or plants for planting. However, within the range of end uses for grain, weed risk varies significantly and should not be ignored. In this paper, we discuss pathway risk analysis as a framework to examine the association of weed seeds with grain commodities throughout the production process from field to final end use, and present inspection sampling data for grain crops commonly imported to Canada. In the field, weed seed contamination of grain crops is affected by factors such as country of origin, climate, biogeography and production and harvesting practices. As it moves toward export, grain is typically cleaned at a series of elevators and the effectiveness and degree of cleaning are influenced by grain size, shape and density as well as by grade requirements. In cases where different grain lots are blended, uncertainty may be introduced with respect to the species and numbers of weed seed contaminants. During transport and storage, accidental spills and cross-contamination among conveyances may occur. At the point of import to Canada, inspection sampling data show that grain shipments contain a variety of contaminants including seeds of regulated weeds and species that represent new introductions. However, grain cleaning and processing methods tailored to end use at destination also affect the presence and viability of weed seeds. For example, grains that are milled or crushed for human use present a lower risk of introducing weed seeds to new environments than grains that undergo minimal or no processing for livestock feed, or screenings that are produced as a by-product of grain cleaning. Pathway risk analysis allows each of these stages to be evaluated in order to characterize the overall risk of introducing weeds with particular commodities, and guide regulatory decisions about trade and plant health.