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Background: Few studies have examined 24-hour activity and sleep behaviors and their contribution to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Latino adolescents and young adults with obesity. Aim: This study included quantitative data on T2D risk and 24-hour activity and sleep behaviors and qualitative data on individual, social, and environmental behavioral determinants. Method: A 7 day, 24-hour, wrist-worn accelerometer protocol assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors (SB), sleep, and sleep regularity, in adolescents (N = 38; 12-16 years) and young adults (N = 22; 18-22 years). T2D-related outcomes included adiposity (BMI, BF%, waist circumference), fasting, and 2-hour glucose. A subsample of participants (N = 16 adolescents, N = 15 young adults) completed interviews to identify behavioral determinants. Results: High levels of PA were observed among adolescents (M = 103.8 ± 67.5 minutes/day) and young adults (M = 96.8 ± 78.8 minutes/day) as well as high levels of SB across both age groups ([greater than or equal to] 10 hours/day). Sleep regularity was negatively associated with adiposity (all ps < 0.05) in both age groups as well as fasting and 2-hour glucose in young adults (all ps < 0.05). Social support was associated with PA in both age groups as well as SB in younger youth. Auditory noises, lights, and safety inhibited sleep in both age groups. Conclusion: PA is critical for disease reduction, yet reducing SB and improving sleep are also important targets for reducing T2D risk in Hispanic adolescents and young adults. Future health promotion and disease prevention strategies should leverage qualitative findings regarding behavioral determinants.

Objective: To reduce health disparities, behavioral health interventions must reach subcultural groups and demonstrate effectiveness in improving their health behaviors and outcomes. One approach to developing such health interventions is to culturally adapt original evidence-based interventions. The goals of the article are to (a) describe consensus on the stages involved in developing cultural adaptations, (b) identify common elements in cultural adaptations, (c) examine evidence on the effectiveness of culturally enhanced interventions for various health conditions, and (d) pose questions for future research. Method: Influential literature from the past decade was examined to identify points of consensus. Results: There is agreement that cultural adaptation can be organized into 5 stages: information gathering, preliminary design, preliminary testing, refinement, and final trial. With few exceptions, reviews of several health conditions (e.g., AIDS, asthma, diabetes) concluded that culturally enhanced interventions are more effective in improving health outcomes than usual care or other control conditions. Conclusions: Progress has been made in establishing methods for conducting cultural adaptations and providing evidence of their effectiveness. Future research should include evaluations of cultural adaptations developed in stages, tests to determine the effectiveness of cultural adaptations relative to the original versions, and studies that advance our understanding of cultural constructs' contributions to intervention engagement and efficacy. (Contains 2 tables.)

Proposes the construct of drug use identity and presents a four-stage model featuring this construct. The four stages are (1) identity as a casual user; (2) identity as a drug addict; (3) identity as a recovering addict during late treatment; and (4) ethnic pride, self-esteem, social role responsibility, and health motivation. (KS)

A common assumption about women as laborers made in past unemployment research has been that their participation in the labor force is optional (Schlozman 1979). This assumption suggests that when unemployed, such women should be less susceptible than are males, to personal, familial or social sources of stress (Rundquist and Sletto 1936). Additionally, this view sug- gests that women, especially Latino women who are accustomed to the role of homemaker, should not object to job loss nor to a return to this role, particularly since they are supported by their husbands (Romero 1986).

In a community-based sample of Hispanic women, this study examines differences in relation to level of acculturation in knowledge about the Pap examination, fear/fatalism towards cancer, and cervical cancer screening behaviors. Respondents were randomly chosen from 11 churches in the Phoenix metropolitan area (n = 566) and were categorized into three acculturation levels: low (35.2%), bicultural (26.3%), and high (38.5%). Interviews focused on family history of cancer as well as knowledge about cancer and utilization of screening techniques for breast and cervical cancers. OLS regression and probit analyses were conducted to examine the role of acculturation in differentiating Hispanic subgroups in relation to knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors regarding cervical cancer. Findings of the present study indicate that Hispanic women in the Phoenix metropolitan area are utilizing cervical cancer screening services with over 90 percent of women in all three acculturation groups ever having had a Pap exam and more than 50 percent having had the examination during the past year. However, results also indicate that of the Hispanic subgroups examined, lower acculturated Hispanic women have less knowledge about Pap smears and exhibit lower utilization rates for cervical cancer screening. Those results suggest that lower-acculturated Hispanic women comprise the subgroup of Hispanics that is at greatest risk of presenting with advanced stages of cervical cancer. Results have implications for cancer screening and education programs for Hispanic women as well as implications for health care professionals who serve this population.

The function of attribution in relapse, lapse and abstinence after substance abuse treatment, supports part of the estimation made by the Abstinence Violation Effect (AVE). Those who completely abstained from substance abuse feel that they have an innate ability to do so and make specific stable and internal attributions. Relapsers feel that they are not capable of complete abstinence. Lapsers are of the opinion that situational factors were responsible for their drug use and it can be brought under control.

Background/aims: Prediabetes and diabetes disproportionately impact Latino youth, yet few diabetes prevention programs have prioritized inclusion of this underrepresented population. This report describes the recruitment process, yields, associated costs, and phenotypic characteristics of Latino youth with obesity and prediabetes enrolled in a randomized controlled diabetes prevention study in the USA.Methods: Recruitment efforts included referrals from clinics, community outlets, local media, and word of mouth with the goal of enrolling 120 Latino adolescents aged 12-16 with obesity (BMI > 95th percentile) and prediabetes. Prediabetes eligibility was determined by any of the following: HbA1c between 5.7 and 6.5%, fasting glucose between 100 and 125 mg/dL, or a 2-h glucose between 120 and 199 mg/dL following a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), but not meeting any of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes. Eligible participants were randomized 2:1 to either a 6-month community-based lifestyle intervention that included group nutrition and health education classes (1 day/week) and group exercise classes (2 days/week) or usual care control arm. Recruitment yields were determined by review of referral source in the study screening database. Recruitment costs were determined by an after-the-fact financial review of actual and in-kind costs. Participant phenotypic characteristics (i.e., demographics, anthropometrics, and biochemical data) were compared by recruitment strategy using a one-way ANOVA.Results: Recruitment efforts covered 160 mile2 (414 km2) across 26 ZIP codes (postcode) in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area and yielded 655 referrals from clinics (n = 344), community (n = 143), media (n = 137), and word-of-mouth (n = 31). From this pool, 26% (n = 167) did not meet general, pre-screening eligibility criteria; 29% (n = 187) declined participation; and 10% (n = 64) were unable to be contacted. A total of 237 youth were invited to the clinical research unit to determine final eligibility. Following the OGTT, 52% (n = 122) met prediabetes criteria and 117 were subsequently randomized. Clinical recruitment yielded the highest number of referrals (53%; n = 344) while word-of-mouth yielded the highest proportion (35%; n = 11) of randomized participants per referred youth. There were no significant differences in anthropometric or biochemical measures among youth by recruitment strategy. Based upon final enrollment numbers, community recruitment was the costliest approach ($486/randomized participant) followed by clinical ($248/randomized participant) and media ($236/randomized participant).Conclusions: The ability to meet enrollment goals for a clinical trial of an underrepresented population required multiple recruitment strategies. Although strategies vary in yields and costs, it appears they produce similar phenotypical risk profiles of eligible youth.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02615353 . Registered on 26 November 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a multivariate stress-mediation-outcome model for the researcher/practitioner and a synthesis of relevant Mexican American mental health research. Reviews research findings that fit the model and identifies gaps in the knowledge base. Reveals a striking lack of any systematic model or paradigm for guiding research among Hispanics. (NQA)

Interviews were conducted with 102 urban Mexican, Mexican American, and Anglo American women to examine health-illness beliefs in five health domains as related to acculturation level: folk and hot-cold beliefs, beliefs of responsibility and control over own health, and cardiovascular disease and stress-illness beliefs. Mexican-origin women mildly accepted folk beliefs. (NQA)

Examined health-related behaviors in 25 young adult cocaine users and 25 matched nonusers. Found cocaine users consumed more coffee and alcohol, and fewer balanced meals, than did nonusers. Users reported less relaxation and daily organization than did nonusers. Suggests that cocaine use is embedded in complex of interrelated unhealthy behaviors; intervention should promote healthy lifestyle changes. (Author/NB)

Examines the stressors affecting the family, occupational, and economic aspects of Latinas losing jobs in the U.S. Identification of occupational stress as the greatest source of stress; Involvement in the U.S. economy and obligations; Imbalance between the demands of financial obligations and inadequate financial resources.

Epidemiological studies of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors among Hispanics were examined. Hispanics as compared with Anglo Americans and blacks appear to have somewhat lower mortality rates of CHD. This suggests that Hispanics may have lifestyle patterns which reduce CHD risk in the areas of stress, diet, exercise, hypertension, and smoking. However, independent studies report that their samples of Mexican American subjects, but not Puerto Rican subjects, had higher blood lipid levels, greater rates of being overweight, and participate in less aerobic exercises as compared with same sex and aged Anglo American cohorts. By contrast, adult Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans tend to smoke less than do Anglo American cohorts, although some evidence suggests that Hispanic adolescents may smoke more than do their Anglo American peers. The CHD risk status of Hispanics is summarized and recommendations for future research and health promotion programs are made. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]