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High blood press ure remains a public health problem. High blood pressure in children and adole scent is a major risk for cardiovascular disease in adulthood which can cause high morbidity and mortality. Listening to the classical music can be used as an alternative in reducing high blood pressure. Objective To investigate the effect of classic al music in reducing blood pressure in children with high normal blood pressure and or hypertension. Methods Eighty eight students of Sidorame Senior High School Medan with blood pressure;:: 120/80 mmHg or blood pressure ;:: 90 percentile Task Force were included in this study. The Vivaldi's Four Seasons was played for 30 minutes using Sony stereo cassette recorder and earphone. The students' blood pressure were measured after listening to the music. Results The reduction of students' blood pressure in the classical music group was greater than control group (LiSBP, LiDBP 9,41mmHg, 6.0SmmHg versus 4.37mmHg, 2.23mmHg) and showed statistically difference. Conclusion Listening to the classical music can reduce blood pressure in children with high blood pressure. (Paediatr Indones 2008;48:142-6).

The awareness and the extent of usage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) components by Village Extension Agents (VEAs), in three selected States Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) of Nigeria, were investigated. Two hundred and four (204) VEAs were sampled as respondents for the study. With aid of simple statistical tools (average, cumulative and percentages), and the analysis of the results indicate that the level of awareness of ICTs among the respondents (VEAs) was quite high especially on radio (99%), GSM phones (96%); and television (93%). On the contrary, the level of awareness was low on fax (68%) and Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs) (69%). It was also noted that the following devices were highly used by the respondents; GSM phones, radio, cassette recorder, television, CD/DVD player and VHS Video player. Unfortunately, the respondents recorded least ICT usage on fax and PDAs. It was recommended that both awareness and usage of available ICT formats should be intensified among VEAs so as to optimize their usage in the effective performance on the job.

Speech can be integrated into computer-assisted language learning programs (CALL) with Apple II computers and cassette recorders activated by inexpensive cassette control devices (CCD). While this arrangement is increasingly used with great success in foreign language instruction, teachers who want to introduce sound into their computer programs are restricted to programs whose code can be listed because two POKE statements to activate the CCD have to be inserted.Until now a more serious drawback has been the lack of an algorithm to turn off the cassette recorder automatically to keep screen text and audio in synchronization. This article offers a program that turns the recorder off automatically and describes how to integrate the audio of a totally computer-controlled cassette recorder with the text of a conventional CALL program. The program code will be in the public domain.

I recorded the calling activity of the males of a population of the common eastern froglet Crinia signifera during 1988 to determine the seasonal and temporal patterns of calling activity and the influence of micrometeorological variables on calling. The patterns of calling were recorded using an automated cassette recorder switched on for 10 seconds approximately every 15 minutes. To assess the effects of micrometeorology on calling I compared the mean hourly calling activity with air temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, rainfall and wind intensity with time of day as a co-variable. This comparison was undertaken for data from three separate two-month periods of the year, as well as with the data from the three periods combined, to determine if there were seasonal differences in the effects of micrometeorology. For the analysis I used a forward stepwise Generalised Linear Model. Chorusing was recorded in every month of the year. Time of day was highly significant as a predictor of hourly calling a...

On June 1, 1980, singer Blixa Bargeld and percussionist N. U. Unruh of the avant-garde band Einsturzende Neubauten (“Collapsing New Buildings”) performed a now-legendary atonal composition in West Berlin’s southwestern district of Friedenau-Schoneberg. Kneeling and bending over inside the claustrophobic crawl space of a pillar supporting the city expressway, these young performers banged, scratched, and pounded against its steel and concrete interior. Bargeld chaotically plucked an untuned electric guitar, which was amplified by a 1960s Telefunken transistor radio, and screamed in German about a postapocalyptic urban wasteland, while Unruh played on a diverse set of percussion instruments ranging from spare metal parts to an old washing machine drum. This 40-minute session of experimental noisescapes, later entitled “Steel Music” (“Stahlmusik”), was recorded on a simple cassette recorder. It was later duplicated and sold as a limited edition cassette tape in Bargeld’s second-hand store, Eisengrau.1

Two consecutive memory training interventions using an audio cassette recorder to present personally significant narrative information and interactive quizzes were administered to two early stage Alzheimer's patients (Folstein Mini-Mental State scores: 23). Training sessions were held 2-4 times a day for six consecutive days. Each 3-day cycle was preceded by a pre-test and followed by a post-test. The pre-test, post-test, and first training bial for each cycle were videotaped. The tests consisted of the items that were the subject of training, as well as control items. Retention was measured by telephone administration of the post-test at one and two week intervals. Results were highly positive. Subject 1 went from 19% correct responses to 69% correct from pre-test to post-test during Cycle 1 and from 25% to 93% correct during Cycle 2. Subject 2 went from 31% correct responses to 88% correct during Cycle 1 and from 6% to 75% correct during Cycle 2. Retention at one and two week follow-up was excellent. Su...

Every morning my host Bachir,1 a Gambian Muslim in his late twenties, solemnly removed the lace doily protecting his cassette recorder against dust. In his small livingroom, decorated with Islamic wall hangings, posters of Mecca, and plastic flowers, we listened to tape-recorded sermons. That morning he selected an audiocassette of Ahmed Khatani, a South African preacher who visited The Gambia several times to deliver sermons in the mosque where Bachir and his comrades pray. On the tape Khatani preached in English with a strong Indian accent, alternated with words and Quranic verses in Arabic, about the purpose of human beings on earth, that is, worshipping God. When he raised his voice, Bachir’s one-year-old daughter, believing that the preacher was singing, started to dance. Bachir exclaimed, “Astaghfirullah (I seek forgiveness from Allah), this must be my mother’s influence.”2

Audiotaping and videotaping of counseling sessions has become common place in most graduate counseling programs. This paper dicusses the use of dual-cassette feedback method of supervision that is taking place at a moderate sized university in the Midwest. The dual-cassette feed back method is particularly useful in prepracticum graduate courses where the enrollment can be high.

Publisher Summary Successively introducing media over the past centuries has resulted in questions being raised about the protection of intellectual property. The questions raised seem to have a similarity with regard to the reproduction of text, images, sound, and the combination of these factors. The approach to intellectual property protection has changed over the centuries. Initially, the system of legal protection was orientated to the reproduction that was protected by privileges. From the beginning of the 20th century, intellectual property was definitely focused on protecting the originality of creative products, whether in the form of text, images, audio, films, television, or digital products. Traditions of similar legal questions—such as the issue of fair private use—can be observed in the history of intellectual property. The stencil machine and photocopier, tape and cassette recorder, the video recorder, and the personal computer—all resorted to the same issue of private use.

The social spaces of urban habitation are being transformed right in front of our ears. These transformations have slowly crept up on us over the last thirty years or so, beginning in the 1960s with the placing of the cassette recorder in automobiles, to the development of the Sony Walkman in 1979, culminating in its most visible manifestation in the mobile phone. People are now buying mobile phones faster than they bought television sets in the 1950s. An increasing number of us demand the intoxicating mixture of noise, proximity and privacy whilst on the move and have the technologies to successfully achieve these aims. The use of these largely sound technologies informs us about how we attempt to ‘inhabit’ the ‘public’ spaces of the city.

The possibilities and potential uses of the cassette recorder are endless. It offers an alternative way to preserve and celebrate children's work, can be used to enhance home links and partnerships with families and the wider community, as well as to support activities in all areas of learning.

The methods of obtaining data and assessing protocol compliance in prehospital research can present difficulties. The Norwalk Hospital Mobile Emergency Medical Service paramedics use a minicassette recorder carried in the monitor-defibrillator pack during their participatuon in a cardiac arrest study. The device is simple, inexpensive, and well accepted by the paramedics. With this recorder, the investigator is able to accurately identify when interventions occurred and the patients' response to therapy. The use of a minicassette recorder can facilitate data collection for prehospital research with minimal disruption for the paramedic providing care.

Regarding HDTV postproduction demand for a digital video cassette recorder (DVCR) which is capable of handling a data rate of approx. 1 . 2Gbit/s is substantial. According to the EUREKA EU95 1250/50 interlaced standard an experimental cassette recorder with a 19mm D-2-type cassette has been developed. First results of its implementation show the feasibility of this approach. 1.

Serious personal computer users soon realize the need for long-term mass storage of programs and data and, while this can easily be provided using nothing more than a domestic cassette recorder, such devices can be slow and unreliable. Therefore, many users have recognized the benefits of disk-based systems and as a consequence a market for low-cost disk drives has been created. Several manufacturers have entered this competitive market with realistically priced products and the cost of drives has progressively fallen while, at the same time, storage capacities have risen. A magnetic storage system based on standard compact cassettes offers mass data storage at the lowest possible cost per bit and thus, is ideal for the first-time computer user operating on a restricted budget. Unfortunately, such systems have serious shortcomings arising from both the transport mechanism and the tape medium itself, which not only impose a restriction on the maximum data transfer rate but also make the system prone to data corruption.

A simple device for autopsy and scene dictation uses a small cassette recorder with a built-in microphone attached to a remote push-button switch worn on the belt or waistband. The recorder is carried in a shirt or scrub suit pocket and is functional under a protective apron or gown. The components, construction, advantages, and disadvantages of the device are presented.

Sleep-wakefulness (S-W) patterns were recorded continuously for 40 consecutive 24 h using subcutaneous chronic electrodes and an ambulatory cassette recorder in a healthy 57-year-old volunteer. Variability of sleep patterns was assessed in steady-state conditions and in the course of a scientific journey encompassing flights in both west/east and south/north directions. Data were compared with findings from age-matched laboratory control records. Polysomnographic evaluation of our sleep data shows: 1. (1) Stability of the first 3 sleep cycles and variability of the remaining sleep period with respect to both duration and structure. Vulnerability of REM sleep to environmental interference. 2. (2) Stability of the WASO/drowsiness cluster as an intraindividual biological trait independent of social interactions. The clinical relevance of ambulatory serial recording is stressed. 3. (3) The role of the first sleep cycle structure in the chronobiological adaptation process is documented. Apparently travelling in south/north directions may have similar or even more polygraphic implications than west/east transfer.

Recent developments in the transition from film to electro-optics in airborne reconnaissance have created a unique disparity between modem imaging sensor capabilities and those of the associated data recording hardware. Not only is high data rate digital recorder technology several steps behind that of sensors, as it does become available, it promises to be, at first, both large and expensive. In an effort to counteract serious setbacks in airborne reconnaissance systems development and short term deployment, an analog recording alternative deserves close attention. This paper describes a small format high bandwidth analog cassette recorder, HIBAR, currently being proposed to address this problem. Also described is such a recorder's role in today's chzinging threat and budget environments. Design goals are also provided.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Perfused-tube manometry has hitherto been the standard technique for recording intraluminal intestinal pressure in humans, but it is unsuitable for ambulant use. The aim of our study was to evaluate the ability of resistive strain gauge transducers attached to a fine catheter to detect pressure change. Simultaneous strain gauge and perfused-tube manometry was performed on six fasting subjects; in four, strain gauge activation was continuous and in two, the transducers were activated in a pulsed mode with data encoded as a pulse train with an approximate frequency of 20 Hz. Eight thousand eight hundred eighty-eight pressure waves were recorded by strain gauge, of which 96% were detected by perfused-tube manometry. There was good agreement in both phases II and III of the migrating motor complex. The amplitude of pressure waves recorded by strain gauge was slightly but significantly greater. A proportion (14-17%) of pressure waves recorded by strain gauge were bifid; this was not seen with the perfused tube. These differences are best explained by the greater sensitivity and more rapid rise time of the strain gauges. There was no loss of fidelity in the pulse-interval recording mode. A seventh subject underwent a continuous 72-h recording with the strain gauge catheter attached to a battery-operated encoder and magnetic tape cassette recorder and was freely ambulant during this period. The procedure was well tolerated and motility patterns could be clearly identified. We conclude that intraluminal strain gauge catheters are suitable for prolonged use in ambulant subjects and produce data that are closely comparable to the data acquired from perfused-tube manometry under laboratory conditions.

Diel patterns in underwater sounds from five beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and five Pacific white‐sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) housed at John G. Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, IL were studied. Underwater sounds were sampled systematically over 24‐h periods by using a battery‐operated cassette recorder and an Ithaco 605C hydrophone controlled by a digital timer, which activated every hour and then shut off after 2.5 min. Belugas had 14 sounds and Pacific white‐sided dolphins produced 5 sounds. For each species, the use of some sounds was correlated with other sounds. The diel pattern for both species was similar and mostly affected by the presence of humans. Sounds gradually increased after the staff and visitors arrived, peaked during the midday, gradually decreased as closing of the aquarium approached, and was minimal overnight. These data can help identify the best time of day to make recordings and perhaps could be used to examine social, reproductive, or health changes in these captive cetaceans.

The present study had the objective of collecting data about herbal remedies from residents of the central urban area fron the city of Bandeirantes , Parana. The data were collected from February to December 2003, through interviews done with people aging over 40 years old, chosen considering the knowledge about the medical use of herbal species, based on indication done by local residents. The interviews were kept using a form with questions related to the interviewed one and to the herbal medicine mentioned. Each interview was recorded using a cassette recorder and pictures for a later transcription. Vegetal samples were collected as often as possible and the samples were herborized, then exsicats were prepared for later botanical identification. After the identifications, the exsicats were incorporated to the herbaceous border of FALM Botanical Garden (Faculdades Luiz Meneghel, Bandeirantes, Parana). 31 plants (herbal remedies) were indicated, distributed among 19 families. The Lamiaceae contributed with the highest number of species, followed by Rosacea, Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae. Leafs were the most used part for the medical preparation and the most common way of preparation was the infusion. The most mentioned therapeutic indications were: headaches, stomachahes, fever, stomach cramps and infection.

The Omacha Foundation conducted a project to identify and compare vocal repertoires of the freshwater dolphins Inia geoffrensis and Sotalia fluviatilis in the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers in Colombia. Field recordings of 2457 min. were made using an omnidirectional hydrophone connected to a cassette recorder. Six different types of sounds were identified for Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana in the Orinoco River. Low‐frequency whistles were recorded (fundamental signal around 3 kHz, maximum frequencies of 13 kHz), when foraging/socializing dolphin groups consisted of more than five animals. Screams, squeaks, pulsed sounds, low‐frequency sounds, and echolocation clicks were identified as additional sound types for the species. In the Amazon region, where both species of river dolphins are found, recordings were only analyzed when the species occurred separately. Four different types of vocalizations including echolocation clicks, screams, squeaks, and pulsed sounds were identified for Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis. No clear whistles were heard for this species. Sotalia fluviatilis whistled constantly, even when only two dolphins were sighted. Whistles varied in frequency contour and duration. Generally high frequencies were observed with maximum values of 21.7 kHz and a fundamental signal of 15.8 kHz. Squeaking sounds, echolocation clicks, and burst pulses were also recorded. (To be presented in Spanish.)

Whistles of Pacific white‐sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) at the John G. Shedd Aquarium were studied to determine: (1) whistles associated with a particular individual, (2) if whistles of isolated dolphins differed from whistles from dolphins in a group, (3) time and/or frequency variables important in classification, and (4) whistle types. Individual dolphin whistles were recorded in an isolated pool using a hydrophone and a Telex recorder. Whistles were recorded from dolphins in a group setting using the same hydrophone, but with a Marantz cassette recorder. Whistles were digitized using Canary software. Frequency and time measurements were taken from power spectra and spectrograms. ANOVA, principle component analysis (PCA), discriminate analysis (DFA), and cluster analysis were performed. Whistles were classified visually into six types. There were no significant differences between whistles from isolated or social dolphins. PCA showed duration of the series, number of whistle in the series, maximum frequency, minimum frequency, and peak frequency were important in classification. DFA showed dominant bandwidth, duration of first whistle, harmonic structure, maximum frequency, and peak frequency were important in categorizing types. Using the variables in PCA, cluster analysis separated the whistles into different types than those classified visually. This study provides no evidence of individualized signature whistles.

Most echolocation studies have focused on bats and dolphins. Because of technological improvements in ultrasonic sensing and recording equipment, there now are cost‐effective approaches towards examining ‘‘other’’ groups of mammals for possible echolocation abilities. In this study, we suggest that echolocation is a primitive characteristic, first appearing in insectivores, the ancestor of all other placental mammals. A few other studies and anatomical, behavioral, and physiological attributes suggest that shrews are likely to echolocate. In captivity, least shrews (Cryptotis parva) produce series of pulses. We used a board divided into an inner and outer box of equal area to run 8 least shrews through a set of foraging and orientation experiments. Experiments were in the dark and we monitored the circumstances under which shrews produced pulses using a night‐vision video camera. An ANABATII bat detector monitored the presence of pulses, a Marantz cassette recorder documented the sounds, and Audioscope so...

We describe the design and use of a simple and inexpensive timing device for recording body temperatures (Tb's) of a free-ranging animal. This timing device is the first to use CNT-35-26 programmable counters, making it more efficient than recently described timing devices (e.g., Beaupre and Beaupre, 1994). The device is used with a cassette recorder and the researcher's existing telemetry equipment to create a highly mobile temperaturemonitoring system. The CNT-35-26 programmable counters allow for easy programmability for any time interval, observation of timing status due to digital LCDs, and the ability to record precise and accurate pulse frequencies without calibration for changes in cassettetape recorder speed. Use of this simple timing device to operate equipment or various datacollecting systems may be of interest to many researchers. The design, operation, and use of this timing device to create a telemetry monitoring system are discussed.

Hermaphrodites, although well documented among fishes, are relatively rare among the tetrapods (Warner, 1978). Among the amphibians, it has long been known that the Bidder's organ of male toads (attached to the anterior of the testes) will develop into functional ovarian tissue if the testes are removed (Pancak, 1987; Pancak-Roessler et al., 1990). However, this phenomenon has rarely been reported under natural conditions (see reviews in Witschi, 1933; Pancak, 1987; Pancak-Roessler and Norris, 1991). Herein we report on a toad taken from an area of hybridization between Bufo microscaphus and B. woodhousii that exhibited typical male secondary sexual characters (advertisement and release call production, well-developed nuptial pads, and clasping behavior) while it simultaneously extruded eggs. We observed the toad in a breeding aggregation of B. microscaphus, B. woodhousii, and putative hybrids along Black Canyon Creek, 1 km north of Black Canyon City, Yavapai County, AZ, at 2030 h on 15 March 1994. The toad was producing advertisement calls in alternation with six other males (hybrids and B. microscaphus) chorusing along 6 m of shoreline. We saw a recently (< 12 h based on developmental stage and absence of silt) deposited clutch at the calling site of the hermaphrodite, although no females were observed in the vicinity and chorusing activity had just been initiated (< 30 min). For each toad, we recorded three or more advertisement calls with a Sennheiser ME 80 microphone (K3U power module) and Marantz PMD 430 cassette recorder. We collected each

For high-definition television postproduction, the demand for a digital video cassette recorder capable of handling a data rate of approximately 1.2 Gbit/s is substantial. An experimental cassette recorder with a 19-mm D-2-type cassette has been developed that conforms to the European HDTV EUREKA EU95 1250/50 interlaced standard. Results from initial prototypes indicate that the concept is feasible.

Two recent events have boosted efforts to develop detectors to aid in preventing explosives from being smuggled aboard aircraft. A National Research Council (NRC) panel submitted a classified report to the Federal Aviation Administration favorably assessing FAA's program for developing explosive-detecting instruments. And at Dulles International Airport outside Washington, D.C., FAA introduced an improved automated baggage-screening system, combining thermal neutron analysis (TNA) and x-ray screening. The explosion on Pan American flight 103 in December 1988 over Lockerbie, Scotland-attributed to plastic explosive hidden in a cassette recorder in the luggage - showed the world the vulnerability of commercial flights. Controversy envelops FAA's efforts, however. Last May, a Presidential panel urged it to defer plans to require airlines to spend some $175 million to install 150 TNA systems. The panel called TNA unreliable, too often not detecting plastic explosives in tests, and giving too many false positi...

A portable, unprepared simple reaction time (USRT) test is described. This test is particularly suitable for assessing performance in the field as a function of arousal-related stress. The test, which is housed in a small, battery-powered cassette recorder, presents a visual stimulus at quasi-random intertrial intervals ranging from 1 to 10 s. The subject responds by pressing a button as quickly as possible, whereupon the reaction time is displayed. The duration of the test is limited only by the cassette tape on which the data are recorded, but 10 min is recommended. Reviewed are studies illustrating the test's brief practice curve and its sensitivity to arousal-related stress.

The following article describes the problems and advantages of a team-approach in developing a computer-assisted remedial audiovisual spelling program (MAGIC WRITER) for first year learners of English. The aim of the program is to give remedial help with spelling problems; it makes use of semi-authentic texts written and spoken by native speakers and therefore incorporates a computer-controlled cassette recorder (Tandberg TCCR 530).

In applied farm animal ethology large amounts of data are collected and fed into computers. Sometimes a whole experiment can be equipped with automatic recording devices. Other situations however require interpretation by observers before being recorded. In 24-h observations of the latter kind, the processing of data can be considerably delayed because of lack of time. The “etho-piano” was designed to collect data on magnetic tape in a cassette recorder. The machine runs noiselessly. The observer pushes buttons for every animal and for every type of behaviour. At the most, 100 behavioural patterns of ten different animals can be recorded, or—if necessary—ten patterns of behaviour from up to 100 animals. The interval for observations is set by a special key. The end of an interval is indicated. The time from a built-in digital clock is put onto the tape. Without further interference the computer prints out mean values and other results. Thus, one can very quickly answer the question whether it is worth carrying on with the observations to obtain statistical significance, or if no results of that kind can be expected. This prevents expensive and time-consuming observations from being continued longer than necessary. A ventilator creates a pressure, which is above atmospheric, in the casing of the etho-piano and prevents the entrance of dust. After the initial problems were solved our recording set worked quite well for 2 years in several environments, and saved us a lot of needless work.