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Background: The pathologisation of people with disability1 has long affected the educational quality of the sexuality education they receive. Whilst concern for people with disability has been growing in some comprehensive sexuality education settings, the quality of education in these spaces is variable and typically accommodations for people with disability are not made. The lack of accessibility fosters few opportunities to learn about and practise skills related to establishing and maintaining social relationships, including platonic, romantic and sexual relationships, thereby limiting informed decision-making. Moreover, the lack of good quality sexuality education significantly increases the risk of sexual abuse, assault, and family and domestic violence -- impacting people with disability's self-determination, autonomy and ultimately, ability to work, live independently, and maintain their mental and physical health. Objective: Few reviews of comprehensive sexuality education programmes for people with disability have been reported. Therefore, four current comprehensive sexuality education programmes for people with disability were reviewed, including their content and the topics included; the feasibility of implementation including costs; different accessibility considerations for varied learners and disabilities; and methods of delivery. This allowed an assessment of their strengths and opportunities for people with disability. Results: The review highlighted strong positive changes occurring within the field, as well as challenges due to funding limitations, and the extensive number of topics under comprehensive sexuality education that need to be addressed in teaching and delivering quality comprehensive sexuality education to people with disability. Conclusion: Informed by the evidence in this review, we advocate for the inclusion of a more comprehensive range of topics, including gender and sexuality diversity within accessible comprehensive sexuality education for people with disability, and the establishment of appropriate forms of teacher education and training to increase confidence and comfort when delivering comprehensive sexuality education to people with disability.

Learning causal relationships relies on understanding how often one event precedes another. To investigate how dopamine neuron activity and neurotransmitter release change when a retrospective relationship is degraded for a specific pair of events, we used outcome-selective Pavlovian contingency degradation in rats. Conditioned responding was attenuated for the cue-reward contingency that was degraded, as was dopamine neuron activity in the midbrain and dopamine release in the ventral striatum in response to the cue and subsequent reward. Contingency degradation also abolished the trial-by-trial history dependence of the dopamine responses at the time of trial outcome. This profile of changes in cue- and reward-evoked responding is not easily explained by a standard reinforcement learning model. An alternative model based on learning causal relationships was better able to capture dopamine responses during contingency degradation, as well as conditioned behavior following optogenetic manipulations of dopamine during noncontingent rewards. Our results suggest that mesostriatal dopamine encodes the contingencies between meaningful events during learning.

During the second half of the 1950s, Spain received economic and technological assistance from the Western bloc, which encouraged a transformation of the country’s socioeconomic structures. Spanish political leaders adopted a technocratic approach to increase the efficiency and economic growth of the State. However, they also aimed to normalize relations and establish commercial agreements with Eastern European countries as a form of external support for their new economic policy. After years of exploiting anti-Communism to enhance political stability, many Spaniards became suspicious of the Soviets and were convinced of the threat that their political ideology represented. To depoliticise such relations and mobilise consensus, the press developed a new rhetoric towards the Soviet Union. This had a significant impact on how scientific and technological news were presented in Spanish newspapers, particularly when reporting on the progress of the space race and nuclear physics.

There has been increasing interest in methods to generate synthetic lipid membranes as key constituents of artificial cells or to develop new tools for remodeling membranes in living cells. However, the biosynthesis of phospholipids involves elaborate enzymatic pathways that are challenging to reconstitute in vitro. An alternative approach is to use chemical reactions to non-enzymatically generate natural or non-canonical phospholipids de novo. Previous reports have shown that synthetic lipid membranes can be formed in situ using various ligation chemistries, but these methods lack biocompatibility and/or suffer from slow kinetics at physiological pH. Thus, it would be valuable to develop chemoselective strategies for synthesizing phospholipids from water-soluble precursors that are compatible with synthetic or living cells Here, we demonstrate that amide-forming ligations between lipid precursors bearing hydroxylamines and α-ketoacids (KAs) or potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) can be used to prepare non-canonical phospholipids at physiological pH conditions. The generated amide-linked phospholipids spontaneously self-assemble into cell-like micron-sized vesicles similar to natural phospholipid membranes. We show that lipid synthesis using KAT ligation proceeds extremely rapidly, and the high selectivity and biocompatibility of the approach facilitates the in situ synthesis of phospholipids and associated membranes in living cells.

Background & aimsWe conducted an individual patient data meta-analysis to establish stiffness cut-off values for magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in staging liver fibrosis and to assess potential confounding factors.MethodsA systematic review of the literature identified studies reporting MRE data in patients with NAFLD. Data were obtained from the corresponding authors. The pooled diagnostic cut-off value for the various fibrosis stages was determined in a two-stage meta-analysis. Multilevel modelling methods were used to analyse potential confounding factors influencing the diagnostic accuracy of MRE in staging liver fibrosis.ResultsEight independent cohorts comprising 798 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for MRE in detecting significant fibrosis was 0.92 (sensitivity, 79%; specificity, 89%). For advanced fibrosis, the AUROC was 0.92 (sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 88%). For cirrhosis, the AUROC was 0.94 (sensitivity, 88%, specificity, 89%). Cut-offs were defined to explore concordance between MRE and histopathology: ≥F2, 3.14 kPa (pretest probability, 39.4%); ≥F3, 3.53 kPa (pretest probability, 24.1%); and F4, 4.45 kPa (pretest probability, 8.7%). In generalized linear mixed model analysis, histological steatohepatitis with higher inflammatory activity (odds ratio 2.448, 95% CI 1.180-5.079, p 120U/L) (odds ratio 3.388, 95% CI 1.577-7.278, p

En un contexto de crisis de relato de instituciones culturales como los museos, el periodismo performativo (PPF) actúa como una metodología que impugna aquellos relatos de dominación que se siguen reproduciendo, pero que necesitan una revisión urgente. El texto expone que la vinculación de una institución museística con la acción comunicativa que posibilita el PPF posiciona la primera ya no solo como un agente de salvaguarda del patrimonio inmaterial, sino también como un agente que reconoce que el relato cultural es una acción política para la transformación. Por ello, en la primera parte se argumenta cómo el PPF — como una actividad con enfoque etnográfico— funge como mediación para la restitución de la memoria colectiva mediante la articulación de memoria y prácticas comunitarias. En la segunda parte se exponen los resultados de una experiencia pionera de PPF vinculada a la acción de un museo, el Museo Marítimo de Mallorca (MMM). En la conclusión se resumen las aportaciones del PPF para hacer frente a la crisis de acceso, participación y relato que afrontan los museos.

ABSTRACT The applications of nanoscale zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF‐8) for antimicrobial drug delivery depend on the aqueous suspension stability of the ZIF‐8 which is influenced by their crystallinity, size, shape, aggregation, and surface chemistry. This study evaluated the stability of ZIF‐8 nanoparticles in terms of their aggregation and sedimentation characteristics. ZIF‐8 nanocomposites were synthesized with methanol via sonication at 30°C for 1 h. The effect of drying methods (oven drying at 80°C, and vacuum drying at 35°C), number of washing steps (0 = no wash, 1, 2, 3), and washing medium (washing with water and ethanol instead of methanol, and redispersion in water and ethanol) on the suspension stability was evaluated. The impact of added xanthan gum (XG) and poly‐L‐lysine (PL) as suspension media was also evaluated. ZIF‐8 nanoparticles were also synthesized using ethanol and suspended in PL. % transmittance and zeta potential were measured for freshly prepared ZIF‐8 suspensions in PL and after freeze‐drying and resuspending in water. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were utilized for the assessment of the crystallinity, structure, and morphology of the samples. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion test against Escherichia coli. Dried methanol‐synthesized ZIF‐8 nanoparticles did not suspend in water; only the ZIF‐8 nanoparticles synthesized with reduced washing times and no drying treatment were resuspended in the water, XG and PL solutions. Instead, the ethanol‐synthesized ZIF‐8 nanoparticles were resuspended in water even after being washed three times and dried in a vacuum oven. SEM and TEM images and XRD patterns showed that alcohol can form well‐defined ZIF‐8 nanoparticles. FTIR spectra showed that ZIF‐8 had typical peaks of ZIF‐8 reported by others. Although particle size increased, the PL coating provided a 32.22% increase in zeta potential of ZIF‐8 nanoparticles from 36.25 to 47.93 mV (p

La digitalización en Cuba ha impactado la gestión de la comunicación institucional y ha transformado los flujos de interacción en la relación fuentes-periodistas. Nuevas herramientas como las salas de prensa virtuales proponen novedosas dinámicas de gestión informativa a la vez que alteran las rutinas periodísticas en el sistema de medios. Este estudio propone un análisis de la aplicabilidad digital al entorno institucional y periodístico cubano, mediante una caracterización del rol de las salas de prensa virtuales de 24 organismos de la administración central del Estado. Además, se complementa con 11 entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad a periodistas con vinculación a medios para conocer cómo se construyen sus agendas temáticas considerando la mediación tecnológica y las relaciones de influencia entre ambas partes. Entre los resultados destaca que estas herramientas de comunicación institucional facilitan el acceso a información para la elaboración de piezas periodísticas, pero funcionan como obstaculizadoras en el acceso a fuentes vivas, entorpecen también el acceso a las fuentes documentales y dificultan el intercambio bidireccional entre periodistas e instituciones. Todo esto en un contexto de desintermediación emergente, donde las corporaciones aspiran a emitir noticias e informaciones directamente a la ciudadanía saltándose el filtro de los medios oficiales.

The hydrophobic effect, a ubiquitous process in biology, is a primary thermodynamic driver of amphiphilic self-assembly. It leads to the formation of unique morphologies including two highly important classes of lamellar and micellar mesophases. The interactions between these two types of structures and their involved components have garnered significant interest because of their importance in key biochemical technologies related to the isolation, purification, and reconstitution of membrane proteins. This work investigates the structural organization of mixtures of the lamellar-forming phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and two zwitterionic micelle-forming surfactants, being n-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (Zwittergent 3-12 or DDAPS) and 1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (O-Lyso-PC), when assembled by water vapor hydration with X-ray diffraction measurements, brightfield optical microscopy, wide-field fluorescence microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The results reveal that multilamellar mesophases of these mixtures can be assembled across a wide range of POPC to surfactant (POPC:surfactant) concentration ratios, including ratios far surpassing the classical detergent-saturation limit of POPC bilayers without significant morphological disruptions to the lamellar motif. The mixed mesophases generally decreased in lamellar spacing (D) and headgroup-to-headgroup distance (Dhh) with a higher concentration of the doped surfactant, but trends in water layer thickness (Dw) between each bilayer in the stack are highly variable. Further structural characteristics including mesophase topography, bilayer thickness, and lamellar rupture force were revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), exhibiting homogeneous multilamellar stacks with no significant physical differences with changes in the surfactant concentration within the mesophases. Taken together, the outcomes present the assembly of unanticipated and highly unique mixed mesophases with varied structural trends from the involved surfactant and lipidic components. Modulations in their structural properties can be attributed to the surfactants chemical specificity in relation to POPC, such as the headgroup hydration and the hydrophobic chain tail mismatch. Taken together, our results illustrate how specific chemical complexities of surfactant-lipid interactions can alter the morphologies of mixed mesophases and thereby alter the kinetic pathways by which surfactants dissolve lipid mesophases in bulk aqueous solutions.

Resumen: En 2009, el Servei Català de la Salut introdujo en la cartera de servicios la atención podológica comunitaria en las personas con diabetes mellitus y enfermedades crónicas vasculares o neuropáticas. Tras 10 años, se impulsó la evaluación, la revisión y la mejora de la prestación, llevando a cabo diferentes acciones entre 2018-2024. El proceso de mejora se realizó de forma colaborativa y participativa, contando con múltiples agentes. Los principales cambios acordados son el establecimiento el número de visitas en función del perfil y complejidad clínicos de la persona y la instauración de canales de comunicación y coordinación electrónicos entre atención primaria y podología comunitaria. El rediseño de la prestación ha permitido adecuar la prestación al nivel de riesgo e intensidad que precisa la persona, y garantizar la accesibilidad y la equidad en la atención. La conectividad mejora la seguridad y trazabilidad de la atención, así como fomenta la desburocratización y la digitalización. Abstract: In 2009, the Catalan Health Service (Servei Català de la Salut) introduced community podiatric care for people with diabetes mellitus and chronic vascular or neuropathic conditions as part of its service portfolio. After 10 years, an evaluation, review, and improvement of the service was promoted, carrying out various actions between 2018 and 2024. The improvement process was carried out collaboratively and participatively, involving multiple stakeholders. The main agreed changes include setting the number of visits based on the person's clinical profile and complexity, and the establishment of electronic communication and coordination channels between primary care and community podiatry. The redesign of the service has allowed for better alignment with the level of risk and intensity required by the individual, ensuring accessibility and equity in care. Connectivity improves the safety and traceability of care, as well as promotes de-bureaucratization and digitalization.

Contact tracing of individual exposed to any infectious measles case deserves special attention when in the country the disease is mostly imported. We present the coordinated public health actions triggered after reporting a suspected measles case in an aircraft. Spanish public health authorities and airlines responded promptly to allow a rapid contact tracing. Even one secondary measles case was reported no further transmission was identified, revealing that giving PEP and appropriate information help to avoid transmission and to maintain measles elimination in Spain.

BackgroundWorking in an operating room (OR) is physically and mentally challenging: the operation itself demands the surgeon's full attention, while time and cost efficiency constraints, daily planning, and emergency care interfere with the procedure. Thus, multitasking becomes an integral surgical competence. This study aims to examine the effect of disruptions during surgery in a highly immersive virtual reality (IVR) operation environment combined with a virtual reality (VR) laparoscopy simulator. ObjectiveThis study aims to identify distractions in the OR and their importance in the clinical setting. MethodsAn IVR environment was created using a high-resolution, stereoscopic 360° video of the OR. Different distractions were identified, classified as auditory, visual, or audio-visual, and recorded accordingly. The surrounding was combined with a VR laparoscopic simulator. Participants—medical students and surgical residents—received proficiency-based training in basic laparoscopic skills and were blinded to the aim of the experiment. Following a cross-over design, each participant received a unique order of virtual distraction factors while performing tasks on the laparoscopic simulator. During the experiment, subjective passing of time, stress, heart rate, and visually induced motion sickness are recorded. After the experiment, validated questionnaires for usability, immersion, and stress were completed, as well as subjective evaluation of the distractions. The questionnaires used included the system usability scale, Self-Assessment Manikin score, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index, and the immersion rating scale as described by Nichols. Performance in the laparoscopic tasks in relation to distractions will be evaluated by the Wilcoxon test and ANOVA for continuous variables. Subgroup analyses in regard to age, gender, and expertise (medical students vs surgical residents) are planned. ResultsThe described trial started in August 2022 and is ongoing. By July 2024, a total of 30 medical students and 9 surgeons have completed the study. ConclusionsWe present a study protocol aiming to identify the impact of different disruptions in OR during laparoscopic training in IVR. Hence, it may lead to an improved awareness of distractions and facilitate accommodations toward an improved work environment. Prior research leads to the hypothesis that the performance of a more experienced surgeon is less impacted by distractions than the performance of inexperienced surgeons and medical students. Furthermore, we investigate which type of distraction has the largest impact on performance. With this knowledge, specific multitasking training can be devised, which may be particularly useful in medical education, for which VR might play a leading role. Additionally, workplace surroundings in the OR can be optimized with this knowledge. Trial RegistrationGerman Registry for Clinical Trials DRKS00030033; https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00030033 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/59014

The long-term health effects of football (soccer) have received significant attention in recent years. While brain health is currently the focus of this interest, potential long-term risks or benefits related to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and cancer are also of interest to sports medicine professionals. However, studies assessing the overall health risks for professional football players remain scarce. We introduce ‘SoccHealth’, a satellite project to the German National Cohort (NAKO), Germany’s largest population-based cohort study. SoccHealth examined 348 former professional football players aged 40–69 using the infrastructure and comprehensive examination programme of NAKO. The German Statutory Accidental Insurance for Professional Athletes identified and invited male players, while female players were recruited among former national team members. Details of the examination programme and the sociodemographic and career-related characteristics of the participants are described. The identical examination programme for the NAKO participants provides the opportunity to draw general population controls according to various definitions and focus on the respective research question to be analysed. This report delineates one approach to evaluate the long-term health effects of football across a broad range of diseases.

Summary: Viral encephalitis is a growing public health threat with limited diagnostic and treatment options. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques are an established model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and approximately 60% of untreated pigtail macaques rapidly progress to characteristic SIV encephalitis (SIVE). The immune responses of SIV-infected macaques are investigated in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue to determine correlates with SIVE pathology. Macaques with SIVE show myeloid-dominant brain lesions with inflammasome activation in infected and bystander cells, as assessed by interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC), and elevations in monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). SIV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G in plasma and CSF is predictive of SIVE as early as 21 days post-inoculation; animals with SIVE continue to show negligible seroconversion 3 months after infection. This dichotomy in immune responses, wherein some macaques fail to initiate robust IgG responses and subsequently develop SIVE, provides insight into the pathogenesis and heterogeneous outcomes in viral encephalitis.