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We present the first global SHARAD permittivity map of the Martian surface and use it to constrain the subsurface geology inferred from other data sources. Geological correlations are discussed at the dichotomy boundary, Elysium Mons, and high-latitude ice-filled craters.

Introduction. Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects about 50% of males aged 40-70 years old. ED shares with atherosclerotic disease several common risk factors; therefore, it may be considered a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. Sincephosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are well known pharmacologic agents capable of significant improvement in ED, we designed this study to evaluate whether exercise training is of added value in patients with ED who are already on PDE-5 inhibitors. Methods. We recruited 20 male patients affected by ED with metabolic syndrome.At baseline, all patients underwent Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) test.After the initial evaluation, patients were subdivided into two groups: tadalafil group (group T, n=10), who were maintained only on tadalafil therapy, and a tadalafil/exercise training group (T/E group, n=10)who continued tadalafil but in addition underwent a2-month structured exercise training program. Results. Basal anthropometric characteristics of study population showed no significant differences. Although bothgroups showed at 2 months an improvement of the IIEF score, thiswas more evident in the T/E group (T group: 11.2 vs 14.2, P=0.02; T/E group: 10.8 vs 20.1, P

Neurotrophins (NTs) and their specific Trk-receptors are key molecules involved in the regulation of survival, proliferation, and differentiation of central nervous system during development and adulthood in vertebrates. In the present survey, we studied the expression and localization of neurotrophins and their Trk-receptors in the cerebellum of teleost fish Danio rerio (zebrafish). Teleostean cerebellum is composed of a valvula, body and vestibulolateral lobe. Valvula and body show the same three-layer structure as cerebellar cortex in mammals. The expression of NTs and Trk-receptors in the whole brain of zebrafish has been studied by Western blotting analysis. By immunohistochemistry, the localization of NTs has been observed mainly in Purkinje cells; TrkA and TrkB-receptors in cells and fibers of granular and molecular layers. TrkC was faintly detected. The occurrence of NTs and Trk-receptors suggests that they could have a synergistic action in the cerebellum of zebrafish. J. Morphol. 277:725-736, 2016.

The tyrosine kinase proteins (Trk), encoded by the trk family of proto-oncogenes, mediate, in mammals, the action of neurotrophins, a family of growth factors acting on the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Neurotrophins and their specific receptors, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, seem to be phylogenetically well preserved but, in reptiles, data regarding the occurrence of Trk-like proteins are very scarce, especially in non-nervous organs. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the lizard gut contains TrkA- and TrkC-like, but not TrkB-like, proteins. Consistently, TrkA- and TrkC-like immunoreactivity were both observed in neurons of the anterior intestine, whereas endocrine cells of the stomach and anterior intestine only displayed TrkA-like immunoreactivity. These results demonstrate for the first time the occurrence of Trk-like proteins in non-neuronal tissues of reptilians and provide further evidence for the evolutionary preservation of the molecular mass and cell distribution of Trk neurotrophin receptor-like proteins in the gut of vertebrates.

Mammalian-like and specific neurotrophins, as well as their cognate tyrosine kinase Trk-like receptors have been identified in teleosts. They are mainly distributed in neuronal tissues, but evidence suggests that some non-neuronal tissues also express Trks. In this study we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the occurrence and cell distribution of Trks in the pancreas of teleosts (Scorpaena porcus). Immunoreactivity for TrkA and TrkB, but not for TrkC receptors, was found in the scorpionfish pancreas. TrkA-like positive cells were exclusively observed within pancreatic islets, among insulin- and glucagon-containing cells, but apparently did not co-localize with these hormones. TrkB immunostaining was found in islet cells, presumably colocalized with glucagon, as well as in some cells of the exocrine portion. These data provide a morphological basis for a role of the TrkA and TrkB ligands in the endocrine pancreas of teleosts. Anat Rec 263:113–117, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.