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Many pharmaceutical chemical residues (PCR) have shown great potential to pollute the environment, especially in marine habitats. The conjecture stems from direct participation of human beings. Toxicological studies carried with drugs showed the possibility of appearance of physiological sexual alterations already observed in certain species of fish and other marine animals, in addition to the increase of resistant bacteria. In this way, evidence drives the reduction or interruption of exposure to CRP in the environment. The objective of this work is to propose a project to receive expired medicines and other therapeutic products, without use or leftovers from inappropriate uses by several individuals. To achieve these objectives, we will carry out the following methodologies: (i) Conduct a literature review on the subject, to consolidate the problem; (ii) present an advertising plan using social communication vehicles, such as radio, television and social networks, for information and awareness of society about the PCR disposal campaign correctly, using the motto "save the world so you don't lose anyone you love” (iii) To officially request the support of the Municipal Environment Department of Araruama and the CRF-RJ to standardize and delimit the processing of PCR collected, as a result, several studies were found that indicate and reinforce the socio-environmental impact associated with disposal of PCRs, as well as the evolutionary trend of aggravation of this socio-environmental issue. The introduction of different programs to encourage the proper and rational management and treatment of PCRs with the direct mobilization of different social ties such as the media and especially the different levels of government of the direct and/or indirect administration presents itself as an important tool to achieve of measures that can reduce the social impacts caused by PCRs.

Disinfection and antisepsis are of primary importance in controlling nosocomial infections and outbreaks by pathogens expressing multiple resistance to antimicrobial agents (multidrug-resistant [MD...

Corynebacterium striatum, a common constituent of the human skin microbiome, is now considered an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen of immunocompromised and chronically ill patients. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms in the transition from colonization to the multidrug-resistant (MDR) invasive phenotype in clinical isolates. This study performed a comprehensive pan-genomic analysis of C. striatum, including isolates from ‘normal skin microbiome’ and from MDR infections, to gain insights into genetic factors contributing to pathogenicity and multidrug resistance in this species. For this, three novel genome sequences were obtained from clinical isolates of C. striatum of patients from Brazil, and other 24 complete or draft C. striatum genomes were retrieved from GenBank, including the ATCC6940 isolate from the Human Microbiome Project. Analysis of C. striatum strains demonstrated the presence of an open pan-genome (α = 0.852803) containing 3,816 gene families, including 15 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and 32 putative virulence factors. The core and accessory genomes included 1,297 and 1,307 genes, respectively. The identified AMR genes are primarily associated with resistance to aminoglycosides and tetracyclines. Of these, 66.6% are present in genomic islands, and four AMR genes, including aac(6')-ib7, are located in a class 1-integron. In conclusion, our data indicated that C. striatum possesses genomic characteristics favorable to the invasive phenotype, with high genomic plasticity, a robust genetic arsenal for iron acquisition, and important virulence determinants and AMR genes present in mobile genetic elements.

Corynebacterium striatum, a common constituent of the human skin microbiome, is now considered an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen of immunocompromised and chronically ill patients. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms in the transition from colonization to the multidrug-resistant (MDR) invasive phenotype in clinical isolates. This study performed a comprehensive pan-genomic analysis of C. striatum, including isolates from "normal skin microbiome" and from MDR infections, to gain insights into genetic factors contributing to pathogenicity and multidrug resistance in this species. For this, three novel genome sequences were obtained from clinical isolates of C. striatum of patients from Brazil, and other 24 complete or draft C. striatum genomes were retrieved from GenBank, including the ATCC6940 isolate from the Human Microbiome Project. Analysis of C. striatum strains demonstrated the presence of an open pan-genome (α = 0.852803) containing 3816 gene families, including 15 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and 32 putative virulence factors. The core and accessory genomes included 1297 and 1307 genes, respectively. The identified AMR genes are primarily associated with resistance to aminoglycosides and tetracyclines. Of these, 66.6% are present in genomic islands, and four AMR genes, including aac(6')-ib7, are located in a class 1-integron. In conclusion, our data indicated that C. striatum possesses genomic characteristics favorable to the invasive phenotype, with high genomic plasticity, a robust genetic arsenal for iron acquisition, and important virulence determinants and AMR genes present in mobile genetic elements.

Corynebacterium striatum, a bacterium that is part of the normal skin microbiota, is also an opportunistic pathogen. In recent years, reports of infections and in-hospital and nosocomial outbreaks caused by antimicrobial multidrug-resistant C. striatum strains have been increasing worldwide. However, there are no studies about the genomic determinants related to antimicrobial resistance in C. striatum. This review updates global information related to antimicrobial resistance found in C. striatum and highlights the essential genomic aspects in its persistence and dissemination. The resistome of C. striatum comprises chromosomal and acquired elements. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and daptomycin are due to mutations in chromosomal genes. Conversely, resistance to macrolides, tetracyclines, phenicols, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides are associated with mobile genomic elements such as plasmids and transposons. The presence and diversity of insertion sequences suggest an essential role in the expression of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in genomic rearrangements and their potential to transfer these elements to other pathogens. The present study underlines that the resistome of C. striatum is dynamic; it is in evident expansion and could be acting as a reservoir for ARGs.

Corynebacterium striatum is part of microbiota of skin and nasal mucosa of humans and has been increasingly reported as the etiologic agent of community-acquired and nosocomial diseases. Antimicrobial multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. striatum strains have been increasingly related to various nosocomial diseases and/or outbreaks worldwide, including fatal invasive infections in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients. Although cases of infections by C. striatum still neglected in some countries, the improvement of microbiological techniques and studies led to the increase of survival of patients with C. striatum nosocomial infections at different levels of magnitude. Biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces contributes for the persistence of virulent C. striatum and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in hospital environment. Besides that, empirical antibiotic therapy can select multi-resistant strains and transfer intra and interspecies genes horizontally. In this study, a worldwide survey of C. striatum human infections and nosocomial outbreaks was accomplished by the analysis of clinical-epidemiological and microbiological features of reported cases from varied countries, during a 44-year period (1976-2020).

Corynebacterium striatum strains have been increasingly reported as etiological agents of nosocomial infections and outbreaks in industrialized and developing countries. However, there are few studies focused on the virulence potential of C. striatum. A growing body of research supports the use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host for investigating the virulence potential of pathogenic bacteria, including corynebacteria. In the present study, chemotaxis behaviour, mortality, and morphological changes were investigated in nematodes infected by four C. striatum strains isolated from different clinical sites, and with different MDR profiles and PFGE types. The results showed chemotaxis of nematodes towards C. striatum. Nematode death (> 60%) was detected from the first day post-infection with all strains tested, but at different levels, independent of biofilm formation on catheter surfaces and differences in growth temperature between nematodes (20 °C) and mammals (37 °C). C. striatum 2369/II multidrug-resistant (MDR; from tracheal aspirate of a patient undergoing endotracheal intubation) and 1961/III multidrug-sensitive (MDS; urine) strains led to 100% mortality in worms. Survival of nematodes was observed until 4 days post-infection with the C. striatum 1954/IV MDS strain isolated from a surgical wound (13%) and 1987/I MDR strain isolated from a patient with a lower respiratory tract infection (39%). The Dar phenotype was observed post-infection with all MDS and MDR strains except 1954/IV. All strains showed the capacity for bagging formation. Star formation was observed only with strains that led to 100% nematode mortality. In conclusion, C. striatum was found to exert virulence for C. elegans. Variations in nematode morphological changes and levels of mortality indicate differences in the virulence potential of C. striatum independent of clinical isolation site, capacity for biofilm formation, and MDR and PFGE profiles.

Ministério da Saúde. Fundação Nacional de Saúde. Centro Colaborador de Referência e Pesquisa em Difteria. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Fundação Nacional de Saúde. Centro Colaborador de Referência e Pesquisa em Difteria. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Fundação Nacional de Saúde. Centro Colaborador de Referência e Pesquisa em Difteria. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Fundação Nacional de Saúde. Centro Colaborador de Referência e Pesquisa em Difteria. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste. Laboratório de Tecnologia em Bioquímica e Microscopia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Fundação Nacional de Saúde. Centro Colaborador de Referência e Pesquisa em Difteria. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Fundação Nacional de Saúde. Centro Colaborador de Referência e Pesquisa em Difteria. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Imunologia Clínica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Fundação Nacional de Saúde. Centro Colaborador de Referência e Pesquisa em Difteria. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Corynebacterium striatum is a potentially pathogenic microorganism that causes nosocomial outbreaks. However, little is known about its virulence factors that may contribute to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). We investigated the biofilm production on abiotic surfaces of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and multidrug-susceptible (MDS) strains of C. striatum of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types I-MDR, II-MDR, III-MDS and IV-MDS isolated during a nosocomial outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The results showed that C. striatum was able to adhere to hydrophilic and hydrophobic abiotic surfaces. The C. striatum 1987/I-MDR strain, predominantly isolated from patients undergoing endotracheal intubation procedures, showed the greatest ability to adhere to all surfaces. C. striatum bound fibrinogen to its surface, which contributed to biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy showed the production of mature biofilms on polyurethane catheters by all pulsotypes. In conclusion, biofilm production may contribute to the establishment of HAIs caused by C. striatum.

Corynebacterium striatum commonly colonizes the normal skin and nasopharyngeal tract of humans; however, this potentially pathogenic bacterium has been identified as the causative agent of several nosocomial infections. The current study describes the draft genome of strain 1961 BR-RJ/09, isolated from the urine of a hospitalized patient from Brazil.