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Cross sections for compound-nuclear reactions involving unstable targets are important for many applications, but can often not be measured directly. Several indirect methods have been proposed to determine neutron capture cross sections for unstable isotopes. We consider an approach that aims at constraining statistical calculations of capture cross sections with data obtained from light-ion transfer reactions such as (p,d). We discuss the theoretical descriptions that have to be developed in order to extract meaningful cross section constraints from such data and show some benchmark results.

The surrogate reaction method may be used to determine the cross section for neutron induced reactions not accessible through standard experimental techniques. This is achieved by creating the same compound nucleus as would be expected in the desired reaction, but through a different incident channel, generally a direct transfer reaction. So far, the surrogate technique has been applied with reasonable success to determine the fission cross section for a number of actinides, but has been less successful when applied to other reactions, e.g. neutron capture, due to a ‘spin-parity mismatch’. This mismatch, between the spin and parity distributions of the excited levels of the compound nucleus populated in the desired and surrogate channels, leads to differing decay probabilities and hence reduces the validity of using the surrogate method to infer the cross section in the desired channel. A greater theoretical understanding of the expected distribution of levels excited in both the desired and surrogate channels is therefore required in order to attempt to address this mismatch and allow the method to be utilised with greater confidence. Two neutron transfer reactions, e.g. (p,t), which allow the technique to be utilised for isotopes further removed from the line of stability, are the subject of this study. Results are presented for the calculated distribution of compound nucleus states populated in 90Zr, via the 90Zr(p,t)90Zr reaction, and are compared against measured data at an incident proton energy of 28.56 MeV.

The 90Zr nucleus was produced by three different reactions: 90Zr(p,p’), 91Zr(p,d), and 92Zr(p,t), and the spin-parity (Jπ) population of the 90Zr states produced by these reactions was studied to investigate the surrogate reaction approach, which aims at indirectly determining cross sections for compound-nuclear reactions involving unstable targets such as 89Zr(n,γ). Discrete γ-rays, associated with the de-excitation of 90Zr and 89Zr, were measured in coincidence with light ions at 90Zr excitation energies extending above the neutron separation energy. Low-lying states populated by (p,d) and (p,t) reactions agreed well with the previous measurements. The measured γ transition systematics were used to gain insights into the Jπ distribution of 90Zr around the neutron separation energy and it was found that the (p,p’) reaction preferentially produces lower J states than (p,d) and (p,t) reactions in the studied energy region.

The surrogate reaction approach is an indirect method for determining nuclear reaction cross sections which cannot be measured directly or predicted reliably. While recent studies demonstrated the validity of the surrogate reaction approach for studying fission cross sections for short-lived actinides, its applicability for radiative neutron capture reactions ((n,γ)) is still under investigation. We studied the γ decay of excited 88Y and 90,91Zr nuclei produced by 89Y(p,d), 91Zr(p,d), and 92Zr(p,d) reactions, respectively, in order to infer the 87Y(n,γ) and 89, 90Zr(n,γ) cross sections. The experiments were carried out at the K150 Cyclotron facility at Texas A&M University with a 28.5-MeV proton beam. The reaction deuterons were measured at forward angles of 25-60° with the array of three segmented Micron S2 silicon detectors. The compound nuclei with energies up to a few MeV above the neutron separation thresholds were populated. The coincident γ-rays were measured with the array of five Compton-suppressed HPGe clover detectors.

The r-process is responsible for creating roughly half of the elements heavier than iron. It has recently become understood that the rates at which neutron capture reactions proceed at late times in the r-process may dramatically affect the final abundance pattern. However, direct measurements of neutron capture reaction rates on exotic nuclei are exceptionally difficult, necessitating the development of indirect approaches such as the surrogate technique. The (d,pγ) reaction at low energies was identified as a promising surrogate for the (n,γ) reaction, as both reactions share many characteristics. We report on a program to validate (d,pγ) as a surrogate for (n,γ) using 95Mo as a target. The experimental campaign includes direct measurements of the γ-ray intensities from the decay of excited states populated in the 95Mo(n,γ) and 95Mo(d,pγ) reactions.

Abstract: The weakly collective nucleus 94Mo has been considered an excellent example of quadrupole vibrational mixed-symmetry structure. Algebraic models such as the interacting boson model-2 have been largely unsuccessful in describing the structure of the state, due to the strong M1 transition between the and states, and the low energy of the state. In this Letter, we show that introducing g-bosons into the interacting boson model-2 allows for the first time a description of the electromagnetic decay properties of the low-lying states in 94Mo within an algebraic model. The hexadecapole degree of freedom is shown to be important for the description of the collective low-energy structure of nuclei in this region. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]