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The objective of this study was to observe parent-child interactions in tiendas, limited assortment food stores catering to Latinos in the United States, and to examine the extent to which child involvement influenced these interactions and their purchase outcomes. Two confederates, one posing as a tienda employee and one posing as a customer, observed the entire shopping trip of 100 Latino parent-child (mean age = 8 years) dyads and coded the following: number and type of parent- and child-initiated request interactions, types of purchase influence attempts used by children and how parents responded, and whether the product was purchased. Level of child involvement was examined as a potential influencing factor on purchasing. The observations were relatively short (mean duration of 10 minutes), reflecting the "quick trip" nature of the observed shopping trips. From the 100 parent-child dyads, 144 request interactions were observed, and among dyads with at least 1 request interaction during the shopping trip, the average number of request interactions per dyad was 2. Children initiated most of the request interactions by asking for a product or simply placing it in the basket; parents initiated 24% of the request interactions. Child involvement in shopping and checkout were associated with spending and purchase outcomes. These results indicate that children and parents influence each other during grocery shopping, and children who are more involved have greater influence over purchases. Furthermore, this study identified a number of targets for future family/parent and consumer food environment interventions.

Although past research has spent considerable effort identifying competencies and academic activities that are associated with workplace readiness, the literature is largely silent regarding what might best serve as evidence to employers that a graduate possesses specific marketing competencies. In the current research, we develop a comprehensive set of evidence items that serve as potential signals of specific macro and micro competencies demanded for marketing graduates' employability. Specifically, we first systematically compile a list of evidence items and then explore what employers perceive to be compelling evidence of graduates' competencies. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to capture and compare multiple evidence items related to academic curriculum, standardized measures, experience-based indicators, and the social-collaborative media environment and connect them to specific competencies as signals of workplace readiness. This research provides insights regarding how marketing curriculum should be leveraged in terms of assessments and deliverables that could be used by students to signal workplace readiness to employers.

Introdiction: endodontic flare-up can be defined as pain and/or inflammation in a few hours or days after the endodontic treatment of a tooth. Knowledge of the causes and mechanisms related to flare-ups is of great importance for the professional to effectively prevent or manage this undesirable condition. Objective: to review and discuss the scientific evidences regarding of frequency and factors associated with endodontic flare-ups. Methods: it was carried out a literature review in the electronic databases PubMed and Scholar Google from June to July of 2016 using as descriptors: Flare-up and Endodontics or Endodontic Flare-ups, Postoperative Pain and Endodontic Treatment. Original articles and clinical trials published in English in the last 10 years were included. Literature Review: controversies remain regarding of sex, age, tooth position and pulp diagnosis, instrumentation technique, irrigating solutions and dressing, as well as number of clinical session son the development of endodontic flare-ups. Conclusion: the presence of apical lesion was a strong predictor for the development of flare-ups compared to those without periapical involvement. However, It should carried out future studies with appropriate methodologies to evaluate the relationship of other factors in the manifestation of this undesirable condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]