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COLOBOPSIS IMITANS SP. NOV. Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6B513EC6-6319-406F-97D0-82C0EF67E626 Etymology: imitans is the present participle of the Latin verb imitor, meaning ‘imitating’, and is here used in apposition. It refers to the interpretation that this species resembles Cr. scutellaris. Type series: One holotype worker (Fig. 10) and 14 paratype workers from Mondello, Sicily (Italy), 38.1953, 13.3354, 5 m, 14.X.2018, E. Schifani leg. The holotype is stored in the Hungarian Natural History Museum collection. Worker description: Morphometric indexes are shown in Table 2. Subrectangular head, rounded on all sides. A straight, central furrow runs from the frontal triangle to the level where the frontal carinae end. Large eyes, extremely reduced ocelli. Antennae of 12 segments, without a distinct antennal club. Pronotum significantly wider than the rest of the mesosoma. In lateral profile, pronotum and mesonotum gently convex, propodeum profile often showing a central concavity, thus having a saddle-like appearance. Petiolar scale profile anteriorly roundly concave and posteriorly straight, its dorsal crest excavated in frontal view. Well-visible promesonotal and mesoepinotal sutures, as well as metathoracic and propodeal spiracles. All legs with well-developed tibial spurs, more so in the anterior legs, which are characterized by strikingly large femurs (identical to Co. truncata, function unknown). Pigmentation as described in the CSL model. Fine alveolate to areolate sculpture covering the whole body and appendages. Few erect hairs near the posterior margin of the vertex, between the frons and on the clypeus, and few others on the gaster tergites. See Figures 1, 8, 10, 13. Soldier (= phragmotic major worker) description: Measurements (two specimens from Sicily): CL = 1327, 1419; CW = 1262, 1470; SL = 865, 942; ML = 1752, 1774; MW = 921, 1103; EW = 264, 331; EL = 409, 459; CS = 1294, 1444; CL/CW = 0.96, 1.05; SL/CS = 0.65, 0.67; ML/CS = 1.23, 1.35. Large cylindrical phragmotic head, and a flattened anterior part formed by the mandibles, part of the clypeus and of the genae. Characterized by strong areolaterugose sculpture and dense coverage of short thick erect hairs in the distalmost half. Rest of the shape, sculpture and pigmentation generally similar to the worker but white dots or stripe on the first gastral tergite sometimes evident. See Figure 10. Queen description: Measurements (three specimens from Sicily): CL = 1437–1531; CW = 1281–1406; SL = 1156–1218; ML = 2687–3031; MW = 1281–1312; EW = 325–362; EL = 525–537; CS = 1359–1468; CL/ CW = 1.08–1.11; SL/CS = 0.83–0.87; ML/CS = 1.93– 2.22. Large phragmotic head, similar to the soldier in shape and size (despite larger body size), but well-developed ocelli, much larger eyes and much longer scapi. Immediately distinguishable by the larger, dorsally flatter mesosoma, which is largely unsculptured and shiny. Propodeum profile similar to the end of soldiers’ propodeum. Head red, as in the worker, but the mesosoma is brownish and the white dots or stripe on the first gaster tergite are/is evident. See Figure 11. Male description: Measurements (three specimens from Sicily): CL = 875–1093; CW = 781–1000; SL = 937–1001; ML = 2281–2437; MW = 1062–1218; EW = 300–387; EL = 462–525; CS = 828–1046; CL/ CW = 1.09–1.17; SL/CS = 0.92–1.20; ML/CS = 2.32– 2.75. Small, subrectangular head with large ocelli and large eyes protruding laterally. Toothless mandibles. Relatively large mesosoma, propodeum more gently rounded than in queens or workers. Low, round petiolar node. Weak sculpture, shiny mesosoma. Hairy mandibles, other hairs on clypeus and gaster. Entire body ferruginous or brownish, gaster blackish. See Figure 11. Genitalia as in Figure 12. Diagnosis: Generally easy to determine on the basis of worker material due to strong chromatic differentiation from Co. truncata and allopatric distribution (although further investigation is required for possible contact regions in southern Iberia and southern Italy). Some small worker specimens may appear almost completely black, therefore lacking the typical chromatic pattern; workers with entirely red mesosoma seldom observed. Tentative identifications of isolated soldier or queen specimens should be much more cautious, although their chromatic appearance may sometimes appear to be explicit. The low number of males and the lack of particularly evident distinctive characters from Co. truncata do not allow a safe species-level identification of this caste based on morphology. As for workers, the morphometric linear discriminant function provided in the Results section should help with dubious cases, including decoloured specimens. Finally, DNA barcoding, which can be used for the same purpose and can also be employed on the other castes, shows relatively low error rate but may present risks due to the polyphyletic pattern that we observed. Biological, ecological and phenological notes: Relatively thermophilous; occurring in Sicily from a few meters above sea level to at least 1015 m elevation, ascending up to 1290 m a.s.l. in Morocco, and so far known from coastal lowland areas in Spain. Probably common but also heavily under-recorded due to its cryptic arboreal lifestyle, low colony population (most-likely monogynous), effective mimicry and long periods of inactivity during the most arid and coldest times of the year. Workers and soldiers are unlikely to descend to the ground but were observed to do so at least once, following a sparsely populated Cr. scutellaris trail. Soldiers, in general, are difficult to find outside the nest and are usually seen acting as gatekeepers of the nest entrance. Founding queens were observed to do the same. Nests are hidden in minute holes on the dead parts of arboreal trunks, where Co. imitans often seems to act as secondary user of cavities excavated by xylophagous insects. It exploits Andricus quercustozae (Bosc, 1792) oak galls as nests [occupying about 15% of galls collected in Bosco della Ficuzza (Sicily) in a recent survey, authors’ unpublished data], in a similar way to Co. truncata (see: Giannetti et al., 2019, 2021; Fürjes- Mikó et al., 2020). Polydomy appears probable due to repeated findings of groups of workers with no queen within oak-galls. Nesting observed on several diverse plant species, including at least: Citrus reticulata Blanco, Ci. sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Laurus nobilis L., Olea europaea L., Quercus ilex L., Q. pubescens -group, Q. suber L., Pyrus communis L. and Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T.Aiton. Dense populations appear to have been found in old Citrus orchards, relatively sparse cork oak (Q. suber) woods and also in deciduous oak forests. However, Co. imitans occurs in a broad range of habitats, from cities to agricultural lands to natural forest habitats, but information available has so far been insufficient to depict a satisfactory picture of habitat preferences. Despite the earlier claim by Carpintero et al. (2005), there is currently no evidence backing the fascinating hypothesis that C. imitans foundress queens prefer trees hosting Cr. scutellaris to found their colonies. A focused investigation on this topic would be interesting. Nuptial flights for Co. imitans occur approximately in the same period as Co. truncata (alates in Sicily observed from June 30 to July 13, N = 5, see Supporting Information, File S1). Winged queens and males were repeatedly seen to be attracted by artificial light at night., Published as part of Schifani, Enrico, Giannetti, Daniele, Csősz, Sándor, Castellucci, Filippo, Luchetti, Andrea, Castracani, Cristina, Spotti, Fiorenza A., Mori, Alessandra & Grasso, Donato A., 2022, Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), pp. 1424-1450 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 on pages 1434-1436, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab035, http://zenodo.org/record/6458220, {"references":["Giannetti D, Castracani C, Spotti FA, Mori A, Grasso DA. 2019. Gall-colonizing ants and their role as plant defenders: from ' bad job' to ' useful service'. Insects 10: 392.","Giannetti D, Mandrioli M, Schifani E, Castracani C, Spotti F, Mori A, Grasso DA. 2021. First report of the acrobat ant Crematogaster scutellaris storing live aphids inside its oak-gall nests. Insects 12: 108.","Carpintero S, Reyes-Lopez J, De Reyna LA. 2005. Impact of Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) on an arboreal ant community in Donana National Park, Spain. Biodiversity & Conservation 14: 151 - 163."]}

L’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità considera la salute orale come parte integrante, non solo dello stato di salute generale, ma anche della qualità della vita di ciascun individuo. In tale ottica, in accordo e con il sostegno del mondo professionale e della comunità scientifica di questo settore, le raccomandazioni cliniche in odontostomatologia contenute nel presente volume forniscono indicazioni e definiscono standard di intervento per la prevenzione e la cura delle più comuni patologie del cavo orale nonché per l’identificazione di percorsi terapeutici appropriati a supporto degli operatori pubblici e privati. Esse costituiscono, inoltre, uno strumento utile per mantenere alto il livello di qualità delle cure in questo periodo storico, nel quale, se da un lato crescono le opportunità tecniche di cura e la potenziale domanda delle stesse, dall’altro la riduzione delle risorse economiche a disposizione dei cittadini tende a limitare l’accesso all’offerta professionale privata e, al contempo, i processi di razionalizzazione dell’allocazione dei fondi nel SSN rendono più difficile l’accesso alle strutture pubbliche. L’individuazione di raccomandazioni cliniche chiaramente definite e rese pubbliche può facilitare la condivisione degli obiettivi e dei percorsi terapeutici tra odontoiatra e paziente, migliorare la comunicazione e, in ultima analisi, accrescere la fiducia sia nei riguardi del proprio specifico professionista che del “sistema delle cure” più in generale. La revisione delle “Raccomandazioni cliniche in odontostomatologia” si è resa necessaria in considerazione del cambiamento dell’evidenza scientifica, dell’immissione in commercio di nuovi materiali e dell’utilizzo di nuove tecnologie, specie in ambito protesico. Come per la precedente, alla realizzazione di questa edizione ha contribuito un ampio gruppo di docenti ed esperti delle singole branche odontoiatriche insieme alle più importanti e rappresentative Associazioni professionali e ai componenti della Commissione Albo Odontoiatri (CAO) nazionale.