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Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Although the mortality from breast cancer in developed countries has declined in recent years, due to early detection and advances in adjuvant therapy, metastasis remains by far the main cause of mortality in breast cancer patients. Therefore, the development of therapies to impair metastasis and the identification of biomarkers that predict breast cancer progression is essential to reduce patient mortality. This goal requires an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate not only the progression from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) but also subsequent cancer cell invasion. To be able to invade and form metastases, cancer cells subvert a wide range of cellular processes that enable them to adapt and overcome the micro-environmental barriers. Accumulating evidence suggests that membrane traffic is subverted by cancer cells to increase their proliferative, migratory and invasive capacities. Rab GTPases are key regulators of all steps of membrane traffic and were found to be dysregulated in several types of cancer and implicated in various aspects of tumor progression. Among the different Rabs, RAB11 subfamily has been shown to regulate vesicular trafficking by mediating transport of cargo from the endocytic recycling compartment to the trans-Golgi network and to the plasma membrane through recycling pathways. Interestingly, RAB11 isoforms (RAB11A, RAB11B and RAB25) have been associated with multiple biological processes of malignant tumors and poor prognosis. RAB25 is the most studied isoform in breast cancer, in which it has been shown to act as a tumor promoter or tumor suppressor depending on the molecular context. However, in contrast to the functions of RAB25, the role of RAB11A and RAB11B in breast cancer progression is still poorly understood. Therefore, the main objective of this PhD thesis was to determine the role of RAB11A and RAB11B in breast carcinogenesis and identify the underlying molecular mechanisms driving breast cancer progression. The results obtained in this work show that RAB11A mRNA levels are increased in breast cancer patient samples, comparing with paired adjacent tissues. Moreover, increased levels of RAB11A and RAB11B are positively correlated with the invasive capacity of different breast cancer cell lines. We observed that overexpression of RAB11 isoforms does not promote invasion in an in situ breast cancer spheroid model. Nevertheless, RAB11A enhances the proliferation of in situ breast cancer cells, suggesting that this isoform plays an important role during the early stages of breast cancer formation. Even though RAB11A and RAB11B do not mediate the transition from DCIS to IDC, we show that downregulation of each isoform inhibits proliferation as well as single and collective migration in a highly invasive triple-negative breast cancer cell line. In addition, RAB11A and RAB11B silencing impairs invasion in a breast cancer spheroid model of this cell line. Notably, RAB11 isoforms were shown to regulate the formation and activity of invadopodia, which are structures involved in the proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix. Interestingly, RAB11A and RAB11B regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition by modulating the mRNA levels of SNAIL and SLUG. Finally, we also observed a decrease in the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, upon downregulation of each isoform. It has been shown that invadopodia are necessary for cancer cell intravasation and extravasation during the metastatic cascade. Therefore, targeting the mechanisms that promote invadopodia formation and activity is regarded as a promising strategy to impair the development of metastases at any stage. Thus, we propose RAB11A and RAB11B as potential therapeutic targets to impair the formation of metastases. O cancro da mama é o tipo de tumor mais frequente a nível mundial e é a principal causa de morte associada a cancro em mulheres. Embora a mortalidade causada pelo cancro da mama tenha decrescido nos últimos anos, devido à deteção precoce da doença e aos avanços no seu tratamento, a metastização continua a ser a principal causa de morte nestas doentes. Por este motivo, o desenvolvimento de terapias para prevenção da metastização e a identificação de biomarcadores capazes de prever a progressão do cancro da mama são fundamentais para reduzir a mortalidade associada a esta doença. Para cumprir este objetivo, é necessário não só compreender os mecanismos moleculares que regulam a progressão do carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) não-invasivo para o carcinoma ductal invasivo (CDI) da mama, mas também a subsequente invasão de células cancerígenas. Para poder invadir e formar metástases, as células cancerígenas subvertem uma ampla série de processos celulares que lhes permite ultrapassar uma sucessão de barreiras biológicas. Vários estudos sugerem que o tráfego intracelular é subvertido pelas células cancerígenas para aumentar as suas capacidades proliferativas, migratórias e invasivas. As proteínas Rab GTPases estão envolvidas em todas as etapas do tráfego intracelular e a sua expressão encontra-se frequentemente alterada em vários tipos de cancro, estando implicadas em vários aspetos da progressão tumoral. Entre as diferentes Rabs, a subfamília RAB11 regula o tráfego intracelular através do transporte vesicular desde os endossomas de reciclagem para o aparelho de Golgi assim como para a membrana plasmática através de vias de reciclagem. Curiosamente, as isoformas da subfamília RAB11 (RAB11A, RAB11B e RAB25) têm sido associadas a múltiplos processos biológicos em tumores malignos e também a um pior prognóstico. No entanto, contrariamente às funções da RAB25, o papel da RAB11A e RAB11B na progressão do cancro da mama é ainda pouco conhecido. Portanto, o principal objetivo desta tese de doutoramento foi determinar o papel da RAB11A e RAB11B na formação e desenvolvimento do cancro de mama e identificar os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes à progressão desta doença. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostram que os níveis de mRNA de RAB11A estão aumentados em amostras de pacientes com CDI, em comparação com tecidos adjacentes. Para além disso, uma elevada expressão proteica de RAB11A e RAB11B está positivamente correlacionada com a capacidade invasiva de diferentes linhas celulares de cancro da mama. Constatámos que a sobreexpressão das isoformas da RAB11 não promove a invasão em esferóides formados por uma linha celular de CDIS. No entanto, a sobreexpressão da RAB11A aumenta a proliferação desta linha celular, sugerindo que esta isoforma desempenha um papel importante durante os estádios iniciais da formação do cancro da mama. Embora a RAB11A e RAB11B não regulem a transição de CDIS para CDI, observámos que o silenciamento de cada isoforma inibe a proliferação, bem como a migração singular e coletiva numa linha celular de cancro da mama triplo-negativo altamente invasiva. Para além disso, o silenciamento da RAB11A e RAB11B inibe a invasão de esferóides formados com esta linha celular. Curiosamente, as isoformas da RAB11 regulam a formação e atividade de invadopódios, que são estruturas envolvidas na degradação proteolítica da matriz extracelular. Adicionalmente, a RAB11A e RAB11B regulam a transição epitelial-mesenquimal através da modulação dos níveis de mRNA de SNAIL e SLUG. Por fim, também observamos uma diminuição na ativação da via de sinalização PI3K/AKT, aquando do silenciamento de cada isoforma. Tem sido demonstrado que os invadopódios são necessários para o intravasamento e extravasamento de células cancerígenas durante a metastização. Portanto, a inibição dos mecanismos que promovem a formação e atividade dos invadopódios pode constituir uma estratégia promissora para impedir o desenvolvimento de metástases em qualquer fase da doença. Desta forma, propomos a RAB11A e RAB11B como potenciais alvos terapêuticos para prevenir a formação de metástases.

Kochosa confusa sp. nov. (Figs 6, 10A–E, 11A–D) Holotype. Male, Isla Gorge Lookout, 3.2 km NE (25º11′S 150º00′E, Queensland, AUSTRALIA), D. J. Cook, 22 September–15 December 1997, pitfall trap, open forest, 300 m altitude, 5044 (QM S44298). Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin adjective in apposition meaning confused. It refers to the fact that we initially included the specimens of this species in K. australia sp. nov. due to their similar male genital morphology. Other material examined (18 males, 4 females). AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 1 male, Brigalow Research Station, Theodore, 24º48'10''S 149º45'57''E (QM S71585); 4 males, 1 female, Expedition Range National Park, Oil Bore Road, 25º12'S 149º11'E (QM S44361); 3 males, Isla Gorge Lookout, 3.2 km NE, 25º11'S 150º00'E (QM S44382); 3 males, Isla Gorge National Park, NE corner, 25º10'10''S, 150º00'35''E (QM S60144); 2 males, same locality (QM S44329); 1 male, Isla Gorge, lookout turnoff, 25º12'S 149º48'E (QM S44372); 1 male, 1 female, same locality (QM S44432); 1 female, Mt Gavial, 3 km SSE, 23º37'10''S 150º29'23''E (QM S71584), 3 males, Taroom, 6 km N on highway, 25º36'S 149º46'E (QM S44481); 1 female, Taroom, 9 km N, 25º35'S 149º46'E (QM S36626). Diagnosis. Males of K. confusa sp. nov. are most similar to K. australia sp. nov., K. erratum sp. nov. and K. mendum sp. nov. due to the arching base of the embolus (Figs 4D, 10C, 12C, 15C). Kochosa confusa sp. nov. can be differentiated from K. australia sp. nov. and K. mendum sp. nov. by the shape of the sperm duct visible through the tegulum, which forms a closed loop in K. confusa sp. nov. (Fig. 10C) (and K. erratum sp. nov., Fig. 12C), but an open arch in the latter two (Figs 4D, 15C). Male K. confusa sp. nov. differ from K. erratum sp. nov. by details in the embolic division of the pedipalp bulb, specifically the less curved embolus and the lack of a sclerotised retrolateral edge (Fig. 10E vs 12E). Females of K. confusa sp. nov. are most similar to those of K. nigra sp. nov., based on the shape of the median septum of the epigyne forming a raised triangle; however, this triangle is medially closed in K. confusa sp. nov. (Fig. 11C), but not so in K. nigra sp. nov. (Fig. 17C). Description. Male (based on holotype, QM S44298). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown (Fig. 10A); lateral flanks marked by indistinct broad patches of white setae (Fig. 10A). Sternum dark brown, slightly mottled light brown (Fig. 10B). Abdomen. Dorsally dark olive-grey, cardiac mark separated into two small pale spots (Fig. 10A); venter light brown (Fig. 10B). Pedipalps (Fig. 10C–E). Basoembolic apophysis forms broad edge; tegular apophysis broad, transparent; embolus basally arched, then long and thin, slightly curved along its whole length (Fig. 10E). Legs: brown, apical segments lighter; spination of leg I: femur: 2 dorsal, 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral. Measurements: TL 4.12, CL 2.12, CW 1.26. Eyes: AME 0.05, ALE 0.07, PME 0.20, PLE 0.16. Row of eyes: AE 0.45, PME 0.59, PLE 0.68. Sternum (length/width) 0.35/0.28. Labium (length/width) 0.23/0.31. AL 2.00, AW 1.20. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.72+0.52+- +0.68=1.92, I 1.28+1.52+1.04+0.72=4.56, II 1.21+1.52+1.00+0.52=4.25, III 1.12+1.24+1.16+0.60=4.12, IV 1.64 +2.04+1.88+0.90=6.46. Variation: Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 3.70–4.15, 3.98 ± 0.16; CL 1.92–2.221, 2.10 ± 0.10; CW 1.12–1.32, 1.23 ± 0.07, n = 10. There is little colour variation in K. confusa sp. nov. males. The lateral light flanks of the carapace are often more distinct through more dense white setae than in the holotype illustrated. Female (based on QM S44432). Carapace. Dorsally brown; medially somewhat lighter, but irregular light discolorations likely preservation artefacts (Fig. 11A). Sternum: dark brown (Fig. 11B). Abdomen. Dorsally dark olive grey with small pale spots; pale brown cardiac mark entire (Fig. 11A). Venter light yellow brown (Fig. 11B). Legs. Brown, femora darker. Epigyne. Ventral view: median septum present, tapering posteriorly (Fig. 11C); dorsal view: spermathecal heads oval with short anterior branch, spermathecal stalks short; vulval chamber ovoid (Fig. 11D). Measurements: TL 4.72, CL 2.10, CW 1.22. Eyes: AME 0.07, ALE 0.05, PME 0.23, PLE 0.20. Row of eyes: AE 0.46, PME 0.70, PLE 0.90. Sternum (length/width) 1.00/0.83. Labium (length/width) 0.32/0.27. AL 2.01, AW 1.48. Legs: Length of segments: Pedipalp 0.68+0.75+-+0.45=1.88, I 1.16+1.37+0.75+0.52=3.79, II 1.20+1.38+0.9 0+0.71=4.19, III 1.15+1.18+0.86+0.61=3.79, IV 1.70+1.92+1.76+0.75=6.12. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 4.03–5.00, 4.57 ± 0.41; CL 2.05–2.35, 2.15 ± 0.13; CW 1.22–1.40, 1.28 ± 0.08, n = 4. No noticeable colour or genitalic variation was evident in the four females examined. Life history and habitat preferences. Mature males and females of K. confusa sp. nov. have been found between September and March; the species is therefore spring and summer-mature. The species appears to prefer open forests and woodlands; habitat descriptions include “open forest’, “Belah/Brigalow”, “semi-evergreen vine thicket”. Distribution. Kochosa confusa sp. nov. has only been found in central east Queensland (Fig. 6).

Kochosa nigra sp. nov. (Figs 13, 17A–C) Holotype. Female, Blackdown Tableland, via Dingo (23º50'S 149º03'E, Queensland, AUSTRALIA), R. J. Raven, 1–6 February 1981, pitfall traps (QM S71611). Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective in apposition derived from the Latin nigra (= black) and refers to the type locality, Blackdown Tableland. Other material examined. Only known from holotype. Diagnosis. Females of K. nigra sp. nov. are most similar to K. confusa sp. nov. due to their triangular raised median septum of the epigyne (Figs 11C, 17C). However, in K. nigra sp. nov. the edge of the median septum is not connected medially (Fig. 17C), whereas it is continuous in K. confusa sp. nov (Fig. 11C). Description. Male. Unknown. Female (based on holotype, QM S71611). Cephalothorax. Dorsally olive-brown with darker radial pattern; median light band narrowing posteriorly (Fig. 17A). Sternum dark brown with scattered small light spots (Fig. 17B). Abdomen. Dorsally dark olive-brown; mottled with light brown small spots; cardiac mark yellow-brown and continuous, narrowing posteriorly (Fig. 17A). Venter light olive-brown; spinnerets yellow-brown (Fig. 16B). Epigyne (Fig. 17C). Ventral view: ovoid wider than long, V-shaped median septum, spermathecal heads distinctly visible through cuticle and almost touching medially; dorsal view not examined as only known from single holotype. Legs. Light brown with dark annulations; ventral aspect of patella and tibia IV distinctly darker; spination of leg I: femur: 3 dorsal, 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs, 1 prolateral; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs; 3 prolateral, 1 apicoretrolateral. Measurements. TL 4.61, CL 2.42, CW 1.56. Eyes: AME 0.09, ALE 0.08, PME 0.23, PLE 0.21. Row of eyes: AE 0.49, PME 0.70, PLE 0.81. Sternum (length/width) 1.00/0.81. Labium (length/width) 0.22/0.26. AL 1.80, AW 1.72. Legs: light brown with dark annulations; length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.86+0.70+-+0.72 = 2.28, I 1.51+1.86+107+ 0.81 = 5.26, II 1.37+1.60+1.09+0.77 = 4.84, III 1.23+1.42+1.23+0.70 = 4.58, IV 1.74+2.07+2.02+1.00 = 6.84. Life history and habitat preferences. Unknown, only known from holotype female collected in February. Distribution. Kochosa nigra sp. nov. is only known from its type locality (Fig. 13).

Kochosa aero sp. nov. (Figs 6, 7A–C) Holotype. Female, Aerodrome Road Nature Reserve, East, site LK11 (33º28'27″S 119º44'31E, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA), 15 October 1999 – 1 November 2000, P. van Heurck et al., wet pitfall trap (WAM T67839). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Aerodrome Road Nature Reserve. Other material examined. Only known from holotype. Diagnosis. The epigyne of K. aero sp. nov. is unlike any other in the genus, with raised sinuous edges and forming a deep longitudinal channel (Fig. 7C). The male of the species is unknown. Description Male. Unknown. Female (based on holotype, WAM T67839). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown; central lighter band narrowing posteriorly; broad lateral lighter bands (Fig. 7A). Sternum black (Fig. 7B). Abdomen. Dorsally orange-brown, cardiac mark barely discernible; lateral flanks very dark brown to black (Fig. 7A); ventrally dark brown with lighter epigyne (Fig. 7B). Epigyne. Ventral view: deep longitudinal channel ending in posterior lip (Fig. 7C); dorsal view: not examined to not compromise the single specimen of the species. Legs. Annulated black and light brown, distinct almost white central rings on tibiae and metatarsi of legs I and II (Fig. 7B); spination of leg I: femur: 3 dorsal, 1 apicoprolateral; patella: 1 apicodorsal; tibia: 3 ventral pairs, metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral, 2 prolateral. Measurements. TL 3.91, CL 2.34, CW 1.88. Eyes: AME 0.09, ALE 0.07, PME 0.26, PLE 0.23. Row of eyes: AE 0.51, PME 0.72, PLE 0.93. Sternum (length/width) 0.92/0.88. Labium (length/width) not measured due to poor condition. AL 1.72, AW 1.41. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.74+0.86+-+0.81=2.42, I 1.51+1.74+1.14+0.81=5.21, II 1.33+1.67+1.23+0.77=5.00, III 1.26+1.51+1.33 +0.74=4.84, IV 1.98+2.23+1.70+0.98=6.88. Life history and habitat preferences. Unknown, as only known from a single female from a long-term pitfall trap study. Distribution. Kochosa aero sp. nov. is only known from its type locality north-west of Ravensthorpe in southwestern Western Australia (Fig. 6).

Kochosa erratum sp. nov. (Figs 12A–E, 13) Holotype. Male, 7 km NE Mt Bluffkin (22º35′46″S 149º14′10″E, Queensland, AUSTRALIA), G. & S. Monteith, 16 December 1999 – 22 March 2000, pitfall trap (QM S57812). Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin noun in apposition meaning error. It refers to the fact that we initially included the specimens of this species in K. australia sp. nov. due to their similar male genital morphology. Other material examined. 2 males, 7 km NE Mt Bluffkin, 22º35'46''S 149º14'10''E (QM S57772). Diagnosis. Males of K. erratum sp. nov. are most similar to those of K. confusa sp. nov. due to the exposed, arching base of the embolus and the sperm duct that is visible through the tegulum forming a closed loop (Figs 10C, 12C). Male K. erratum sp. nov. differ from K. confusa sp. nov. by details in the embolic division of the pedipalp, specifically the longer embolus and the presence of a sclerotised retrolateral edge (Fig. 10E vs 12E). The female of K. erratum sp. nov. is not known. Description. Male (based on holotype, QM S57812). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown; median light brown band narrowing posteriorly, lateral flanks marked by indistinct broad patches of white setae (Fig. 12A). Sternum dark brown (Fig. 12B). Abdomen. Dorsally olive-grey, cardiac mark continuous (Fig. 12A); venter light brown, centrally somewhat darker (Fig. 12B). Pedipalps (Fig. 12C–E). Basoembolic apophysis reduced; tegular apophysis broad, transparent; embolus basally arched, then long and thin, strongly curved specifically apically (Fig. 12E). Legs. Brown; tibia and metatarsi I and II with distinct white setae prolaterally; spination of leg I: femur: 2 dorsal, 2 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs. Measurements. TL 4.11, CL 2.48, CW 1.52. Eyes: AME 0.05, ALE 0.09, PME 0.22, PLE 0.18. Row of eyes: AE 0.67, PME 0.59, PLE 0.77. Sternum (length/width) 1.15/0.94. Labium (length/width) 0.40/0.36. AL 1.85, AW 1.30. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.85+0.55+- +0.85=2.25, I 1.50+2.00+1.20+0.80=5.50, II 1.45+1.80+1.10+0.75=5.10, III 1.35+1.50+1.20+0.65=4.70, IV 1.85 +2.30+2.00+0.95=7.10. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 3.70–4.11, 4.03 ± 0.31; CL 2.15–2.48, 2.27 ± 0.18; CW 0.80–1.52, 1.21 ± 0.40, n = 3. The two other males examined, also from the type locality, are somewhat lighter than the holotype illustrated here and lack the distinct white prolateral setae on tibiae and metatarsi I and II. Female. Unknown. Life history and habitat preferences. The males of K. erratum sp. nov. have been found in pitfall traps from October to March. There was no habitat information on the collection labels with the specimens. Distribution. Kochosa erratum sp. nov. is only known from the type locality, Mt Bluffkin, in central east Queensland (Fig. 13).

Kochosa queenslandica sp. nov. (Figs 20, 21A–D) Holotype. Male, Beerwah Forestry Reserve (26º51′S 152º57′E, Queensland, AUSTRALIA), M. Glover, 21 November 1990, site C3, heathland (QM S33549). Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective referring to the Australian state where this species is found, Queensland. Other material examined. Only known from holotype male. Diagnosis. Males of K. queenslandica sp. nov. are easily distinguished from other species in this group as they are the only species in which the basal half of the cymbium carries short, stout macrosetae retrolaterally (Fig. 21C, D). Description. Male (based on holotype, QM S33549). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown with median light band slightly narrowing posteriorly; lateral light bands indistinct (Fig. 21A). Sternum: very dark brown (Fig. 21B). Abdomen. Dorsally olive-brown; cardiac mark continuous with dark spots bordering in posterior half (Fig. 21A); venter olive-brown (Fig. 21B). Pedipalps (Fig. 21C, D; slightly expanded and twisted within the cymbium; apical section not dissected not to compromise morphology of single holotype). Retrolateral short stout macrosetae in basal half of cymbium tegular apophysis a white lobe; embolus narrow sickle-shaped. Legs. Light brown, some indistinct dark annulations; spination of leg I: femur: 3 dorsal (apical one small), 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 4 ventral pair (apical ones small), 1 prolateral; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs; 3 prolateral, 1 retrolateral. Measurements. TL 3.99, CL 2.21, CW 1.39. Eyes: AME 0.07, ALE 0.05, PME 0.19, PLE 0.19. Row of eyes: AE 0.44, PME 0.63, PLE 0.72. Sternum (length/width) 1.03/0.69. Labium (length/width) 0.28/0.30. AL 1.87, AW 1.21. Legs: Length of segments: Pedipalp 0.66+- +-+1.06 = 1.72, I 1.36+1.66+1.06+0.81= 4.89, II 1.30+1.57+1.06 +0.75=4.68, III 1.24+1.3+1.21+0.72=4.47, IV 1.66+1.9+2.09+0.93=6.58. Female. Unknown. Life history and habitat preferences. The single male specimen of this species was found in heathland in November. Distribution. Only known from type locality, Beerwah Forestry Reserve, south-eastern Queensland (Fig. 20).

Kochosa tanakai sp. nov. (Figs 20, 23A–E, 24A–D) Holotype. Male, Orchid Beach, Eliza Avenue, K’gari (Fraser Island) (24º58'00''S 153º18'59''E, Queensland, AUSTRALIA), R. J. Raven, P. Fishburn, P. Lawless, 20 August–17 December 1997, pitfall trap, site F02 (QM S43428). Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym honouring Hozumi Tanaka, Sonoda Gakuen Women's College, Japan, for his continuing support of our arachnological studies. Other material examined (35 males, 26 females, 6 juveniles). AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: 1 female, Boundary Creek State Forest, 29º59'25''S 152º34'33''E (AM KS.39797); 4 females, Bulls Ground State Forest, 31º35'S 152º31'E (AM KS.43337–8, KS.89836–7); 1 female, Bungawalbin State Forest, 29º02'10''S 153º9'11''E (AM KS.88470); 1 female, Chaelundi State Forest, 29º57'50''S 152º31'23''E (AM KS.39800); 1 female, Doubleduke State Forest, 29º11'31''S 153º16'29''E (AM KS.88477); 1 female, Doubleduke State Forest, 29º08'20''S 153º10'55''E (AM KS.88484); 1 female, 1 juv., Kunderang Station Creek, 30º48'26''S 152º06'26''E (AM KS.39799); 12 males, Oxley Wild Rivers National Park, East Kunderang Track, 30º09'06''S 152º08'06''E (AM KS.124247); 1 female, Oxley Wild Rivers National Park, Warm Corner Trail, ca. 600 m from Jeogla Boundary Trail, 30º38'26''S 152º02'05''E (AM KS.124488); 2 females, Ramornie State Forest, track off Mt Tindal Road, 29º42'41''S 152º37'36''E (AM KS.39798). Queensland: 1 female, Brisbane Forest Park, 27º22'S 152º46'E (QM S18660); 1 male, Consuelo Park, 5.5 km W, 24º56'18''S 148º06'37''E (QM S71588); 3 males, Cooloola, 26º12'S 153º03'E (QM S71608 –9); 1 female, Kroombit Tops, Calliope Range, 45 km SSW Calliope, 24º22'54''S 151º01'52''E (QM S71597); 1 female, same locality (QM); 3 males, Mt Moffatt National Park, Foleys Spring, 24º56'49''S 48º07'55''E (QM S71614 -6); 2 males, Orchid Beach, K’gari (Fraser Island), 24º58'S 153º19'E (QM S31303); 2 males, Orchid Beach, K’gari (Fraser Island), 24º57'40''S 153º18'55''E (QM S41757); 1 male, 1 female, Orchid Beach, Eliza Avenue, K’gari (Fraser Island), 24º58'00''S 153º18'59''E (QM S59862); 1 male Peawaddy Gorge Lookout, 2.6 km W, 24º54′49″S 148º02′01″E (QM S57909); 5 males, 1 female, Rochedale State Forest, 27º37′S 153º09′E (QM S71589 –94); 1 male, 1 juv., same locality (QM S71595); 1 female, 2 juv., same locality (QM S71596); 3 males, 5 females, same locality (QM S71600 –7); 1 male, 1 female, 2 juv., Rochedale State Forest, 27º37'S, 153º09'E (QM S71586 –7); 1 female, Stony Creek, via Samford, 27º20'20''S, 152º47'52''E (QM S48379). Diagnosis. Males of K. tanakai sp. nov. are unique within the genus as the embolus is kinked medially and points apically, its tip extending past the basoembolic apophysis, with a broad structure accompanying it (Fig. 23E). Females of K. tanakai sp. nov. have an epigyne with distinct median septum that broadens posteriorly (Fig. 24C), similar to those of K. obelix sp. nov. (Fig. 19C, D) and K. westralia sp. nov. (Fig. 32C). Unlike in the latter two species, however, the median septum is poorly defined posteriorly in K. tanakai sp. nov. (Fig. 24C); in addition, the spermathecal heads are much further separated (Figs 24D vs 19E, 32D). Description. Male (based on holotype, QM S43428). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown; light median band narrowing posteriorly; light lateral bands indistinct but covered with white setae (Fig. 23A). Sternum brown, mottled darker grey (Fig. 23B). Abdomen. Dorsally light olive-grey; cardiac mark continuous and poorly defined darker borders (Fig. 23A). Venter light olive-brown (Fig. 23B). Pedipalps (Fig. 23C–E). Cymbium broad, tegular apophysis brown, sclerotised; embolus basally broad, kinked medially and pointing apically and exceeding basoembolic apophysis (Fig. 23E). Legs. Light brown with dark annulations; spination of leg I: femur: 3 dorsal, 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 4 ventral pairs (apical pair small and closer to each other), 1 prolateral; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral, 2 prolateral, 1 apicoprolateral, 1 retrolateral. Measurements. TL 3.58, CL 2.07, CW 1.10. Eyes: AME 0.09, ALE 0.07, PME 0.21, PLE 0.18. Row of eyes: AE 0.46, PME 0.61, PLE 0.69. Sternum (length/width) 0.82/0.67. Labium (length/width) 0.44/0.24. AL 1.60, AW 1.10. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.65+0.45+- +0.74=1.84, I 1.16+1.39+0.85+0.71=4.11; II 1.14+1.31+0.88+0.65=3.98, III 1.08+1.02+0.94+0.59=3.63; IV 1.28 +1.62+1.56+0.85=5.31. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 3.40–4.91, 3.99 ± 0.47; CL 1.86–2.60, 2.19 ± 0.25; CW 1.10–1.65, 1.32 ± 0.17, n = 10. In some male, the legs had distinct dark annulations, much more prominent than in the specimen illustrated here. Female (based on AM KS89836). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown with indistinct light median band (Fig. 24A). Sternum brown, mottled darker (Fig. 24B). Abdomen. Dorsally dark olive-brown with light brown lanceolate cardiac mark (Fig. 24A). Venter light olivebrown (Fig. 24B). Epigyne (Fig. 24C, D). Ventral view: median septum elongate trapezoid (Fig 24C); dorsal view: spermathecal heads spherical; spermathecal stalks straight (Fig. 24D). Legs. Light brown with darker annulations; spination of leg I: femur: 3 dorsal, 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral, 2 prolateral; 1 apicoprolateral; 1 retrolateral. Measurements. TL 4.10, CL 2.12, CW 1.52. Eyes: AME 0.07, ALE 0.09, PME 0.24, PLE 0.20. Row of eyes: AE 0.54, PME 0.74, PLE 0.92. Sternum (length/width) 1.00/0.85. Labium (length/width) 0.26/0.32. AL 1.85, AW 1.21. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.50+0.75+- +0.55=1.80, I 1.30+1.60+0.90+0.65=4.45, II 1.25+1.40+0.90+0.60=4.15, III 1.10+1.17+1.00+0.56=3.82, IV 1.65 +1.90+1.73+0.75=6.03. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 4.00–5.65, 4.57 ± 0.54; CL 2.18–2.65, 2.41 ± 0.18; CW 1.38–1.65, 1.52 ± 0.09, n = 10. Kochosa tanakai sp. nov. is a comparatively dark species and the abdominal cardiac mark is often not very distinct in some females. Life history and habitat preferences. Kochosa tanakai sp. nov. was found in open forests, eucalypt woodlands and heathland; a single specimen was collected on a dune. Many of the pitfall traps that caught K. tanakai sp. nov. were exposed for too long to allow an interpretation of its phenology, however, adults seem to be most prevalent from October to December. Distribution. North-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland (Fig. 20)., Published as part of Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. & Yoo, Jung-Sun, 2023, The artoriine wolf spiders of Australia: the new genus Kochosa and a key to genera (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 301-357 in Zootaxa 5239 (3) on pages 340-343, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7634797

Genus Kochosa gen. nov. Type species. Kochosa australia sp. nov. (designated here). Gender. Feminine. Etymology. The generic name honours both the German arachnologist Carl Ludwig Koch (1778–1857) and his son Ludwig Koch (1825–1908) for their contribution to Australian Arachnology. Carl Ludwig Koch described the first Australian wolf spider species, Venatrix funesta (C. L. Koch, 1847) (C. L. Koch 1846 –47). Ludwig Koch’s Die Arachniden Australiens. Nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben (1871–1881), continued by Graf. E. von Keyserling (1881 –1890), remains the benchmark in Australian arachnological research. Diagnosis. The presence of a basoembolic apophysis identifies Kochosa gen. nov. as a member of the Artoriinae (Framenau 2007). It differs from all other genera within this subfamily by a combination of somatic and genitalic characters. We propose as synapomorphy for the genus a distinct off-white or yellowish-white abdominal cardiac mark, which is surrounded posteriorly by thick black setae which accentuate its shape (e.g., Figs 8A, 9A, 14A, 15A). The cardiac mark can be dissolved to form a separate posterior spot (e.g., Figs 1G, 2H, 5A, 10A). The dorsum of the abdomen is otherwise uniformly dark olive-brown in most species. The cephalic region of the carapace is slightly elevated in lateral view, often with a sharp edge towards the thoracic region. Some salt-lake dwelling Tetralycosa also have a raised cephalic region (e.g., T. eyrei (Hickman, 1944) and T. alteripa (McKay1976)), but these spiders are much larger and have a very different colouration and genitalic structure (see McKay 1976, Framenau et al. 2006; Framenau & Hudson 2017). The basoembolic apophysis is very variable in shape (e.g., reduced to a simple edge, heavily extended retrolaterally, Figs 4F, 8E, 10E, 14E, 18E), in contrast to most other artoriine genera in which it may have a species-specific form (e.g., inverted L-shaped in Anoteropsis and subquadrate in Artoriopsis; Framenau 2007). The tegular apophysis is reduced in comparison to other artoriine genera and generally consists of a subcircular, often semi-transparent lobe (e.g., Figs 4D, 8C, 10C, 14C). In contrast to other genera within the Artoriinae, the tip of cymbium appears very pointy, as the apicolateral sides of the cymbium are concave in most species. Description. Small to medium-sized lycosids (TL 3.3–5.9, males; 3.4–11.3, females). Carapace: dark brown, with pale median band occupying generally about one third of carapace width, and with continuous light lateral bands of variable width; lateral borders of median band parallel or converging posteriorly, median and lateral bands covered with white short and stout setae; additional white setae in some species result in species specific light colour patterns (e.g., Fig. 30A); cephalic part elevated in lateral view, often with a sharp edge towards the thoracic part; eye area dark, covered with sparse white setae; clypeus 1–2 times higher than the diameter of AME. Eyes: row of AE procurved; row of AE Chelicerae: of same colour as carapace, sometimes slightly darker or lighter; outer tubercle present in Kochosa tasmaniensis sp. nov. (Fig. 25F); three promarginal teeth, the middle one largest, and three retromarginal teeth of about equal size (rarely two retromarginal teeth in single specimens within some species). Maxillae: brown; basally lighter than apically. Labium: basally darker than apically; anteriorly bordered off-whitish. Sternum: longer than wide; brown or dark brown with obliquely erect, long and sparse setae, denser towards margins. Abdomen: ovoid, somewhat tapering posteriorly; dark greyish to olive-brown with off-white or yellowish-white cardiac mark; this mark surrounded by thick black setae which accentuate its shape, and which are particularly dense posteriorly, cardiac mark sometimes divided to form two separate spots. Legs: brown or dark brown with light or dark annulations or dorsal patches; leg formula: male 4123, 41=23, or 4213, female 4123 or 42=31; spination of leg I: femur 3 dorsal (apical one small), 0 or 1 apicoprolateral; tibia 3 ventral pairs (sometimes 4 ventral pairs, in this case apical pair small and closer to each other), 1 or 2 prolateral, 0 or 1 retrolateral; metatarsus 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral, 0–2 prolateral; 0 or 1 apicoprolateral, 0 or 1 apicoretrolateral. Male pedipalps: Patella lighter than other segments, sometimes covered with white setae dorsally; cymbium tip pointed, as the apicolateral sides of the cymbium are concave in most species; 2–4 macrosetae on cymbium apex; embolus thin and long (e.g., Figs 4F, 10E, 25E), or stout (e.g., Figs 14E, 18E, 23E), originating prolaterally; basoembolic apophysis variable between species, e.g. simple edge (e.g., Figs 4F, 10E, 12E, 25E) to retrolaterally extended (e.g., Figs 8E, 14E); tegular apophysis roundish, semi-transparent or only weakly sclerotised, (e.g., Figs 4D, 8C, 10C,); subtegulum generally inconspicuous, situated basoprolaterally (e.g., Fig. 10C). Female epigyne: ventral view: very variable in shape; form simple flat plate without distinct median septum (e.g., Figs 5C, E, 16C) to distinct median septum present in some species (e.g., Figs 24C, 29C, 32C); dorsal view: spermathecal head ovoid with or without short and blunt spermathecal branch; spermathecal stalks of variable length and shape; vulval chambers of variable shape present in some species (e.g., Figs 5D, 9D, 11D). Included species. 16 species, see Table 2. Distribution. Currently known from mesic areas in eastern, south-eastern and south-western Australia, including Tasmania (Figs 6, 13, 20, 27). Key to the species of Kochosa gen. nov. (Currently known state distribution is given for each species to aid identification—abbreviations as in Table 1 and 2.) 1. Males (males of K. aero sp. nov. and K. nigra sp. nov. are unknown)............................................ 2 - Females (females of K. erratum sp. nov., K. fleurae sp. nov., K. queenslandica sp. nov., K. sharae sp. nov. and K. tongiorgii sp. nov. are unknown)................................................................................ 15 2. Base of embolus exposed, highly arched and/or extending beyond the cymbium cavity (Figs 4D, 10C, 12C, 15C, 28C, 31C).....................................................................................................3 - Base of embolus not highly arched (e.g., Figs 21C, 25E)...................................................... 8 3. Embolus long, thin and curved (Figs 4F, 10E, 12E, 15E)...................................................... 4 - Embolus heavily sclerotised, stout (Figs 28E, 31E).......................................................... 7 4. Sperm duct visible through tegulum forms a closed loop (Figs 10C, 12C).........................................5 - Loop of sperm duct visible through tegulum basally open..................................................... 6 5. Embolic division retrolaterally pointed, as wide as embolus reaches (Fig. 10E) (Qld)................. K. confusa sp. nov. - Embolic division retrolaterally with a sclerotised sinuous edge, much wider than embolus reaches (Fig. 12E) (Qld)............................................................................................. K. erratum sp. nov. 6. Embolic division centrally with elongate triangular, pointed apophysis that accompanies the tip of the embolus (Fig. 4F) (ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Vic, WA)................................................................ K. australia sp. nov. - Embolic division centrally without elongate triangular, pointed apophysis (Fig. 15E) (ACT, NSW, Qld)..................................................................................................... K. mendum sp. nov. 7. Bulb of pedipalp does not exceed cymbium cavity retrolaterally, embolus straight (Fig. 28C, E) (WA)..................................................................................................... K. timwintoni sp. nov. - Bulb of pedipalp exceeds cymbium cavity retrolaterally, embolus slightly sinuous (Fig. 31 C, E) (WA)....................................................................................................... K. westralia sp. nov. 8. Cymbium retrolaterally with conspicuous short, stout setae (Fig. 21D) (Qld)................. K. queenslandica sp. nov. - Cymbium retrolaterally without conspicuous stout setae....................................................... 9 9. Median light band of carapace extends laterally into the cephalic area, so that the area lateral of eyes is light (Figs 18A, 22A, 25A).............................................................................................. 10 - Median light band of carapace does not extend laterally into the cephalic area, so that the area lateral of eyes is dark brown (Fig. 8A, 14A, 23A, 30A)................................................................................. 12 10. Outer edge of cheliceral fangs with tubercle (Fig. 25F) (Tas)................................ K. tasmaniensis sp. nov. - Outer edge of cheliceral fangs without tubercle............................................................. 11 11. Embolus stout, reaching only halfway along embolic division (Fig. 18E) (WA)...................... K. obelix sp. nov. - Embolus thin, reaching almost to the retrolateral edge of the embolic division (Fig. 22E) (SA).......... K. sharae sp. nov. 12. Basoembolic apophysis retrolaterally extended and conspicuous in ventral view of pedipalp (Figs 8C, E, 14C, E)........ 13 - Basoembolic apophysis not retrolaterally extended (Figs 23E, 30E)............................................ 14 13. Embolus long and thin with terminal kink (Fig. 8E) (NSW, Qld, Tas, Vic).......................... K. asterix sp. nov. - Embolus broad and stout (Fig. 14E) (Vic)................................................... K. fleurae sp. nov. 14. Embolus long, stout (Fig. 30E) (Qld)..................................................... K. tongiorgii sp. nov. - Embolus thin, pointing apically (Fig. 23E) (NSW, Qld)........................................ K. tanakai sp. nov. 15. Epigyne without distinct median septum or other raised median structure (Figs 5C, E, 9C, 16C)...................... 16 - Epigyne with distinct median septum or other raised median structure (Fig. 7C, 11C, 17C, 19C, 24C, 26C, 29C, 32C).... 18 16. Epigyne incised posteriorly (Fig. 9C) (NSW, Qld, Tas, Vic)..................................... K. asterix sp. nov. - Epigyne not incised posteriorly (Figs 5C, E, 6C)........................................................... 17 17. Epigyne with distinct anterior edge (Fig. 16C) (ACT, NSW, Qld)............................... K. mendum sp. nov. - Epigyne without anterior edge (Fig. 5C, E) (ACT, NSW, Qld, SA, Vic, WA)...................... K. australia sp. nov. 18. Epigyne with sinuous raised edges and central cavity (Fig. 7C) (WA)................................ K. aero sp. nov. - Epigyne without sinuous raised edges and central cavity (e.g., Figs 11C, 17C, 19C, 24C)........................... 19 19. Median septum with central ridge and widening posteriorly (Figs 19C, 24C, 29C, 32C)............................ 20 - Median septum without central ridge that widens posteriorly (Figs 11C, 17C, 26C)................................ 23 20. Median septum distinctly inverted T-shaped (Fig. 29C) (WA)................................ K. timwintoni sp. nov. - Median septum not inverted T-shaped (Figs 19C, 24C, 32C).................................................. 21 21. Median septum without distinct posterior edge (Fig. 24C); spermathecal heads separated by more than three times their width (Fig. 24D) (NSW, Qld)................................................................. K. tanakai sp. nov. - Medium septum with distinct rounded posterior edge (Figs 19C, D, 32C); spermathecal heads separated by less than their width (Figs 19E, 32D)..................................................................................... 22 22. Median septum raised centrally and somewhat bulging, posterior edge almost semicircular (Fig. 32C); spermathecal ducts attached dorsally to spermathecal heads (Fig. 32D) (WA)...................................... K. westralia sp. nov. - Median septum not raised centrally, posterior edge straighter (Fig. 19C, D); spermathecal ducts attached posteriorly to spermathecal heads (Fig. 19E) (WA)......................................................... K. obelix sp. nov. 23. Median septum forms a posterior ridge (Fig. 26C) (Tas).................................... K. tasmaniensis sp. nov. - Median septum forms an angled edge centrally on epigyne (Figs 11C, 17C)...................................... 24 24. Median septum connected medially to form an approximate right angle posteriorly (Fig. 11C) (Qld)..... K. confusa sp. nov. - Median septum not connected medially (Fig. 17C) (Qld)......................................... K. nigra sp. nov., Published as part of Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. & Yoo, Jung-Sun, 2023, The artoriine wolf spiders of Australia: the new genus Kochosa and a key to genera (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 301-357 in Zootaxa 5239 (3) on pages 307-311, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7634797, {"references":["Koch, C. L. (1846 - 1847) s. n. In: Arachniden. Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Vierzehnter Band. Verlag von J. L. Lotzbeck, Nurnberg, pp. 1 - 88 (1846) + pp. 89 - 210 (1847).","Keyserling, E (1881 - 1890) s. n. In: Arachniden. Getreu nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Erster Theil. Lieferung 28, Erster Theil. Lieferung 29 - 30, Erster Theil. Lieferung 31, Zweiter Theil. Lieferung 33 - 34, Zweiter Teil. Lieferung 35 - 36, Zweiter Theil. Lieferung 37. Bauer & Raspe, Nurnberg, pp. 1272 - 1324 (1881), pp. 1325 - 1420 (1882), pp. 1421 - 1489 (1883), pp. 87 - 152 (1886), pp. 153 - 232 (1887), pp. 233 - 274 (1890).","Hickman, V. V. (1944) Scorpions and spiders. In: The Simpson desert expedition, 1939 - Scientific reports No. 1, Biology. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 68, 18 - 48.","McKay, R. J. (1976) The wolf spiders of Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae): 8. Two new species inhabiting salt lakes of Western Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 17, 417 - 423.","Framenau, V. W. & Hudson, P. (2017) Taxonomy, systematics and biology of the Australian halotolerant wolf spider genus Tetralycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 335, 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2017.335","Koch, L. (1876 - 1878) s. n. In: Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet. Erster Theil, Lieferung 17 - 19, Erster Theil, Lieferung 20 - 21, Erster Theil. Lieferung 22 - 23. Bauer & Raspe, Nurnberg, pp. 741 - 888 (1876), pp. 889 - 968 (1877), pp. 969 - 1044 (1878).","Framenau, V. W., Gotch, T. B. & Austin, A. D. (2006) The wolf spiders of artesian springs in arid South Australia, with a revalidation of Tetralycosa (Araneae, Lycosidae). Journal of Arachnology, 34, 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / H 03 - 72.1","Framenau, V. W. & Douglas, J. (2021) New eastern Australian species in the wolf spider genus Artoriopsis (Araneae, Lycosidae, Artoriinae). Records of the Australian Museum, 73, 103 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 2201 - 4349.73.2021.1774","Simon, E. (1909) Araneae. 2 e partie. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens, Jena, 2 (13), pp. 152 - 212.","Karsch, F. (1878) Exotisch-araneologisches. Zeitschrift fur die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 51, 322 - 333 + 771 - 826.","Framenau, V. W. (2010) Revision of the new Australian wolf spider genus Kangarosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 68, 113 - 142."]}

Kochosa mendum sp. nov. (Figs 13, 15A–E, 16A–D) Holotype. 1 male, ca. 40 km along Bruxner Highway from Bonshaw to Tenterfield, 150 m south of road (29º00′43″S 151º30′25″E, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA), H. Doherty, M. Elliot, 22 November–13 December 2001, pitfall trap, NDNW1/020/01 (AM KS.82810). Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin noun in apposition meaning mistake or error. It refers to the fact that we initially included the specimens of this species in K. australia sp. nov. due to their similar morphology. Other material examined (35 males, 4 females). AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory: 1 male, Mt Majura, north face, 35º14'S 149º11'E (ANIC). New South Wales: 1 male, Bald Hill, E side, Tamworth, 31º04'29''S 150º57'36''E (AM KS.82802); 1 male, Bruxner Highway, 40 km from Bonshaw toward Tenterfield, 29º00'43''S 151º30'25''E (AM KS.82801); 1 male, same data (AM KS.82797); 1 male, Crown reserve, 2.5 km along Gibraltar Road, off Bruxner Highway, 29º02'26''S 151º42'15''E (AM KS.82789); 1 male, Crown reserve, 200 m past tip, between Kootingal and Tamworth, 31º04'05''S 151º02'04''E (AM KS.82805); 1 male, Crown reserve, 8.9 km along Bukkulla-Ashford Road, 29º25'59''S 151º04'18''E (AM KS.82799); 1 male, same data (AM KS.82800); 1 male, Crown reserve, corner of New England Highway & Old Tamworth Road, 31º04'30''S 151º01'40''E (AM KS.82808); 1 male, same data (AM KS.82795); 1 male, Crown reserve, Woods Reef, between road & Nangahrah Creek, 30º23'39''S 150º44'08''E (AM KS.82790); 1 male, same data (AM KS.82796); 1 female, same data (AM KS.82793); 1 male, Flagstaff Mt, West, Tamworth, 31º05'14''S 150º58'30''E (AM KS.82791), 1 male, Linton Nature Reserve, 700 m W of Reserve entrance, 30º27'38''S 150º53'12''E (KS.82811); 1 male, Linton Nature Reserve, SW corner of Reserve, 60 m E of road, 30º27'45''S 150º51'46''E (AM KS.82792); 1 male, same data (AM KS.82806); 1 male, Mt Kaputar National Park, 1.5 km W of Kilarney Gap, 30º08'31''S 150º03'39''E (AM KS.82807); 1 male, Mt Kaputar National Park, Bullawa Creek Track, 1.1 km past Foggy Dell turnoff, 30º14'15''S 150º05'23''E (AM KS.82794); 1 male, Oaky Creek Nature Reserve, 31º06'38''S 150º37'11''E (AM KS82809); 1 male, Oaky Creek Nature Reserve, ridge on NE side of Figtree Mt, 31º06'11''S 150º36'42''E (AM KS.82798); 2 males, Oaky Creek Nature Reserve, S boundary of Reserve, 31º07'02''S 150º37'14''E (AM KS.82803); 1 male, Oaky Creek Nature Reserve, S boundary of nature reserve, ca. 400 m from road, ENE base of Taggarts Mtn, 31º07'02″S 150º37'14″E (AM KS.82804); 1 female, Wambo Colliery at Warkworth Sands, Wollombi Brook, 32º03′06″S 151º18′00″E (AM KS.91889). Queensland: 1 male, Bogantungan, 13.5km N, 23º31′37″S 147º17′39″E (QM S57315), 2 males, Boggomoss No. 3, near Taroom, 25º26′S 150º01′E (QM S36630); 3 males, Drummond Range, summit, 23º31′53″S 147º17′32″E (QM S57761); 1 male, Expedition Range National Park, ‘Amphitheatre` yards, 25º13′S 149º01′E (QM S44255); 1 male, Keysland, 26º12′S 151º44′E (QM S27993); 1 female, Mt Gayndah, summit, 25º36'S 151º32'E (QM S51312); 1 male, Nipping Gully, 25º40'S 151º26'E (QM S34768); 1 female, Nipping Gully, 25º42'S 151º26'E (QM S51900); 1 male, Woodmillar (East), top, 25º41′S 151º36′E (QM S49712); 2 males, Wonga Hills, 10 km ENE, 26º03′26″S 150º55′10″E (QM S58063). Diagnosis. Males of K. mendum sp. nov. are most similar to those of K. australia sp. nov. due to the exposed, arching base of the embolus and the sperm duct that is visible through the tegulum forming an open arch (Figs 4D, 15C). Both species can be separated by the distinct sclerotised apophysis that accompanies the apical part of the embolus in K. australia sp. nov. (Fig. 4F) but not that of K. mendum sp. nov. (Fig. 15E). Likewise, the female epigyne is most similar to that of K. australia sp. nov., both forming a simple plate. However, the epigyne of K. mendum sp. nov. differs by the presence of anterior ridges (Fig. 16C) that are absent in K. australia sp. nov. (Fig. 5C, E). Description. Male (based on holotype, AM KS.82810; pedipalp QM S44255). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown; indistinct median light band narrowing posteriorly (Fig. 15A); lateral light bands present, covered with broad patches of white setae (Fig. 15A). Sternum dark brown (Fig. 15B). Abdomen. Dorsally dark olive grey, cardiac mark continuous with dark brown borders centrally and at posterior end (Fig. 15A); venter olive-grey (Fig. 15B). Pedipalps (Fig. 15C–E). Basoembolic apophysis forms small lobe; tegular apophysis broad; embolus basally arched, long, curved along its whole length. Legs. Brown with darker annulations; spination of leg I: femur: 2 dorsal, 2 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral. Measurements. TL 4.04, CL 2.20, CW 1.33. Eyes: AME 0.05, ALE 0.04, PME 0.22, PLE 0.18. Row of eyes: AE 0.41, PME 0.52, PLE 0.77. Sternum (length/width) 0.90/0.69. Labium (length/width) 0.35/0.39. AL 1.80, AW 1.18. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.74+0.59+- +0.74=2.08, I 1.27+1.71+0.99+0.74=4.71, II 1.09+1.42+0.78+0.59=3.97, III 1.09+1.21+0.93+0.53=3.75, IV 1.43 +2.02+1.43+0.90=5.77. Variation: Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 3.60–4.71, 4.12 ± 0.37; CL 1.82–2.42, 2.14 ± 0.22; CW 1.15–1.70, 1.35 ± 0.15, n = 11. The median band on the carapace is often more distinct in other males investigated. Female (based on QM S51900; epigyne AM KS.82793). Cephalothorax and abdomen. Colouration and setae as male (Fig. 16A, B). Epigyne. Ventral view: wide sclerotised plate incised to about one third by transverse edges in anterior half (Fig. 16C); dorsal view: spermathecal heads spherical with one or two branches antero- and posterolaterally; spermathecal stalk short, vulval chamber convoluted (Fig. 16D). Legs. light brown with distinct dark annulations; spination of leg I: femur: 3 dorsal (apical one small), 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs and 1 apicoventral. Measurements. TL 4.25, CL 2.28, CW 1.27. Eyes: AME 0.05, ALE 0.05, PME 0.22, PLE 0.18. Row of eyes: AE 0.56, PME 0.67, PLE 0.94. Sternum (length/width) 1.03/0.86. Labium (length/width) 0.33/0.38. AL 2.80, AW 1.73. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.74+0.70+- +0.65=2.05, I 1.30+1.77+1.11+0.82=5.00, II 1.28+1.65+1.11+0.72=4.76, III 1.11+1.27+1.13+0.63=4.16, IV 1.55+ 1.97+1.84+0.92=6.28. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 3.40–5.20, 4.19 ± 0.74; CL 1.71–2.50, 2.18 ± 0.34; CW 1.20–1.50, 1.34 ± 0.14, n = 4. Colour patterns are similar to the specimen illustrated here, but the median band on the carapace is somewhat more distinct and the venter of the abdomen darker. A very small female measured here did not have a whole cardiac mark, but a single pale spot on the dorsal abdomen. Life history and habitat preferences. Mature males and females of K. mendum sp. nov. have mainly been found between October and January, with a single record from March, indicating this to be a spring/early summermature species. The species appears to prefer open forests and woodlands; habitat descriptions include “open forest”, “Brigalow”, “dry sclerophyll woodland” and “ironbark woodland”. Distribution. Kochosa mendum sp. nov. has been found from southern New South Wales into central east Queensland (Fig. 13).

Kochosa obelix sp. nov. (Figs 18A–E, 19A–E, 20) Holotype. Male, Stirling Range National Park, N end of South Isongerup Track (34º22'52''S, 118º17'13''E, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA), M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, K. Edward, C. Poustle, 8 April 2004, vehicle vibration (WAM T58303). Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronym honouring Obelix, best friend of Astèrix and menhir delivery man (see etymology for K. asterix sp. nov. above). Other material examined (6 males, 2 females, 8 juveniles). AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 female Crowea, 34º28'S 116º10'E (WAM T62655); 1 male, Fitzgerald River National Park, West Mt Barren, north slope, 34º13'S 119º26'E (WAM T69958); 1 male, Stirling Range National Park, Bluff Knoll, 34º23'S 118º15'E (WAM T69497); 4 males, 1 female, 8 juveniles, Stirling National Park, Bluff Knoll, 34º22'56''S 118º14'55''E (WAM T69498). Diagnosis. Males of K. obelix sp. nov. can be separated from other Kochosa gen. nov. species by a thorn-like apophysis on the retrolateral side of the embolic division of the bulb, that can clearly be seen without dissecting this section (Fig. 18C, D). Kochosa tasmaniensis sp. nov. has a similar thorn, but in that species, the thorn points apically (Fig. 25C, E), whereas it points retrolaterally in K. obelix sp. nov. The epigyne of K. obelix sp. nov. is very similar to that of K. westralia sp. nov. In addition to the similar median septum, both species also have raised protuberances laterally of the epigyne (Figs 19C, D, 32C). However, the profile of the median septum is much flatter, i.e., much less raised in K. obelix sp. nov. than that of K. westralia sp. nov. (Figs 19C, D vs 32C) and the spermathecal heads are comparatively larger, with the spermathecal stalks attaching posteriorly, not dorsally (Figs 19E vs 32D). Description. Male (based on holotype, WAM T58303; pedipalp WAM T69958). Cephalothorax. Dorsally brown, with wide light median band that is narrowing posteriorly, flanks of cephalic area light; wide light lateral bands; white setae especially dense on margin (Fig 18A). Sternum brown (Fig. 18B). Abdomen. Dorsally olive-grey; cardiac mark continuous and narrowest posteriorly, there surrounded by dark brown border (Fig. 18A). Venter uniformly dark olive grey (Fig. 18B). Pedipalps (Fig. 18A–E). Tegular apophysis poorly sclerotised lobe; embolic division almost entirely exposed; embolus stout and short; basoembolic apophysis strongly sclerotised with short and blunt retrolateral tip (Fig. 18E). Legs. Brown, with indistinct darker annulations, particularly dark femora; spination of leg I: femur: 3 dorsal, 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs, 2 prolateral, 1 retrolateral; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral, 2 prolateral, 1 apicoprolateral, 1 retrolateral, 1 apicoretrolateral. Measurements. TL 4.37, CL 2.32, CW 1.82. Eyes: AME 0.10, ALE 0.10, PME 0.23, PLE 0.20. Row of eyes: AE 0.50, PME 0.67, PLE 0.86. Sternum (length/width) 1.14/0.92. Labium (length/width) 0.27/0.34. AL 2.14, AW 1.46. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.76+0.88+- +0.85=2.49, I 1.53+1.86+1.31+0.91=5.61; II 1.53+1.78+1.39+0.91=5.61, III 1.45+1.62+1.39+0.91=5.37; IV 1.79 +2.16+2.05+1.16=7.16. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 4.37–4.81, 4.54 ± 0.16; CL 2.32–2.68, 2.48 ± 0.12; CW 1.70–1.86, 1.79 ± 0.06, n = 6. Little colour variation was observed in the male specimens of K. obelix sp. nov. with some specimens having a darker abdomen and more distinct cardiac mark than the male illustrated here. Female (based on WAM T62655; epigyne variation WAM T69498). Cephalothorax and abdomen. Colouration and setae arrangement generally as male, but dark areas somewhat darker (Fig. 19A, B). Epigyne: Ventral view: posterior lip formed by two incisions; sclerotised convex protrusions present laterally (Fig. 19C, D); dorsal view: large, subspherical spermathecal heads, spermathecal stalks bent at about 90 degrees, vulval chambers poorly defined in dorsal view (Fig. 19E). Legs. Brown, with dark annulations; spination of leg I: femur: 2 dorsal, 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs, 2 prolateral; 1 apicoprolateral; 1 retrolateral; 1 apicoretrolateral. Measurements. TL 5.08, CL 2.60, CW 1.90. Eyes: 0.10, ALE 0.08, PME 0.27, PLE 0.24. Row of eyes: AE 0.57, PME 0.76, PLE 0.95. Sternum (length/width) 1.17/1.03. Labium (length/width) 0.36/0.38. AL 2.57, AW 1.89. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.88+0.88+-+0.76=2.52, I 1.59+1.93+1.28+0.82=5.62, II 1.53+1.90+1.31+0.86=5.60, III 1.53+1.65+1.33+0.86=5.37, IV 1.99+2.30+2.22+ 1.14=7.65. Variation. The second known female measured (WAM T69498) was slightly larger (TL 5.82, CL 2.90, CW 2.12) than the specimen illustrated here and of similar colouration. Life history and habitat preferences. Males of K. obelix sp. nov. have been found between March and May and the two females in March and December. This points to a largely autumn-reproductive period. Only one specimen had a habitat description on the collection label, “open (cleared) forest with regrowth”. Distribution. Kochosa obelix sp. nov. has been found at three locations in the south-west of Western Australian (Fig. 20).

Kochosa australia sp. nov. (Figs 1G, H, 2H, 4A–F, 5A–E, 6) “New Genus 1 sp”.— Murphy et al. 2006: 587, 590–592, table 1, figs 2, 3. Holotype. Male, Danggali Conservation Park, 3 km N Tomahawk Dam, (33º19′39″S 140º42′50″E, South Australia, AUSTRALIA), D. Hirst, 26 November1996 (SAM NN13439). Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and refers to the country where the species and genus are found, Australia. Other material examined (50 males, 7females, 17juveniles). AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: 1 male, 37km NE Lake Cargelligo, 33º27''S 146º24'E (AM KS.57436); 1 male, Round Hill Nature Reserve, 32º59'20''S 146º05'06''E (QM S52884); 1 male, Round Hill Nature Reserve, 32º59'08''S 146º03'14''E (QM S52603). Queensland: Female, Altonvale State Forest, 40 mi W Westmar, 28º01'S 149º15'E (QM S71612); 1 male, Boomer Range, Mongrel Scrub, 23º12'06''S 149º46'20''E (QM S57851); 1 male, 1 female, Boomer Range, Python Scrub, 23º11′39″S 149º43′47″E (QM S57924); 3 males, Forty Mile Scrub National Park, 18º05'S 144º51'E (QM S52088); 4 males, Hurdle Gully, 14.8 km WSW Monto, 24º55'S 150º59'E (QM S44426); 2 males, Moranbah, 5 km S, 22º02'00''S 148º02'37''E (QM S60026); 1 male, same locality (QM S57029). South Australia: 1 male, 10 km NE Gluepot Homestead, Gluepot Station, 33º42'18''S 140º12'05''E (SAM NN18901); 1 female, Gum Lagoon Conservation Park, 36º17'S 140º02'E (SAM NN13501); 1 female, same locality (SAM NN17161); 1 female, Gum Lagoon Conservation Park, northern boundary, 36º17'S 140º02'E (SAM NN13500); 1 female, Mt Rescue Conservation Park, Jimmy’s Well, 35º51'S 140º18'E (SAM NN13498); 1 female, Mt Rescue Conservation Park, E of, 14 km N Jimmy’s Well turnoff, 35º43'S 140º18'E (SAM NN13499). Victoria: 1 male, Baileston Road, 0.35 km ENE from junction with Friesland Hill's Road, 36º45'50''S 144º59'04''E (MV K-9258); 1 male, same locality (MV K-9261); 1 male, 2 juv., Fergusons Track, 0.5 km N of Grubby Track, 36º44'49''S 144º50'13''E (MV K-9278); 1 male, 1 juv., same locality (MV K-9268); 2 males, Four-Mile Road, 1 km along from RW-20, then left 3.7 km, 36º46'01''S 144º54'29''E (MV K-9267); 1 male, 2 juv., same locality (MV K-9304); 1 male, same locality (MV K-9305); 1 male, 1 juv., same locality (MV K-9306); 2 males, Four Mile Road, 1.1 km SE from major junction with Cherry Tree Track & Boundary Track, 36º44'52''S 144º56'04''E (MV K-9257); 1 male, 3 juv., same locality (MV K-9303); 1 male, Mitchell Link Track, 200 m W Mitchell Track, 36º45'36''S 144º49'23''E (MV K-9256); 1 male, same locality (MV K-9269); 3 males, same locality (MV K-9280); 5 males, 1 juv., same locality (MV K-9283); 3 males, 2 juv., same locality (MV K-9284); 1 male, same locality (MV K-9285); 1 male, same locality (MV K-9286); 1 male, 3 juv., same locality (MV K-9287); 1 female, Redcastle State Forest, Mitchell Link Track, 200 m W of Mitchell Track, 36º45'36''S, 144º49'23''E (“ New Genus 1 sp. ” in Murphy et al. 2006) (WAM T56067); 1 male, Smiths Reef State Forest, 500 m SE along Spur Track from Gowar Road, 37º01'15''S 144º06'52''E (MV K-9251); 1 male, same locality (MV K-9252); 1 male, 1 female, 36º31'46”S, 141º24'08”E (MV K-14336). Western Australia: 1 male, Fields Road, E of, SE of Lake King, 33º06'46''S 121º11'35''E (WAM T68263); 1 male, Lake Magenta Nature Reserve (N Central), South, 33º34'02''S 119º07'39''E (WAM T68262); 2 males, West Point and Cascades Road junction, W of Grass Patch, 33º20'54''S 120º52'21''E (WAM T68261, T101007). Diagnosis. Males of K. australia sp. nov. are most similar to those of K. confusa sp. nov., K. erratum sp. nov. and K. mendum sp. nov. due to the exposed, arched base of the embolus (Figs 4D, 10C, 12C, 15C). Unlike K. confusa sp. nov. and K. erratum sp. nov. (but similar to K. mendum sp. nov.), the sperm duct that is visible through the tegulum forms an open arch in K. australia sp. nov. (Fig. 4D) but is a closed loop in the other two species (Figs 10C, 12C). Male K. australia sp. nov. differ from K. mendum sp. nov. by details in the embolic division of the pedipalp bulb, specifically the presence of a central, apically pointing sclerotised apophysis that is accompanying the embolus apically (Fig. 4F) which is absent in K. mendum sp. nov. (Fig. 15E). Females of K. australia sp. nov. have a very simple epigyne plate that is most similar to that of K. mendum sp. nov.; however, the epigyne of the latter have anterior edges (Fig. 16C), which are absent in K. australia sp. nov. (Fig. 5C, E). Description. Male (based on holotype, SAM NN13439). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown; distinct broad median light band; broad lateral light bands that do not continue into cephalic area, broadly but sparsely covered with white setae (Fig. 4A); clypeus slightly higher than the diameter of AME (Fig. 4C); sternum dark brown, somewhat lighter posteriorly (Fig. 4B). Abdomen. Dorsally olive greyish-brown, with lighter markings on cardiac area (Fig. 4A); venter beige, olive brown anterior of epigastric furrow and anterior of spinnerets; spinnerets beige (Fig. 4B). Pedipalps (Fig. 4D–F). Patella with distinct white setae dorsally; embolus long and basally arched; basoembolic apophysis forms wide lobe; tegular apophysis broad, semi-transparent; trough-shaped structure supports the middle of embolus (Fig. 4F). Legs:Yellow-brown with indistinct darker annulations; femora of legs I and II dark grey; spination of leg I: femur: 3 dorsal (apical one small), 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral. Measurements. TL 3.35, CL 1.78, CW 1.16. Eyes: AME 0.08, ALE 0.05, PME 0.20, PLE 0.20. Row of eyes: AE 0.34, PME 0.59, PLE 0.64. Sternum (length/width) 0.89/0.66. Labium (length/width) 0.23/0.30. AL 1.73, AW 0.96. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.68+0.57+- +0.61=1.86, I 1.28+1.62+0.99+0.71=4.60, II 1.19+1.39+0.96+0.71=4.25, III 1.19+1.19+1.05+0.65=4.08, IV 1.71 +2.02+1.90+0.84=6.47. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 3.30–4.21, 3.80 ± 0.32; CL 1.76–2.45, 2.09 ± 0.22; CW 1.10–1.95, 1.39 ± 0.24, n = 10. Males are often darker than the holotype illustrated here. Live specimens show a brown cephalic area, and dark and light shades contrast more than in preserved specimens (Fig. 1H). Female (based on SAM NN13499). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown, somewhat lighter medially, broad lateral light bands not reaching into cephalic area; white setae particularly dense in lateral bands (Fig. 5A); sternum dark brown (Fig. 5B). Abdomen. Dorsally dark olive-grey, cardiac mark dissolve into two light spots surrounded by black setae (Fig. 5A); ventrally uniformly olive-grey (Fig. 5B). Epigyne. Ventral view: broader than long, largely undifferentiated plate posteriorly with two indistinct lobes or broadly truncated (Fig. 5C, E); dorsal view: spermathecal head ovoid; spermathecal stalk slightly S-shaped, diagonal, vulval chamber convoluted S-shaped (Fig. 5D). Legs. spination of leg I: femur: 3 dorsal (apical one small), 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs and 1 apicoventral, 1 prolateral. Measurements. TL 4.52, CL 2.35, CW 1.42. Eyes: AME 0.10, ALE 0.07, PME 0.21, PLE 0.19. Row of eyes: AE 0.47, PME 0.64, PLE 0.77. Sternum (length/width) 1.14/0.87. Labium (length/width) 0.28/0.37. AL 2.32, AW 1.49. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.76+0.75+- +0.62=2.13, I 1.51+1.86+1.08+0.71=5.16, II 1.45+1.68+1.02+0.71=4.86, III 1.33+1.42+1.22+0.68=4.65, IV 1.85 +2.30+2.10+0.96=7.21. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 3.85–4.52, 4.19 ± 0.30; CL 2.07–2.35, 2.26 ± 0.12; CW 1.42–1.98, 1.71 ± 0.25, n = 4. There is little colour variation in females in preserved specimens. Live spiders (Fig. 1G) show more distinct contrasts between dark and light shades than preserved specimens. Life history and habitat preferences. Mature males and females of K. australia sp. nov. have mainly been found in November and December but may occur somewhat earlier and later. The species appears to prefer open forests and woodlands; habitat descriptions include “Brigalow”, “Box-Ironbark forest”, “lagoon edge”, “mallee”, “open forest”, “open Whipstick mallee with Triodia understorey”, “rainforest”, and “semi-evergreen vine thicket”. Distribution. Kochosa australia sp. nov. is the most wide-spread species of the genus in Australia and has so far been found in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria and south-western Western Australia. In south-eastern Australia, it has only been found north-west of the Great Dividing Range (Fig. 6). Remarks. Kochosa australia sp. nov. is here designated as the type species of the new genus Kochosa. A female specimen of this species from Redcastle State Forest, Victoria (WAM T56067) was included in a molecular phylogeny of wolf spiders as “New Genus 1 sp. ” (Murphy et al. 2006; GenBank accession no. DQ019675 (NADH1), DQ019718 (28S), DQ019815 (12S))., Published as part of Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. & Yoo, Jung-Sun, 2023, The artoriine wolf spiders of Australia: the new genus Kochosa and a key to genera (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 301-357 in Zootaxa 5239 (3) on pages 311-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7634797, {"references":["Murphy, N. P., Framenau, V. W., Donellan, S. C., Harvey, M. S., Park, Y. - C. & Austin, A. D. (2006) Phylogenetic reconstruction of the wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) using sequences from 12 S rRNA, 28 S rRNA and NADH 1 genes: implications for classification, biogeography and the evolution of web-building behavior. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38, 583 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.09.004"]}

Kochosa fleurae sp. nov. (Figs 13, 14A–E) Holotype. Male, Skylark Road, Whipstick (36º37'30''S 144º16'00″E, Victoria, AUSTRALIA), J. Shield, 10–17 December 1998, Whipstick Forest Survey MS # 138 (MV K-8672). Etymology. The specific epithet is a matronym for a very good friend of the senior author, Fleur de Crespigny (currently Head, Dementia Unit at the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra). Other material examined. 2 males, Skylark Road, Whipstick, 36º37'30''S 144º16'00″E (MV K-7728). Diagnosis. Males of K. fleurae sp. nov. are separated from those of all other species of the genus by their unique long and sharp basoembolic apophyses and flat and broad embolus (Fig. 14E). They are most similar to K. asterix sp. nov. but differ from those due to the ventrally folded basoembolic apophysis (Fig. 14E). The female of K. fleurae sp. nov. is unknown. Description. Male (based on holotype, MV K-8672). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown; median light band slightly narrowing posteriorly, covered with white setae; lateral light bands broad and covered with white setae (Fig. 14A). Sternum dark brown (Fig. 14B). Abdomen. Dorsally light olive grey; cardiac mark continuous bordered by indistinct dark brown discolourations in posterior half (Fig. 14A). Venter brown (Fig. 14B). Pedipalps (Fig. 14C–E). Embolus broad and flat and tapering to apex; basoembolic apophysis distinct, long and pointing retrolaterally; tegular apophysis forms a small round lobe situated apically on tegulum. Legs. Light brown with irregular darker discolourations; spination of leg I: femur: 4 dorsal, 2 retrolateral (very small); tibia: 4 ventral pairs (apical pair small), 2 prolateral, 1 retrolateral; metatarsus: 4 ventral pairs (apical pair small and closer), 2 prolateral; 1 apicoprolateral, 1 retrolateral. Measurements. TL 4.39, CL 2.49, CW 1.64. Eyes: AME 0.10, ALE 0.10, PME 0.31, PLE 0.30. Row of eyes: AE 0.48, PME 0.65, PLE 0.79. Sternum (length/width) 0.99/0.92. Labium (length/width) 0.28/0.34. AL 1.99, AW 1.35. Legs: Length of segments: Pedipalp 0.84+0.28+0.36+0.88 = 2.36, I 1.42+1.83+1.17+0.85=5.27; II 1.42+1.78 +1.17+0.89=5.26, III 1.35+1.49+1.24+0.74=4.82; IV 1.85+2.24+2.14+1.07=7.30. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 4.39 – 5.82, 4.93 ± 0.75; CL 2.49 – 3.18, 2.78 ± 0.35; CW 1.64–1.91, 1.75 ± 0.14, n = 3. Both other males are of similar colouration as the holotype. Female. Unknown. Life history and habitat preferences. The three males of K. fleurae sp. nov. were found in Whipstick Westringia (Westringia crassifolia) shrub and forest between October and December. Westringia crassifolia is listed as Endangered in Victoria and Australia and this conservation rating may also be applied to K. fleurae sp. nov. if the species is a habitat specialist relying on this species. Distribution. Only known from and around the type locality, Whipstick (Victoria) (Fig. 13)., Published as part of Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. & Yoo, Jung-Sun, 2023, The artoriine wolf spiders of Australia: the new genus Kochosa and a key to genera (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 301-357 in Zootaxa 5239 (3) on pages 325-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7634797

Key to the genera of Artoriinae in Australia Male Artoriinae differ from those of the other three Australian subfamilies of wolf spiders, Lycosinae, Venoniinae and Zoicinae by the presence of a basoembolic apophysis in the male pedipalp (Framenau 2007). There is no character or character combination currently known that unequivocally identifies females to be part of the subfamily. However, Artoriinae lack the elongated basal segment of the posteriors spinnerets of the Venoniinae (i.e., Yoo & Framenau 2006, Framenau 2006a) and are larger than the members of the Zoicinae which are less than 2 mm long (i.e., McKay 1979). Artoriinae generally differ from the Lycosinae by smaller size (but sizes overlap) and the presence of a light, lanceolate median cardiac mark on the abdomen, whereas Lycosinae are much more varied in the abdominal colouration. In Australia, most Artoriinae are vagrant, often diurnal hunters, whereas most Lycosinae live in burrows and are nocturnal. 1. Tegular apophysis of the male pedipalp a more or less basally bent, short hook (Fig. 2A), epigyne with two anterior lobes (Fig. 2B), an open cavity with anterior notch (Fig 2C) or as in Figs 2D–E; all species with a beige to light brown basic colouration although some body parts can be darker (Figs 1C–D); all species in genus halophile (salt lakes and pans, samphire, coastal, Artesian springs)............................................................................. Tetralycosa - Tegular apophysis of variable shape, if with terminal hook (e.g., Fig. 3D), base longer; epigyne without two anterior lobes and not as in Figs 2B–E; not halophile........................................................................ 2 2. Row of anterior eyes narrower than row of posterior median eyes (Fig. 2F)....................................... 3 - Row of anterior eyes as wide or wider than row of posterior median eyes (Fig. 2G)................................. 5 3. Abdomen generally uniformly dark with a very distinct light cardiac mark (sometimes reduced to two distinct spots) that is surrounded posteriorly by dark margin increasing the contrast of the cardiac mark (Figs 1G, H, 2H, I).... Kochosa gen. nov. - Light cardiac mark of abdomen not as distinct and not surrounded by dark margin/long setae posteriorly................ 4 4. Carapace with distinct light lateral bands that reach to the carapace margin; abdomen often with light cardiac mark that separates a central, generally diamond-shaped black spot into two triangles and a posterior rectangular or subtriangular pale patch (Figs 1B, 3A), or abdomen uniformly dark olive-grey with an irregular light median band along its whole length (Fig. 3B).................................................................................................. Artoriopsis - Carapace without lateral light bands, but generally with an irregular light submarginal band (i.e., there is a dark edge along the carapace margin) (Fig. 3C); abdomen with a yellow to yellow-brown cardiac mark, sometimes indistinct, but never with central diamond shaped spot or without irregular light median band along its whole length (Figs 1A, 3C)................ Artoria 5. Tegular apophysis a long hook (Fig. 3D); atrium of female epigyne broader anteriorly than posteriorly, without median septum (Fig. 3G, H) or as in Fig. 3I..................................................................... Kangarosa - Tegular apophysis not hook-shaped (Fig. 3E, F); female epigyne as in Figs 3J–L............................ Diahogna, Published as part of Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. & Yoo, Jung-Sun, 2023, The artoriine wolf spiders of Australia: the new genus Kochosa and a key to genera (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 301-357 in Zootaxa 5239 (3) on page 307, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7634797, {"references":["Framenau, V. W. & Yoo, J. - S. (2006) Systematics of the new Australian wolf spider genus Tuberculosa (Araneae, Lycosidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 20, 185 - 202. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 05036","Framenau, V. W. (2006 a) Revision of the Australian wolf spider genus Anomalosa Roewer, 1960 (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zootaxa, 1304 (1), 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1304.1.1","McKay, R. J. (1979) The wolf spiders of Australia (Araneae: Lycosidae): 10. A new species of the genus Flanona Simon. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 19, 231 - 235."]}

Kochosa sharae sp. nov. (Figs 20, 22A–E) Holotype. Male, Flinders Chase National Park, 4 km W Rocky River Headquarters, Kangaroo Island (35º 57'00''S 136º42'30''E, South Australia, AUSTRALIA), E. G. Matthews, J. A. Forrest, 1–7 November 1990 (SAM NN13502). Etymology. The specific epithet is a matronym honouring a good friend of the senior author, Shar Ramamurthy, currently Senior Manager, Environmental Water at the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (Victoria), for her support during the mutual times at Melbourne University. Other material examined. Australia: South Australia: 2 males, Snug Cove, 9 km NNE, Kangaroo Island, 35º47'19''S 136º48'59''E (NN13503–4). Diagnosis. Male pedipalp morphology of K. sharae sp. nov. is similar to that of K. fleurae sp. nov., both sharing a digitiform basoembolic apophysis; however, it is comparatively smaller and more curved in K. sharae sp. nov. (Fig. 22E). Description. Male (based on holotype, SAM NN13502). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown; broad median light band narrowing posteriorly; lateral light bands distinct; white setae throughout (Fig. 22A). Sternum dark brown with few white setae (Fig. 22B). Abdomen. Dorsally dark olive brown; cardiac mark continuous, narrowest posteriorly and there bordered by black spots (Fig. 22A). Venter light olive-brown, anteriorly somewhat darker (Fig. 22B). Pedipalps (Figs 22C–E). Patella of distinct light brown colouration with white setae; tegular apophysis round lobe, almost translucent; basoembolic apophysis digitiform and curved; embolus straight medially, curved basally and then apically. (Fig. 22E) Legs. Brown with darker annulations; spination of leg I: femur. 2 dorsum, 1 apicodorsal, 1 apicoprolateral, 1 apicoretrolateral (very small); tibia. 3 ventral pairs, 2 prolateral, 2 retrolateral; metatarsus. 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral, 2 prolateral, 1 apicoprolateral, 2 retrolateral, 1 apicoretrolateral. Measurements: TL 4.84, CL 2.67, CW 1.99. Eyes: AME 0.10, ALE 0.10, PME 0.24, PLE 0.23. Row of eyes: AE 0.64, PME 0.76, PLE 0.96. Sternum (length/width) 1.21/0.99. Labium (length/width) 0.36/0.38. AL 2.17, AW 1.49. Legs: Length of segments: Pedipalp 1.00+0.91+-+0.81=2.72, I 1.80+2.01+1.44+0.96=6.21; II 1.68+2.04+1.4 6+0.96=6.14, III 1.68+1.84+1.56+0.91=5.99; IV 2.06+2.32+2.30+1.24=7.92. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 4.60–4.84, 4.75 ± 0.13; CL 2.65–2.72, 2.68 ± 0.04; CW 1.85–1.99, 1.91 ± 0.07, n = 3. One of the males was much darker than the one illustrated here and with less distinct median carapace band and abdominal cardiac mark. Female. Unknown. Life history and habitat preferences. There is no information on the habitat of this species; the three males of K. sharae sp. nov. were found between October to November suggesting this to be a spring-mature species. Distribution. Kochosa sharae sp. nov. is only known from western Kangaroo Island, South Australia (Fig. 20)., Published as part of Framenau, Volker W., Castanheira, Pedro De S. & Yoo, Jung-Sun, 2023, The artoriine wolf spiders of Australia: the new genus Kochosa and a key to genera (Araneae: Lycosidae), pp. 301-357 in Zootaxa 5239 (3) on page 338, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5239.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7634797

Kochosa westralia sp. nov. (Figs 27, 31A–E, 32A–D) Holotype. 1 male, Dalyup Road, W of Scaddan (33º23'09''S 121º34'56''E, Western Australia, AUSTRLIA), P. van Heurck et al., 15 October 1999 – 1 November 2000, pitfall traps, CALM Salinity Action Plan site GP8 (WAM T67840). Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective in apposition, combined from Western Australia, the state where this species is found. Other material examined (33 males, 3 females). AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 male, Backmans Road, near Burdett Road junction, E of Mt Burdett, 33º29'05''S 122º14'27''E (WAM T67838); 3 males, Burdett Road, near junction with Wittenoom Road, 33º27'30''S 122º08'26''E (WAM T67837); 2 males, Chinocup Lake Nature Reserve, 33º32'31''S 118º25'15''E (WAM T67830); 1 male, Edwards Road, N of, SE of Lake King, 33º22'01''S 120º59'43''E (WAM T67842); 1 male, Fields Road, E of, SE of Lake King, 33º06'46''S 121º11'35''E (WAM T67843); 3 males, same data (WAM T67832); 1 male, 1 female, Grass Patch, “Sieda”, Fitzgerald Locality 41, 33º14'S 121º43'E (WAM 98 /2157–8); 10 males, 1 female, Lake King-Norseman Road, 33º04'54''S 119º59'53''E (WAM T67833); 5 males, 1 female, Lake Magenta Nature Reserve (E Central), South, 33º40'37''S 119º04'52''E (WAM T67836); 1 male, McDougal Nature Reserve, 33º27'08''S 118º06'57''E (WAM T67841); 1 male, Nindilbillup Road, SE of Lake King, 33º17'16''S 120º06'18''E (WAM T67834); 1 male, Ravensthorpe, 26.4 km E, 33º35'19”S 120º19'48”E (WAM T76466); 1 male, Vermin Proof Fence, E of, E of Lake King, 33º02'31''S 119º59'28''E (WAM T67835); 2 males, Wittenoom Hill Nature Reserve, Norwoods Road, 33º28'29''S 122º07'17''E (WAM T67831). Diagnosis. Males of K. westralia sp. nov. are most similar to those of K. timwintoni sp. nov. due to similar colouration and the broad embolus. Both species differ considerably in their genital morphology, specifically the shape of the basoembolic apophysis which is broad and round in K. westralia sp. nov. (Fig. 31E), but triangular and pointing retrolaterally in K. timwintoni sp. nov. (Fig. 28E). Females of K. westralia sp. nov. are most similar to those of K. obelix sp. nov. due to the shape of the median septum; however, its profile is more raised in K. westralia sp. nov. (Figs 32C vs 19C, D). In addition, the spermathecal stalks are comparatively smaller in K. westralia sp. nov. than in K. obelix sp. nov. and the spermathecal stalks attach more dorsally, not posteriorly (Figs 32D vs 19E). Description. Male (based on holotype, WAM T67840). Cephalothorax. Dorsally dark brown; distinct median light band narrowing posteriorly (Fig. 31A); light lateral bands broad; white setae particularly in median and lateral bands (Fig. 31A). Sternum brown (Fig. 31B). Abdomen. Light olive-brown; cardiac mark indistinct, continuous (Fig. 31A). Venter light olive-brown (Fig.31B). Pedipalps (Fig. 31C–D). Cymbium comparatively broad; embolic division almost entirely exposed; tegular apophysis reduced to a small semi-translucent lobe; basoembolic apophysis broad and round with basal teeth; embolus strong and slightly curved. Legs. Brown, with light annulations; spination of leg I: femur: 3 dorsal, 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 3 ventral pairs, 1 prolateral; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral, 2 prolateral, 1 apicoprolateral, 1 retrolateral, 1 apicoretrolateral. Measurements. TL 4.10, CL 2.65, CW 2.04. Eyes: AME 0.09, ALE 0.09, PME 0.27, PLE 0.24. Row of eyes: AE 0.63, PME 0.86, PLE 1.08. Sternum (length/width) 1.29/0.91. Labium (length/width) 0.47/0.54. AL 1.92, AW 1.63. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.91+0.78+- +0.78=2.47, I 1.76+2.18+1.50+0.98=6.31; II 1.63+1.97+1.43+0.91=5.93, III 1.43+1.76+1.37+0.85=5.40; IV 1.89 +2.35+2.28+1.30=7.80. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 3.70–4.75, 4.23 ± 0.43; CL 2.25–2.80, 2.59 ± 0.15; CW 1.66–2.10, 1.91 ± 0.14, n = 10. The main colour variation in male K. westralia sp. nov. relates to the abdomen, which might be darker than illustrated here and then the cardiac mark is more distinct. Female (based on WAM 98/2158). Cephalothorax and abdomen: Largely as male, but posterior white setae behind and lateral of PLE more distinct and dark borders around abdominal cardiac mark more distinct and venter somewhat lighter (Fig. 32A, B). Epigyne (Fig. 32C, D).Ventral view: median septum broadening posteriorly and rounded (Fig. 32C); dorsal view: spermathecal heads spherical; spermathecal stalks curved and attaching dorsally at spermathecal heads (Fig. 32D). Legs. Dark brown with pale annulations; spination of leg I: femur: 2 dorsal, 1 apicoprolateral; patella: 1 apicodorsal; tibia: 3 ventral pairs, metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs, 1 apicoventral, 2 prolateral. Measurements. TL 4.10, CL 2.50, CW 1.72. Eyes: AME 0.09, ALE 0.07, PME 0.24, PLE 0.22. Row of eyes: AE 0.58, PME 0.79, PLE 1.10. Sternum (length/width) 1.30/0.88. Labium (length/width) 0.28/0.33. AL 2.30, AW 1.97. Legs: Length of segments (femur + patella/tibia + metatarsus + tarsus = total length): Pedipalp 0.72+0.72+- +1.10=2.15, I 1.50+1.89+1.20+0.78=5.36, II 1.37+1.69+1.11+0.72=4.88, III 1.17+1.56+1.27+0.68=4.68, IV 1.63+ 2.15+2.02+1.11=6.89. Variation. Size (range, mean ± s.d.): TL 4.10–4.81, 4.49 ± 0.36; CL 2.49–2.80, 2.59 ± 0.18; CW 1.72–2.10, 1.93 ± 0.20, n = 3. The two other female K. westralia sp. nov. have somewhat lighter legs and therefore the pale annulations are less distinct, otherwise body colouration is very similar between all specimens. Life history and habitat preferences. Almost all specimens were collected in pitfall traps that were exposed too long to interpret the phenology of the species. A male and a female not from pitfall traps were collected in June suggesting winter-maturity. Distribution. Kochosa westralia sp. nov. is found in south-western Western Australia (Fig. 27).

A new monotypic genus in the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae Clerck, 1757 is described from Australia: Abba gen. nov., with Abba transversa (Rainbow, 1912) comb. nov. as the type species. It differs from all other genera in the family by somatic characters, specifically a patch of approximately five long spines on the prolateral surface of the first leg in males and an abdominal colouration with a pair of two central spots dorsally on a creamy-white surface. Specimens of A. transversa comb. nov. have been collected in Queensland and New South Wales, where the species is largely summer-mature. We also provide a genus level summary of all Australian Araneidae, currently consisting of 230 described species and eight subspecies in 46 genera.

The new Australian orb-weaving spider genus Mangrovia in the family Araneidae Clerck, 1757 is described. It is characterised by extreme sexual size-dimorphism (eSSD) with females (total length 8–10 mm) ca. 3 to 5 times larger than males (2.5–3 mm). Whilst Mangrovia shares with the informal Australian 'backobourkiine' clade a single seta on the male pedipalp patella, the genus is probably more closely related to the 'zealaraneines' or associated genera. In addition to eSSD and the single patellar spine, the genus is characterised by a distinct subterminal embolus branch in males. The new genus includes two species: the type species Mangrovia albida (L. Koch, 1871) comb. nov. (= Epeira fastidiosa Keyserling, 1887, new syn.) from Queensland and Mangrovia occidentalis sp. nov. from Western Australia. Both species are apparently coastal and occur in mangroves, but also in riparian woodland. Spiders were found resting in rolled-up leaves adjacent to their orb-web.