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18 Pág. Departamento de ​Mejora Genética Animal, Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are essential players in HIV and HCV infections, as both viruses modulate cellular miRNAs and interact with the miRNA-mediated host response. We aim to analyze the miRNA profile of HIV patients with different exposure to HCV to explore specific signatures in the miRNA profile of PBMCs for each type of infection. We massively sequenced small RNAs of PBMCs from 117 HIV+ infected patients: 45 HIV+ patients chronically infected with HCV (HIV/HCV+), 36 HIV+ that spontaneously clarified HCV after acute infection (HIV/HCV-) and 36 HIV+ patients without previous HCV infection (HIV). Thirty-two healthy patients were used as healthy controls (HC). Differential expression analysis showed significantly differentially expressed (SDE) miRNAs in HIV/HCV+ (n = 153), HIV/HCV- (n = 169) and HIV (n = 153) patients. We found putative dysregulated pathways, such as infectious-related and PI3K signaling pathways, common in all contrasts. Specifically, putatively targeted genes involved in antifolate resistance (HIV/HV+), cancer-related pathways (HIV/HCV-) and HIF-signaling (HIV) were identified, among others. Our findings revealed that HCV strongly influences the expression profile of PBMCs from HIV patients through the disruption of its miRNome. Thus, different HCV exposure can be identified by specific miRNA signatures in PBMCs., This work has been supported by grants from Institute of Health Carlos III, [PI15CIII/00031 and PI18CIII/00020/ to AFR and VB] and the Foundation Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio-Santander [grant number 1.010.932 to AFR] and the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RD16CIII/0002/0002), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CB21/13/00044). AFR is supported by the Miguel Servet programme from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (ISCIII) [CP14/CIII/00010 and CPII20CIII/0001]

Gender-specific consequences after HCV eradication are unexplored. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. However, few have highlighted miRNA role in sex-biased disease or therapy response. We aim to assess gender differences reflected in the miRNA expression of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who achieve sustained virological response (SVR) with direct acting antivirals (DAAs). We conducted a prospective study of miRNA expression in PBMCs from 28 chronic HIV/HCV-coinfected patients (HIV/HCV) at baseline and after achieving SVR with DAAs. Sixteen HIV-monoinfected patients (HIV) and 36 healthy controls (HC) were used as controls. Identification of significant differentially expressed (SDE) miRNAs was performed with generalized linear model and mixed GLMs. We also explored putative dysregulated biological pathways. At baseline, the HIV/HCV patients showed differences in the miRNA profile concerning the HIV group (165 and 102 SDE miRNAs for males and females, respectively). Gender-stratified analysis of HIV/HCV group at baseline versus at SVR achievement showed higher differences in males (80 SDE miRNAs) than in females (55 SDE miRNAs). After SVR, HIV/HCV group showed similar values to HIV individuals, especially in females (1 SDE miRNA). However, ten miRNAs in males remained dysregulated, which were mainly involved in cancer, fatty acid, and inflammatory pathways. Taken together, our results show gender-biased dysregulation in the miRNA expression profile of PBMCs after HCV eradication with DAAs. These differences were normalized in females, while miRNA profile and their target-related pathways in males lack of normalization, which may be related to a high-risk of developing liver-related complications. This work has been supported by grants from Institute of Health Carlos III, Spain [PI15CIII/00031 and PI18CIII/00020/ to AFR and VB] and the Foundation Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio-Santander, Spain [Grant no. 1.010.932 to AFR]. AFR is supported by the Miguel Servet programme from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (ISCIII), Spain [CP14/CIII/00010 and CPII20CIII/0001]. This study has been conducted within the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS), The SPANISH AIDS Research Network – funded by the Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII) [RD16CIII/0002/0002]. Sí

Hemicycla (Hemicycla) fuenterroquensis sp. nov. Type locality. Fuente de los Roques, La Palma. UTM: 28 RBS 2257, 880 m a.s.l.. Holotype (shell): TFMC (MT0841; Fig. 2 C, Table 1), Leg. J. M. Castro, 15 th April 2012. Paratypes. 1 ethanol specimen and 25 shells (AIT), 94 shells (JMC) and 5 shells (RG), collected between 24 th April 2011 and 5 th May 2012 at the type locality and its surroundings. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the name of the type locality of the new species. Distribution and habitat (Fig. 1). The species is endemic to La Palma. It is present between 50–1160 m (a.s.l.). Living specimens were found exclusively between 830–1160 m (a.s.l.) in a dry pine forest of the Fuente de los Roques area, which is exposed to the moist trade winds from the Northeast. This locality is situated in the Southeast of the dorsal chain of the Cumbre Vieja Mountains. A part of these mountains belongs to the Cumbre Vieja Natural Park. Description. Body dark blue-greyish coloured dorsally, more bluish laterally (Fig. 1), sole greyish. Jaw odontognathous with 6 ribs, the two central ribs are the most developed, while the two outer ribs are almost inconspicuous. Shell (Fig. 2 C; Table 1) imperforate, unkeeled, depressed globular, with soft shine, about 4 ¼ convex whorls and well-marked sutures, protoconch with about 1 ¼ whorls. Shell colour on the dorsal side reddish-brown but with two wide, diffuse darker brown spiral bands occupying the dorsal surface almost completely; the colour of the ventral side is corneous, with one or two narrow spiral bands, also of a darker brown colour. Aperture oblique and rounded, without angulations, the margins barely converge at the insertion. White peristome largely reflected covering the umbilicus in adult specimens (juvenile specimens have it open and subadults have an opened split). Shell ornamentation (Fig. 2 D). The protoconch is almost smooth, with minute radial folds. The teleoconch has many radial folds regularly arranged on the dorsal side near the suture, but a short distance below the suture the folds join irregularly, making up a well developed malleation. The shell surface has a faint microsculpture (Fig. 2 D, arrows) of very weak radial and spiral folds, ocassionally, where the radial and spiral folds intersect, a very weak microgranulation is developed. Genital system (Fig. 4 B; 3 specimens dissected): Atrium short. Bursa copulatrix complex with a well developed diverticulum, near 4 / 3 times longer than the bursa duct and up to 3 times longer than the common stalk. The bursa copulatrix is globular. The dart sac is accompanied by a pair of mucus glands, each one with 3–4 long terminal tubules. The penial complex has a long flagellum, slightly shorter than the bursa copulatrix diverticulum and more than twice longer than penis and epiphallus together. The retractor muscle has an epiphallar insertion. The penis has a system of twin papillae with a penial chamber between them (Fig. 4 B), similar to those described for other Hemicycla species (Alonso & Ibáñez, 2007, Ibáñez & Alonso, 2007) and several other genera of the subfamily Helicinae (Neubert & Bank, 2006). TABLE 1. Shell dimensions (in mm or mm 2) of the three Hemicycla species from La Palma Island. BH, body whorl height (at columella level); BP, body whorl frontal perimeter; BS, body whorl frontal surface (plane view); D 1, maximum shell diameter; D 2, shell diameter perpendicular to D 1; FP, shell frontal perimeter; FS, shell frontal surface (plane view); SH, shell height; SP, shell perimeter (dorsal plane view); SS, shell surface (dorsal plane view); n, number of specimens measured.

Genus Hemicycla Swainson, 1840 Type species (by monotypy): Helix plicaria Lamarck, 1816., Published as part of Castro, Juan M., Yanes, Yurena, Alonso, Maria R. & Ib����ez, Miguel, 2012, Hemicycla (Hemicycla) fuenterroquensis (Gastropoda: Helicoidea: Helicidae), a new species from La Palma, Canary Islands, pp. 72-78 in Zootaxa 3527 on page 73, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211278

This article introduces the notion of ‘illegality regimes’ and argues that the creation, enhancement, and strengthening of these regimes has a transformative, and perhaps even corrosive effect on the meaning and value of citizenship itself. The notion of illegality regimes refers to the complex normative and policy framework that is either intended to, or otherwise has the effect of marginalizing or otherwise excluding irregular migrants, and to assist the authorities in the process of localizing and deporting them. Much of the political and scholarly attention in the context of illegality is focused on how illegality regimes affect migrants and refugees, how these regimes weaken their human rights, and generally run contrary to liberal principles such as equality before the law and non-discrimination. However, the objective here is to explore how it is not just the undocumented migrant that is directly or indirectly affected by the illegality regimes, but also regular migrants, asylum seekers, and finally full citizens themselves. The ways in which this happens is by a progressive transformation of what it means to be a citizen, and by means of a re-accommodation of the relation between the citizen and the state. As globalization unleashes migratory processes, the state adapts. Citizenship adapts along.