Search

Oil bodies, also called oleosomes have been the object of an increased interest since the last decade. Different processes of extraction and purification involve an aqueous crushing with methods to soften the cell membranes. An integrated process was used on different oilseeds to compare the different oil-body dispersions obtained. Once extracted with an aqueous crushing, oil bodies are dispersed in a creamy phase containing also an important protein content. Their stability depends on membranous proteins but also surrounding, extraneous ones. To eliminate these non-membranous proteins, the emulsion can be washed with different compounds allowing a good protein solubilization. If the fatty acid, phytosterol, tocopherol contents and distribution are compared between seeds and dispersions of oil bodies, there appears to be little significant change. These valuable compounds are hence preserved in the oil bodies. However, aqueous crushing releases phospholipase partly explaining the lower phospholipid content and the higher relative concentration of phosphatidic acid. To preserve these emulsions, it is possible to dry them either through freeze-drying or spray-drying. Spray-drying allows a better recovery of the physical structure of the emulsion after rehydration but cryo-protectants as Tris or Glycerol can limit emulsion degradation provoked by hard mechanical constraints of a freeze-drying process.

In the 1970s, in France, a few researchers such as Ignacy Sachs and René Passet elaborated innovative research programmes to have a better understanding of development (North and South) and environmental issues. On the basis of archives and interviews, this article reconstructs and analyses the structuring process, both intellectual and institutional, of the environment-development expertise in France. The case of CIRED, created by Sachs in 1973, helps us illuminate how this new agenda was settled. Our findings are the followings: the support from national and international institutions has been crucial; and while the new expertise tried to become a new, autonomous field, it finally had to go through a normalization process to exist in the academic landscape of the 1980s.

Between Etel and Penerf rias, passing through the shores of the Carnac plateau, the Quiberon peninsula and the estuary of Auray and Vannes rivers, just over 1.500 submerged monoliths are recorded in Morbihan, divided into 34 sites, all located between 0 and -5 m NGF. In addition to these monumental works, there are some funeral mounds and passage tombs dating from the 7th and 6th millennia BP. This brief synthesis will present the results obtained from submarine domain surveys using various geophysical tools

Abstract Background Detecting tagged animals in coastal environments is often limited to stationary arrays of acoustic receivers that can decode transmissions from tags on animals. However, mobile autonomous platforms are becoming important tools that support the science of understanding biophysical relationships because they can concurrently detect tagged individuals and measure properties of their ocean habitat. To assess the effectiveness of these emerging platforms, proper validation and range detection studies are necessary. Here, we report on the deployment of a wave powered unmanned surface vessel, the Liquid Robotics Wave Glider SV3, equipped with a forward- and backward-facing acoustic receiver (VR2W) and transceiver (VR2Tx) at 4 m depth. Surveys were conducted around two stationary moorings equipped with receivers, transceivers or tags emitting signals with different power outputs. Results During our study, the sea state was mild with low wind speeds ( 0.5 km and the maximum range was 0.5–1.2 km. The forward-facing receiver had almost half the detection efficiency of the backward-facing transceiver, suggesting a backward configuration is optimal to reduce the influence of the moving platform. The higher power output transmitters had a 20% detection efficiency to ranges of ~ 0.5 km (153 dB) and ~ 0.8 km (160 dB). Distance between the receiver and transmitter was the main factor affecting detection probability, with background noise, receiver heading, angle between transmitter and receiver and wave height also being important. Wind speed, water temperature, mooring line tilt angle and vehicle dynamics were found not to be as important over the limited range of conditions over which our study was conducted. Conclusions Wave Gliders equipped with receivers can provide useful data and can be an effective biotelemetry asset that could supplement stationary arrays of acoustic receivers or act as an exploratory technology to search for biologically important areas.

An aqueous integrated process was developed to obtain several valuable products from sunflower seeds. With a high-shear rate crusher, high-pressure homogenization and centrifugation, it is possible to process 600× g of seeds in 1400× g of water to obtain a concentrated cream phase with a dry matter (dm) content of 46%, consisting of 74 (w/w dm) lipids in the form of an oil-body dispersion (droplet size d(0.5): 2.0 µm) rich in proteins (13% w/w dm, with membranous and extraneous proteins). The inclusion of an enzymatic step mediated by a lipase made possible the total hydrolysis of trigylcerides into fatty acids. The resulting cream had a slightly higher lipid concentration, a ratio lipid/water closer to 1, with a dry matter content of 57% consisting of 69% (w/w) lipids, a more complex structure, as observed on Cryo-SEM, with a droplet size slightly greater (d(0.5): 2.5 µm) than that of native oil bodies and a conserved protein concentration (12% w/w dm) but an almost vanished phospholipid content (17.1 ± 4.4 mg/g lipids compared to 144.6 ± 6 mg/g lipids in the oil-body dispersion and 1811.2 ± 122.2 mg/g lipids in the seed). The aqueous phases and pellets were also characterized, and their mineral, lipid and protein contents provide new possibilities for valorization in food or technical applications.

The history of research on the Neolithic of the Atlantic façade shows how speculation about prehistoric mobility, especially across the sea, is mainly based on three types of archaeological evidence: megalithic monuments, rare stones, and pottery decoration. With the aim of approaching the issue from other perspectives, we have focused on the Morbihan area, a focal point of the European Neolithic during the mid-5th millennium BC. The analysis of this area has allowed us to grasp which objects, ideas and beliefs may have been desired, adopted and imitated at the time. We shall begin with an architectural concept, the standing stone. These were sometimes engraved with signs that can be directly compared between Brittany, Galicia (NW Spain) and Portugal, but for which there are no intermediate parallels in other areas of the French or Spanish coast. The unique accumulation and transformation of polished blades made of Alpine rocks and found inside tombs or in other sort of depositions in the Carnac region allowed us to establish a second link with Galicia and the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, where certain types of the axes were imitated using a set of different rocks (sillimanite, amphibolite). Finally, the variscites and turquoises from different Spanish regions were used for the manufacture of beads and pendants at the Carnacean tombs, without it being possible – once again – to retrieve similar objects in the intermediate areas. The mastery of direct Atlantic sea routes is posed as an explanation for this geographical distribution. But, beyond the information drawn from specific artefacts – whose presence/absence should not be used in excess as an argument to endorse or underrate such movements across the ocean – we will return to a more poetic and universal phenomenon: the spell of the sea. Therefore, we will focus on the depictions of boats on the stelae of Morbihan to open such a debate.

John Gillingham, Department of History, University of Missouri - St. Louis, talked about the history of European integration, the roots of its current problems, and implications for its future. He argued that shared political principles rather than economic interests should be the rationale for the next phase of European integration and that successful re-launching of the process requires popular mandate. Bernard Cassen, Institute of European Studies, University of Paris VIII, talked about neo-liberalism and the French referendum on the European Constitution. He explained the French rejection in the context of popular opposition to neo-liberalism and distrust of the free enterprise system. He argued that people were voting against free trade and competition rather than Europe. The accompanying audio files provide the complete recording of the talks given by the authors. Those who download the audio files must have their own software for playing and listening.

During the Neolithic era, the West of France was characterised by the development of monumental funerary structures and the erection of vast ensembles of steles. These are remarkable as archaeological objects since, more often than not, they are preserved in an upright position This characteristic was also the cause of their destruction, in particular from the nineteenth century. The three-dimensional representation of these ancient architectural sites was undertaken by certain early explorers but the recent development of digital tools has made it possible to establish more reliable documentation using rigorous geometric plans. The presence of engraved signs on some monolithic elements can add additional difficulties in terms of the scales of observation and of renderings, but these difficulties can now be overcome using different but complementary techniques of data acquisition. These new architectural representations raise the issue of the restoration of the ensembles, a question already raised at the end of the nineteenth century and which continues to arise where these dolmens and steles are concerned. Our contribution will take a look at two monumental tombs of a specific ‘transepted’ type, located near the Atlantic coast, one of them in the Morbihan department and the other in the Vendée. The two tombs have been recorded in 2D and 3D according to the same protocols. One has just revealed new engravings within a site that had already been restored. The other, which is threatened by the rising sea level, will be interpreted using a virtual display on a touch screen.

Nearshore areas around the world contain a wide variety of archeological structures, including prehistoric remains submerged by sea level rise during the Holocene glacial retreat. While natural processes, such as erosion, rising sea level, and exceptional climatic events have always threatened the integrity of this submerged cultural heritage, the importance of protecting them is becoming increasingly critical with the expanding effects of global climate change and human activities. Aerial archaeology, as a non-invasive technique, contributes greatly to documentation of archaeological remains. In an underwater context, the difficulty of crossing the water column to reach the bottom and its potential archaeological information usually requires active remote-sensing technologies such as airborne LiDAR bathymetry or ship-borne acoustic soundings. More recently, airborne hyperspectral passive sensors have shown potential for accessing water-bottom information in shallow water environments. While hyperspectral imagery has been assessed in terrestrial continental archaeological contexts, this study brings new perspectives for documenting submerged archaeological structures using airborne hyperspectral remote sensing. Airborne hyperspectral data were recorded in the Visible Near Infra-Red (VNIR) spectral range (400–1000 nm) over the submerged megalithic site of Er Lannic (Morbihan, France). The method used to process these data included (i) visualization of submerged anomalous features using a minimum noise fraction transform, (ii) automatic detection of these features using Isolation Forest and the Reed–Xiaoli detector and (iii) morphological and spectral analysis of archaeological structures from water-depth and water-bottom reflectance derived from the inversion of a radiative transfer model of the water column. The results, compared to archaeological reference data collected from in-situ archaeological surveys, showed for the first time the potential of airborne hyperspectral imagery for archaeological mapping in complex shallow water environments.

Tens of thousands of young people leave school with no or very few qualifications in England. This paper asks: what is the ethnic dimension of the low achievement problem? We focus on six aspects, using the National Pupil Database: whether the relation between ethnicity and incidence of low achievement is symmetrical with the relation between ethnicity and achievement; whether economic disadvantage is an equally large risk factor for low achievement among pupils of all ethnicities; whether the relationship of ethnicity with low achievement varies by peer group; whether the relationship between gender and chances of low achievement differs by ethnic group; whether the relation between ethnicity and low achievement changes with age; and lastly, whether there is sorting by ethnicity into schools of better or worse quality. We find that: (1) the relationship between low achievement and achievement is "not" symmetrical and, therefore, that it is valuable to measure low achievement directly rather than as the negative of achievement; (2) economic disadvantage has a stronger effect on White students than those of ethnic minorities; (3) the relationship between ethnicity and low achievement does vary with age; (4) ethnic peer-group effects are not significant; (5) the gender gap in the probability of low achievement is significantly larger for most ethnic groups compared with the White group, at least by one measure of low achievement; and (6) attending poorer-quality schools is part of the explanation of differential ethnic minority performance. We offer explanations for our findings and for the presence and/or persistence of inter-ethnic differences in the chances of low achievement. (Contains 15 tables, 1 figure and 3 notes.)

From now preserved and presented in the museum of Nemours, the Ouche de Beauce engraved stele (Maisse, Essonne) is a representative example of the elements of architecture and the neolithic iconographic programs inventoried in Gâtinais and in western border of the massif of Fontainebleau. The study would like to expose the various recordings techniques on the monolith and on the engravings, with the aim of a surface and chronological analysis of them, inside a three-dimensional model of the support. If the so-called anthropomorph representations on a face of the stele are peculiar to the considered geographical area, an even more abstract motive registered on the opposite face is clearly under the influence of the symbolic representations from Morbihan.

Con este artículo, se pretende ofrecer una síntesis de las diferentes fases de ocupación del entorno arqueológico del Grand Menhir y la Table des Marchands (Locmariaquer, Morbihan, Francia). Se realiza así un recorrido por la evolución del sitio basándose en los datos que han proporcionado las diferentes excavaciones desarrolladas en el lugar y los análisis de laboratorio más recientes. Hay que destacar no obstante que las diferentes fases de ocupación no tienen por qué ser sinónimo de etapas constructivas. Por ello, la Fase 0 correspondería a la ocupación previa del lugar antes de la erección de las primeras arquitecturas monumentales. Se caracteriza por la presencia en el paleosuelo de industria lítica mesolítica (al igual que ocurre en otros túmulos de la zona) y de los primeros restos de cerámica, que marcan la transición a sociedades de carácter agrícola en torno al VI-V milenio a.C. La Fase 1, durante el V milenio a.C, vendría marcada por la creación de hasta tres posibles líneas o barras de estelas monumentales, constatadas en las excavaciones arqueológicas por la presencia de fosas de cimentación y de una estela integrada en la tumba de corredor posterior. Por su parte, la Fase 2 supondría la caída de estas estelas neolíticas. Los datos arqueológicos (líneas de fractura, disposición de los fragmentos del Grand Menhir...) apuntan a una caída accidental y consecutiva, que invita a plantear la hipótesis de un seísmo como causa más factible. Las fosas que habrían quedado vacías se rellenan de sedimento correspondiente a ocupaciones del Castellic, mientras que los ortostatos conservados se extrajeron para ser reutilizados en la construcción de los monumentos de Table des Marchands o Er Gran. La Fase 3 corresponde a la erección de la tumba de corredor de Table des Marchands y de su túmulo, que sufrió una ampliación posterior. La Fase 4 viene definida por la ruina y destrucción del monumento a lo largo de finales del IV milenio a.C. y principios del III. En fases posteriores se constatan ciertas frecuentaciones del lugar durante la Edad del Bronce, época galorromana y siglos modernos. Finalmente, la Fase 5 correspondería a las excavaciones arqueológicas que se han ido desarrollando en el área desde el siglo XVIII.

Cet article1 examine les enjeux sous-jacents à l’évaluation des cobénéfices des politiques climatiques dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de politiques multi-objectifs, au sein lesquelles des synergies sont recherchées entre la lutte contre le changement climatique et des objectifs de développement (emploi, santé, sortie de la pauvreté, etc.). L’analyse du cinquième rapport du groupe III du GIEC montre en effet un intérêt grandissant dans la littérature pour les évaluations quantifiées des cobénéfices, en particulier à l’aide de modèles numériques intégrés. Néanmoins, l’évaluation quantifiée à une échelle globale des cobénéfices est confrontée à des difficultés d’ordre méthodologique qui expliquent l’écart entre les pratiques des modélisateurs et la vision théorique des économistes qui repose sur l’analyse coûts-bénéfices. L’article revient enfin sur la nécessité d’élargir le champ d’investigation de l’évaluation des cobénéfices aux politiques non climatiques qui déterminent une part importante des émissions de GES, et constituent un des enjeux majeurs des approches intégrées climat-développement qui montent en puissance dans les négociations climat en cours.

Gavrinis, on the estuary of the river Vannes (Brittany, France), is known for the extraordinary abundance of engravings preserved on the monolithic wall pillars and capstone. Our objective is to re-qualify these representations using a new frame of reference, based on a new corpus of engraved signs, including their architectural context and position in the volume of the rock. Recording of the topographical, archaeological, petrographic and acoustic data of the cairn and the passage grave provides a representation of both architecture and engraved and painted signs

On donne ici quelques reflexions sur l'exploitation de sel dès le Néolithique et sa valeur comme source de richesse et prestige. Sont analysés quelques exemples etnographiques et historiques d'obtention de ce produit, en les comparant avec quelques traces archéologiques dans différents lieux de l'Europe.

On donne ici des résultats récents sur les monuments mégalithiques du Morbihan (site de Lannec Er Gadouer), et quelques idées sur la monumentalité funéraire et le Néolithique des régiones atlantiques.

Isolating pure microbial cultures and cultivating them in the laboratory on defined media is used to more fully characterize the metabolism and physiology of organisms. However, identifying an appropriate growth medium for a novel isolate remains a challenging task. Even organisms with sequenced and annotated genomes can be difficult to grow, despite our ability to build genome-scale metabolic networks that connect genomic data with metabolic function. The scientific literature is scattered with information about defined growth media used successfully for cultivating a wide variety of organisms, but to date there exists no centralized repository to inform efforts to cultivate less characterized organisms by bridging the gap between genomic data and compound composition for growth media. Here we present MediaDB, a manually curated database of defined media that have been used for cultivating organisms with sequenced genomes, with an emphasis on organisms with metabolic network models. The database is accessible online, can be queried by keyword searches or downloaded in its entirety, and can generate exportable individual media formulation files. The data assembled in MediaDB facilitate comparative studies of organism growth media, serve as a starting point for formulating novel growth media, and contribute to formulating media for in silico investigation of metabolic networks. MediaDB is freely available for public use at https://mediadb.systemsbiology.net.

A rare type of pottery, found in four single graves under earthen mounds in the Carnac region of Brittany, consists of a circular, flat-based vessel with a near-vertical wall. On the basis of the equipment known from elsewhere in the world, it is possible that the morphology of these dishes is related to processes involved in the production of salt. To help us in exploring their function, we chose to compare these vessels with another enigmatic class of pottery from the Cyclades – the socalled ‘frying pans’ – which seems to have functioned in a similar way, as an object-sign, and has been found in a maritime milieu and in high-status contexts.

En la actualidad, para explicar el proceso de neolitización de la fachada atlántica francesa, los investigadores han de elegir entre dos modelos que oponen las esferas meridionales y septentrionales del Neolítico Antiguo de la Europa occidental. Las discusiones son tanto más vivas cuando más dispersas y frágiles son los datos arqueológicos. En este artículo pasaremos revista a los conjuntos menos males...

RÉSUMÉ: L'article se propose d'actualiser la séquence périodique des différents «groupes culturels» composant le Néolithique récent/final de la façade atlantique de la France. On rappellera quelques définitions des ensembles céramiques sur lesquels se fonde la périodisation, entre Normandie et Aquitaine, de 4700 à 4200 BP.RESUMEN: El artículo trata de actualizar la secuencia periódica de los diferentes «grupos culturales» que constituyen el Neolítico reciente/final de la fachada atlántica de Francia. Se recordarán algunas definiciones de los conjuntos cerámicos utilizados para construir la periodización presentada; grupos todos ellos localizados entre Normandia y Aquitania, desde el 4700 al 4200 BP.

In the last few decades, there has been a great deal of interest in the stone used as building material in megalithic monuments. Several studies have been carried out on the location of quarries and on the monumental and symbolic role of stones in various types of architecture (O'Sullivan 1996; 2006; Cooney 2000, 135-8). However, very few works exist on the relationship between the parietal art of these monuments and the materials that carry them (Shee 1973, 164; O'Sullivan 1997, 28). This is in contrast to work on the Upper Palaeolithic, where there have been several studies exploring the links between paintings and the relief of caves (Clottes 1996). In the case of Neolithic monumental art there are many questions left unanswered; is the stone only a support for the carved motifs? Is its role only practical, without significance? Or did it have a more developed function related to the symbolism of the carvings? In this article, we would like to show through different examples in Ireland and Brittany that the stone did have a role in Neolithic monumental art. Different case studies show that there are relationships between carvings and stone texture, stone colour and stone relief. After the presentation of these case studies we would like to show how three-dimensional modelling can be a relevant tool for this kind of archaeological question.

We are going to demonstrate that it is possible to invest an Armorican stele of the 5th millennium with an order of meanings in the same way as a language or a kinship system; in other words, a set of operations destined to ensure, between individuals and groups, a certain type of communication. But such demands necessitate modifying established patterns, because none agree on the idea that we have conceived of a peaceful passage to agriculture and animal husbandry on the Atlantic façade of Europe. Each fundamental sign on these standing stones will here be reconsidered, and their ‘syntax’ analysed. However, we have no innocence about the subject: as soon as we display the strange desire to question these engravings, we ‘participate’ in an analogical spell attributed to a distant image, we fall as well into those exegetic attempts which pretend to obey to a cultural project wherein it appears they interpret the symbolism but that, finally, tend to renew it, because any key to symbols is part of their symbolism. And even in an oneiric or fairy world, power does not derive from gratuitousness, but from coherence.

The aerodynamic heating of meteoric particles on entering the atmosphere of a planet is explained by a theoretical model. The effects of melting, vaporization and heat conduction into the interior of the particle are incorporated in the model. The model is used for the interpretation of the properties of chondrule rims. The fractionation of the low-melting-temperature component in the outer part of the chondrule, before the rim formation, causes the formation of true melt rims by atmospheric entry. The different encounter conditions and chondrite types are indicated by the existence of thermal alteration effects in UOC chondrites.