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The evolution of wireless body area network (WBAN) has changed the human life for its applications in the field of healthcare, fitness, entertainment and sports etc. However, two of the major challenges in the design of WBAN are energy efficiency and guaranteeing QoS. The load balance of different packet queues in a WBAN plays important role in design of energy efficient and reliable system. In this paper, we propose a Traffic Prioritized Load Balanced Scheduling (TPLBS) algorithm for load balancing in different priority queues in wireless body area networks based on IEEE 802.15.6 model. The main objective of this paper is to minimize packet drop in the queues so that throughput of WBAN can be improved. In this case we consider both priority and location from which the packet received, so that no packet should wait for a long time in the assigned queue to be transmitted to Access Point. The proposed method is simulated using Castalia to study and compare its performance with its counterparts. The simulation results reveal that the proposed protocol works better than the existing methods in terms of delay, throughput and energy efficiency.

The evolution of wireless body area network (WBAN) has changed the human life for its applications in the field of health care, fitness, entertainment, sports, etc. However, two of the major challenges in the design of WBAN are energy efficiency and guaranteeing QoS. The introduction of multichannel scheme has reduced the delay and increase the throughput by allowing parallel transmission in the WBANs and biosensors. In this paper, we propose time-sharing multichannel MAC for wireless body area network with an intention for real time and guaranteed delivery of emergency data and maximize energy efficiency. The objective is to design an efficient time-sharing multichannel MAC protocol for WBANs for energy-efficient transmission with low interference. Each node has been statically allocated to the time slots and channels so that they can wake up at their time slots and transmit their data. The proposed method is simulated using Castalia to study and compare its performance with its counterparts. The simulation results reveal that the proposed protocol works better than the existing methods in terms of delay, throughput and energy efficiency.

When designing Wireless Sensor Networks it is important to analyze their security risks and provide adequate solutions for protecting them from malicious attacks. Unfortunately, perfect security cannot be achieved, for performance reasons. Therefore, designers have to devise security priorities, and select security mechanisms accordingly. However, in the early stages of the design process, the concrete effects of security attacks on the system may not be clearly identified. In this paper, we propose a framework that integrates formal verification and network simulation for enabling designers to evaluate the effects of attacks, identify possible security mechanisms, and evaluate their effectiveness, since design time. Formal methods are used to build the abstract model of the application, together with a set of attacks, and to state properties of general validity. The simulator measures the impact of the attacks in terms of common network parameters, like energy consumption or computational effort. Such information can be used to select adequate security mechanisms, then the initial abstract model can be refined to adopt them, and finally prove that former system properties are still verified. The framework relies on UPPAAL for formal modeling and verification and uses the Attack Simulation Framework on top of Castalia as a network simulator. As proof of concept, a case study is shown.

Castalia is a model for WLAN (WSN), body areas (BAN), and low-power networks, which are commonly frequently used in research and technology, for networking devices. This paper, provides a simple assessment of Castalia’s memory use and computing time over a number of scenarios and characteristics of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). While, WBAN gives you the ability to monitor patients closely, but it presents many new challenges too. HKernel parameters like network size, simulation time, and mobile node fraction are, however, unique to demonstrate the scalability potential of Castalia. We analyze our results and clarify the success of the simulator against intuitive results. Also examined in traffic adaptive approaches are IEEE 802.15.4 standard called Zigbee and IEEE 802.15.6 standard called baseline MAC. In fact, the procedures are also compared, the distribution ratio (PDR) are compared and the energy demand is evaluated. They are evaluated. Castalia users should use the tests and their interpretations as a guide to assess the drawback of their simulations, as well as to select criteria that balance performance consistency. We also demonstrate future users the efficiency capabilities of Castalia-3.2

The wireless sensor network (WSN) has been extensively used to monitor and control the natural ecosystem on a large scale like air quality, natural life, etc. Low battery power,low storage, and limited processing ability are the most critical areas of concern in WSN. To reduce energy utilization, the sensor nodes in WSN work in a cyclic process between active and sleep mode. A certain number of nodes are chosen active and they are responsible for sensing as well as data transmission and rest of the nodes are gone to sleep. In order to lengthen the lifetime of network, in this paper we proposed a level wise periodic tree construction algorithm that uses a specific set of nodes to participate in tree construction, instead of all the nodes, to minimize the energy consumption. In this proposed approach, the main idea is to put the nodes, which are currently active and have already spent a significant amount of energy, to sleep mode, while giving chances to the leaf nodes, which has comparatively spent less energy, to become an active node and maintain connectivity. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated using the Castalia simulator. The simulation results show that the proposed level-wise periodic tree construction approach increases the durability of the network in conjunction with the non-level approach.

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are usually used to collect and monitor health-related information for both critical and non-critical patients. However, the traditional WBAN communication framework is unable to guarantee the successful delivery of critical information due to a lack of administrative control and priority support for emergency data. To overcome these issues, this paper proposes a novel software-defined networking (SDN)-based WBAN (SDWBAN) framework for application-specific traffic management. An application classification algorithm and a packet flow mechanism are developed by incorporating SDN principles with WBAN to effectively manage complex and critical traffic in the network. Furthermore, a Sector-Based Distance (SBD) protocol is designed and utilized to facilitate the SDWBAN communication framework. Finally, the proposed SDWBAN framework is evaluated through the CASTALIA simulator in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and latency. The experimental outcomes show that the proposed system achieves high throughput and low latency for emergency traffic in SDWBANs.

Compression sensing approaches have been used extensively with the idea of overcoming the limitations of traditional sampling theory and applying the concept of pressure during the sensing procedure. Great efforts have been made to develop methods that would allow data to be sampled in compressed form using a much smaller number of samples. Wireless body area networks (WBANs) have been developed by researchers through the creation of the network and the use of miniature equipment. Small structural factors, low power consumption, scalable data rates from kilobits per second to megabits per second, low cost, simple hardware deployment, and low processing power are needed to hold the wireless sensor through lightweight, implantable, and sharing communication tools wireless body area network. Thus, the proposed system provides a brief idea of the use of WBAN using IEEE 802.15.4 with compression sensing technologies. To build a health system that helps people maintain their health without going to the hospital and get more efficient energy through compression sensing, more efficient energy is obtained and thus helps the sensor battery last longer, and finally, the proposed health system will be more efficient energy, less energyconsuming, less expensive and more throughput.

[EN] Neighbor discovery is an important first step after the deployment of ad hoc wireless networks since they are a type of network that do not provide a communications infrastructure right after their deployment, the devices have radio transceivers which provide a limited transmission range, and there is a lack of knowledge of the potential neighbors. In this work two proposals to overcome the neighbor discovery in static one-hop environments in the presence of collisions, are presented. We performed simulations through Castalia 3.2, to compare the performance of the proposals against that for two protocols from the literature, i.e. PRR and Hello, and evaluate them according to six metrics. According to simulation results, the Leader-based proposal (O(N)) outperforms the other protocols in terms of neighbor discovery time, throughput, discoveries vs packets sent ratio, and packets received vs sent ratio, and the TDMA-based proposal is the slowest (O(N-2)) and presents the worst results regarding energy consumption, and discoveries vs packets sent ratio. However, both proposals follow a predetermined transmission schedule that allows them to discover all the neighbors with probability 1, and use a feedback mechanism. We also performed an analytical study for both proposals according to several metrics. Moreover, the Leader-based solution can only properly operate in one-hop environments, whereas the TDMA-based proposal is appropriate for its use in multi-hop environments., This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" in the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento" within the project under Grant TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P. This work has also been partially supported by European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR.

To reduce frequent sensor recharging and replacement due to resource constraint, it becomes imperative to increase the management of energy and network’s quality of service. To this end, this article provides a new wireless body sensor network architecture with two sink nodes and multiple energy management and quality-of-service algorithms. The first algorithm is the normal data avoidance algorithm that is responsible for decreasing the energy usage by avoiding the transmission of normal data. Duplicate data avoidance algorithm avoid transmitting duplicate data thus saving the bandwidth and battery life. Past knowledge-based weighted routing algorithm oversees taking the ideal direction to transmit information, hence improving quality of service. Furthermore, sleep scheduling is integrated to further improve the battery life. In addition, in our proposed model, linear programming which is based on mathematical models was used to model the network lifetime maximization and continuous data transmission minimization. Through simulation in Castalia-based OMNeT++ demonstrates that our proposed work outperforms the works of quasi-sleep-preempt-supported with regard to network lifetime and delay with 50% and 30% improvement, respectively, moreover, it improves the work of critical data with respect to packet drop and throughput with 30% and 75% improvement, respectively.

WBAN is a modern body monitoring network of wireless technology in which patients that seeks to anticipate and diagnosis of diseases and to check the body’s reaction to medications. The day-to-day behaviors of a individual influence the signal transmission of sensor nodes, such as walking, standing and running. Current wake-sleep-up scheduling facility of service conventional networks with static sensors may therefore be unreliable in the WBAN, since they don’t know channel variations in body sensors. Sensors can be woken up to give during transmission conditions of bad channels, contributing to communication errors and energy consumption. To fix that, MAC based polling protocol called improvised channel access scheme is proposed. The impact of different data transmission rates of body sensors during no pathloss variations and with pathloss variations and multiple access schemes such as TDMA and improvised based IEEE 802.15.6 (BaselineMAC) is evaluated on Castalia simulator. The performance evaluation of work shows that the TDMA scheme outperforms when there are no pathloss variations in terms of consumption of energy, throughput and data collision. As the temporal variation incorporate many profound fades which break the connection between the sender nodes and the central system.

Remote health monitoring utilizing biomedical sensors has seen considerable interest in the late past has been characterized by the advent of a sensor network study field known as the Wireless Body Network (WBAN) Networks. The major challenge of WBAN is that power of sensor nodes is limited due to battery size. The network throughput is influenced by the power usage of the sensor nodes. In past studies many MAC protocols have been investigated. In this paper, Castalia simulator evaluates the impact of different body sensor data levels during no pathloss variations with pathloss variations and multiple access schemes such as the IEEE 802.15.4 TDMA and CSMA (MAC ZigBee protocol).The work performance evaluation shows that if the energy usage, throughput and data collision differences in the TDMA scheme are not apparent. When the time transition results about many drastic drops, the communication between sender nodes and the main computer or center becomes interrupted.

The development of electronics and short-range communications gave rise to smart healthcare systems known as body area networks (BAN), to record the vital signs of patients for diagnosis. However, these systems may be located in dense areas, where several networks operate next to each other. Hence, interference occurs, which can adversely affect their proper functioning. Before proceeding with interference reduction or avoidance techniques, it is very important to first analyze this problem under different contexts and scenarios, to better understand it. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of inter-ban interference in body area networks on overall energy consumption, under two different contexts: when the inter-ban distance is varying, and when the amount of nodes in surrounding BANs increases. For this purpose, the two following scenarios are considered: In the first scenario, the distance between two adjacent BANs is decreasing from 6 to 2 m, and the overall energy consumption of the BAN of interest is evaluated. On the other hand, the second scenario highlights the impact of the amount of nodes in an interfering BAN on the overall energy consumption. Simulations were conducted using Castalia 3.3 software. The obtained results showed that when two BANs are located next to each other, if the distance between them becomes smaller, or the amount of nodes in the interfering BAN exceeds that of the reference one, the energy consumption of the BAN of interest will increase, due to the highly experienced interference levels, especially at high data rates.

Simulation is a useful and common technique to evaluate the performance of networks when the implementation of a real scenario is not available. Specifically for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN), it is crucial to perform evaluations in environments as close as possible to the real conditions of use. To achieve that, simulations must include different protocol layers involved in WBAN and models close to reality to create realistic simulation environments for e-health applications. To satisfy these needs, this work presents the BNS framework, a flexible tool for WBAN simulations. The proposal is an extension of the Castalia framework, which includes: (1) a new wireless channel model considering real radio-propagation over the human body, (2) an updated implementation of the WBAN MAC protocol in Castalia, with functionalities and requirements in accordance with the IEEE 802.15.6 standard, (3) a new comprehensive and configurable mobility model for simulating intra-WBAN communication, (4) a temperature module based on the Pennes bioheat transfer equation, to model the temperature of a WBAN node based on the activity of the node, and (5) a Healthcare Application Layer that implements data representation and a communication protocol between Personal Health Devices (PHD) following the ISO/IEEE 11073 standard. Three use cases are presented, where WBAN scenarios are simulated and evaluated using the proposed BNS framework. Results show that BNS is a valid and flexible tool to evaluate WBAN solutions through simulation.

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), clustering techniques are often used to optimize energy consumption and increase Packet Delivery Rate (PDR). To date, most of the proposed clustering protocols assume that there is a Line of Sight (LOS) between all the sensors. In fact, most of the available WSN simulators assume the use of optimistic path loss models that neglect the effect of obstacles on the PDR. However, in real situations such as in 3D terrains, obstacles can interfere this LOS. Moreover, while clustering, it is also important to maintain the coverage of a given Region of Interest (ROI). Therefore, finding an integrated solution for both clustering and coverage problems in an irregular 3D field becomes a pressing concern. In this paper, we first adopt an obstacle-aware path loss model to reflect the effect of obstacles on the communication between any pair of sensors. To that end, the Castalia simulator is adapted to use this proposed path loss model. Then, we introduce a Coverage and Obstacle-Aware Cluster Head Selection (COACHS) protocol to solve the cluster heads selection problem while maintaining a good coverage of a WSN deployed in an irregular 3D field. Simulation results demonstrate that the effect of obstacles on the PDR cannot be neglected. Moreover, comparative evaluation results show that COACHS outperforms other competent protocols in terms of PDR while simultaneously maintaining an acceptable energy consumption and a good coverage of the ROI.

This work presents the design of IEEE 802.15.4, the Medium Access Control protocol to ensure that medical data must be delivered in time, along with satisfying QoS requirements of Wireless Body Sensor Network based healthcare applications. Here, we propose the allocation of Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS) as per the varying rate of heterogeneous data traffic sensed by different sensor nodes ensuring energy efficiency, low latency, high throughput etc. Due to the sudden critical condition of the patient, the sensor node with an abrupt increase in data rate is assigned the highest priority and allocated dynamically more GTS. We have simulated different scenarios representing the normal and critical conditions of patients using Castalia 3.3 and OMNeT++. The temporal variation incorporates the movement associated with body which results to capture the fading arises due to the changing environment and movement of the nodes. This gives the practical variation associated with the nodes. We have compared among six different data traffic handling techniques: first where no nodes are allocated any GTS, second where all nodes are allocated fixed number of GTS and third where we propose dynamic GTS allocation as per the varying rate of data traffic. These three conditions are tested with Temporal and noTemporal variation. We have performed the simulation with 8 nodes and 11 nodes. The results show that in proposed technique, there is a significant reduction in energy consumption by $$\approx 20\%$$ by varyGTS vonfiguration. The average of varyGTS, Temporal and varyGTS, noTemporal packets received is $$\approx 76\%$$ in 8 nodes and $$\approx 66\%$$ by varyGTS, noTemporal in 11 nodes within the 240 ms delay permissible in healthcare application.

Research in wireless body area network (WBAN) has gained interest and has become an emerging health service application because of the potential for its use in continuous monitoring of human well-being. The natural human body movements and environmental interference impose difficulties on WBAN performance, such as operational lifetime and data delivery reliability. This work proposes a cross-layer approach, called CL, based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to guarantee quality of service in terms of packet delivery and network lifetime. The proposed protocol is compared to the original standard and results suggest that CL outperforms when interference is the cause of packet delivery failures.

Ambient assisted living (AAL) is focused on providing assistance to patients primarily in their natural environment to improve their quality of life. AAL domain has evolved at a fast pace as the stakeholders of AAL include patients and their relatives, social services, and care givers. AAL follows a multi-tier architecture where data from body area sensor network (BAN) gets routed through the coordinator of such networks via cellular devices or display co-ordinators at hospitals to a remote server over the Internet. A BAN configuration comprises of wearable and/or implantable sensors attached to a patient that are connected to a coordinator node carried by the patient. Though many routing protocols are proposed for routing within BAN, the challenges behind routing data from the coordinator of BAN to the cellular devices or display co-ordinators at hospitals is hardly investigated. But this routing is important for establishing end-to-end communication in AAL. Consequently, in this paper, we propose a multi-hop routing protocol that routes data from body sensor networks to the cellular devices or display co-ordinators. In a hospital scenario, there can be multiple display co-ordinators in vicinity of a coordinator of BAN, thus making this routing problem multi-sink one. Moreover, in a hospital, there can be multiple patients having wearable or implantable sensors attached to them forming multiple BAN configurations in vicinity. Thus, packet transmission from BAN coordinator may interfere with the transmission of a neighboring one. The proposed routing protocol is designed to avoid such inter BAN interference. The protocol is simulated using Castalia simulator and results show that the proposed protocol achieves better balance between energy efficiency and throughput as compared to state-of-the-art algorithms.

The link quality protocols of the IEEE 802.15.4 show low performance in terms of reliability in a hospital environment. To achieve the optimal performance of these protocols, this paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based solution using a detailed empirical reliability assessment. This paper provides a solution through four steps: 1) identifying the suitable IEEE 802.15.4 protocols and validating their suitability for patient monitoring systems through simulation in Castalia 3.2 with the OMNet++ platform; 2) providing a detailed discussion and analysis regarding link quality mechanisms used; 3) creating a real-time test bed to perform the empirical experiments to find the actual link quality estimation for different hospital environments; and 4) proposing a fuzzy logic system (FLS), which maps the results of empirical experiments with the proposed FLS to obtain the optimal results. For empirical experiments, we divide the communication in the hospital into four environmental scenarios, including inside ward, corridor, ward to corridor, and ward to ward. Both mobile and static scenarios are considered with line of sight and non-line of sight. Different link quality threshold values for link quality indicator (LQI) and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) are found for the variety of hospital scenarios. A strong correlation is noticed between LQI and packet reception rate in most of the scenarios, whereas a weak correlation is found between RSSI and packet reception rate. Finally, the results are mapped to our proposed FLS to obtain the optimal performance.

Changes in the BAN topology are caused due to the body movement induced by repeated activities like walking, running, twisting, turning and waving arms. In such activities, individual nodes may move relative to each other and along with this, the entire BAN may move its absolute location, which can induce several complexities in the network like re-transmission, collision, overhearing and changing interference. This paper presents a scheme referred as, posture based data transmission (PBDT) with the objective of efficient data transmission. PBDT is based on the occurrence of potential (best) posture over time in repeated activities. In PBDT, each node follows the procedures: (a) recognized the sequence of postures by observing the variation of received signal strength indicator (RSSI) from neighbor nodes over time, (b) finds the best posture from posture sequence for data transmission, (c) maintains a dynamic active/sleep schedule in order to reduce lossy transmission, collision and overhearing. Here, we consider walking as a repeated action over time to check the validity of the proposed mechanism. PBDT is implemented using Castalia simulator and compared with selected MAC protocols. The results are analyzed in respect to the energy consumption and throughput.

This paper presents the development of propagation models for wireless sensor networks for landslide management systems. Measurements of path loss in potential areas of landslide occurrence in Thailand were set up. The effect of the vegetation and mountain terrain in the particular area was therefore taken into account regarding the measured path loss. The measurement was carried out with short-range transmission/reception at 2400 MHz corresponding to IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks. The measurement setup was divided into two main cases, namely, the transmitting and receiving antennas installed on the ground and 1-m high above the ground. The measurement results are shown in this paper and used to develop propagation models suitable for operation of short-range wireless sensor networks of landslide management systems. The propagation model developed for the first case was achieved by fitting the averaged experimental data by the log-normal model plus the standard deviation. For the second case, the model was derived from the ray tracing theory. The mountain-side reflection path was added into the model which contained the reflection coefficient defined for the soil property. Furthermore, the resulting propagation models were employed in order to realistically evaluate the performance of wireless sensor networks via simulations which were conducted by using Castalia. In the simulations, the sensor nodes were placed as deterministic and random distributions within square simulated networks. The comparison between the results obtained from the deterministic and random distributions are discussed.

During the recent COVID-19 pandemic, Medical Body area networks (MBANs) emerged as an essential tool for the early diagnosis and treatment of infected patients. MBANs played an instrumental role in the remote treatment of COVID patients through early diagnosis using machine learning and IoT (Internet of Things). MBANs have paved their way in the health care industry and are being used in remote monitoring, emergency handling, and elderly assistance. The availability of the IEEE 802.15.6 standard has opened doors for new wearable consumer devices and IoMT (Internet of Medical Things) enabled applications to facilitate disease management. This standard was developed for wireless communication at a short-range, around the human body with low power requirements. This standard allows 2hop star topology within an intra-MBAN so that when direct communication is not possible, alternate routes are available through relays. This paper proposes a protocol for an intra-MBAN topology, which is a novel T-Relay mechanism that implements the 2-hop star topology. To validate the proposed protocol, it was tested on OMNeT ++ framework with Castalia Simulator for various scenarios. The simulation results show that the T-Relay mechanism enhances the PDR when the channel has variations.

[EN] Neighbor discovery represents a first step after the deployment of wireless ad hoc networks, since the nodes that form them are equipped with limited-range radio transceivers, and they typically do not know their neighbors. In this paper two randomized neighbor discovery approaches, called CDH and CDPRR, based on collision detection for static multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks, are presented. Castalia 3.2 simulator has been used to compare our proposed protocols against two protocols chosen from the literature and used as reference: the PRR, and the Hello protocol. For the experiments, we chose five metrics: the neighbor discovery time, the number of discovered neighbors, the energy consumption, the throughput and the number of discovered neighbors versus packets sent ratio. According to the results obtained through simulation, we can conclude that our randomized proposals outperform both Hello and PRR protocols in the presence of collisions regarding all five metrics, for both one-hop and multi-hop scenarios. As novelty compared to the reference protocols, both proposals allow nodes to discover all their neighbors with probability 1, they are based on collision detection and know when to terminate the neighbor discovery process. Furthermore, qualitative comparisons of the existing protocols and the proposals are available in this paper. Moreover, CDPRR presents better results in terms of time, energy consumption and number of discovered neighbors versus packets sent ratio. We found that both proposals achieve to operate under more realistic assumptions. Furthermore, CDH does not need to know the number of nodes in the network., This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" in the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento" within the project under Grant TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P. This work has also been partially supported by European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR.

WSNs (Wireless sensor Networks) are a very robust and flexible structure which can be adapted to each scenario. The choice of the correct routing algorithm is a central point of a WSN, so a comparison between two routing algorithms, for an optical sensor network based on Lidar sensors, has been studied to propose a low consumption structure to improve security in aerospace scenario.

Wireless sensors networks (WSNs) are characterized by flexibility and scalability in any environment. These networks are increasingly used in agricultural and industrial environments and have a dual role in data collection from sensors and transmission to a monitoring system, as well as enabling the management of the monitored environment. Environment management depends on trust in the data collected from the surrounding environment, including the time of data creation. This paper proposes a trust model for monitoring humidity and moisture in agricultural and industrial environments. The proposed model uses a digital signature and public key infrastructure (PKI) to establish trust in the data source, i.e., the trust in the sensor. Trust in data generation is essential for real-time environmental monitoring and subsequent analyzes, thus timestamp technology is implemented here to further ensure that gathered data are not created or changed after the assigned time. Model validation is performed using the Castalia network simulator by testing energy consumption at the receiver and sender nodes and the delay incurred by creating or validating a trust token. In addition, validation is also performed using the Ascertia TSA Crusher application for the time consumed to obtain a timestamp from the free TSA. The results show that by applying different digital signs and timestamps, the trust entity of the WSN improved significantly with an increase in power consumption of the sender node by up to 9.3% and receiver node by up to 126.3% for a higher number of nodes, along with a packet delay of up to 15.6% and an average total time consumed up to 1.186 s to obtain the timestamp from the best chosen TSA, which was as expected.

With the recent technological advancements in video sensors, digital signal processing units and digital radio interfaces, low-cost devices such as Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) became an important part of surveillance applications. The scarcity of resources for these devices introduces new challenges in terms of energy consumption, and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. One of the challenges is processing and transmission of large volumes of multimedia data. In this paper, the efficiency of WMSN applications where the computations are performed at the sensor nodes is considered. A real-life testbed is employed as well as simulation models in Castalia. The network using proposed architecture showed better results in terms of Quality of Service and Quality of Experience, while still preserving application requirements.

This paper analyses the use of a WSN for agricultural scenario, referencing to the modality of communication between the network nodes, and proposes a modified version of Multipath Ring Routing (MPRR) to improve performances and robustness of the network on the long period. Through simulations with Castalia, some limits of the standard MPRR have been highlighted, and through the possibility to modify the algorithm itself, improvements have been made that make the modified MPRR suitable for our scenario.