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10. Hydrogen transport in iron and steel

Author

Louthan, M. R., Jr, Derrick, R. G, Donovan, J. A, and Caskey, G. R., Jr

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

The permeabilities of protium, deuterium, and tritium in foil specimens of Marz grade iron, 4130 steel, Armco iron, HP-9-4-20, and T-1 steels were studied at hydrogen pressures between 0.02 and 0.5 MPa over the temperature range 260-700 K. The permeability was measured by a pressure-rise method, deuterium counting with a detector, and radioactivity counting. Good agreement is found between the measurement techniques used. It is shown that the permeabilities of protium, deuterium, and tritium in iron and T-1 steel at temperatures as low as 260 K are in good agreement with the equation proposed by Gonzalez (1967). However, the permeabilities of HP-9-4-20 and 4130 steel to hydrogen are typically lower than predicted. The isotope effect on hydrogen permeability of HP-9-4-20, 4130 and T-1 steels, and high-purity iron can be estimated by an inverse square root of mass correction.

Published
1976

11. Hydrogen diffusion and trapping in nickel

Author

Louthan, M. R., Jr, Donovan, J. A, and Caskey, G. R., Jr

Subjects
Metallic Materials
Abstract

An analysis of hydrogen transport in pure polycrystalline nickel foils and rods at 300-550 K shows that both trapping and short-circuit diffusion are present and have small yet significant effects on permeation, evolution, and absorption. Both effects appear to be associated primarily with the dislocation substructure of nickel. Relations describing hydrogen transport in nickel are obtained using the data on deuterium permeation, tritium absorption, and outgassing in pure polycrystalline nickel together with earlier measurements of diffusivity and solubility of hydrogen isotopes.

Published
1975

12. Results of the NIST National Ball Plate Round Robin

Author

NATIONAL INST OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY GAITHERSBURG MD, Caskey, G. W., Phillips, S. D., Borchardt, B. R., NATIONAL INST OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY GAITHERSBURG MD, Caskey, G. W., Phillips, S. D., and Borchardt, B. R.

Abstract

This report examines the results of the ball plate round robin administered by NIST. The round robin was part of an effort to assess the current state of industry practices for measurements made using coordinate measuring machines. Measurements of a two-dimensional ball plate (240 mm by 240 mm) on 41 coordinate measuring machines were collected and analyzed. Typically, the deviations of the reported X and Y coordinates from the calibrated values were within plus or minus 5 microns, with some coordinate deviations exceeding 20.0 microns. One of the most significant observations from these data was that over 75% of the participants failed to correctly estimate their measurement error on one or more of the ball plate spheres.

Published
1997

15. Technical note: Comparison of film density, stoichiometry, optical and electrical properties of thin metal oxide films produced by reactive d.c. magnetron sputtering and electron beam evaporation techniques

Author

Hichwa, B.P. and Caskey, G.

Abstract

Multilayer thin metal oxide films are used in the fabrication of some electro-optic devices. Many of these devices are produced by reactively sputtering metals or by evaporating the metal oxide. To design and engineer such devices, a thorough knowledge of the physical properties of these films is essential. One can then relate these properties to the conditions under which the films were made. Critical parameters in the fabrication process are then identified and the process is not only better controlled but can also be optimized for the end product required. In this study, film thicknesses varied from 20 nm to 360 nm and were determined by a surface profiling technique. The film density and stoichiometry were then determined by Rutherford backscattering measurements. The reactively sputtered metal oxide films were made between base argon pressures of 2.5 and 20 mTorr, oxygen partial pressures of 1% and 65% of the total pressure and direct current magnetron power levels of 2 and 6 kW. Significant enhancements to deposition rates and variation in physical properties were accomplished with non-standard gas flow geometries. Comparable metal oxide films were made with electron beam evaporation. Optical properties of the films were determined from transmission and reflection measurements from 380 nm to 780 nm. The index of refraction and absorption as a function of wavelength were deduced from these data. The index of refraction exhibits a surprising, significant and changing structure with deposition parameters and film thickness. The resistivities of the sputtered films vary greatly with process parameters. The values of film resistivity and index of refraction can be altered in a controlled manner by subsequent in-line substrate heating in an enriched O2atmosphere. TaxOyfilms will be used as typical examples to illustrate the above phenomena.

Published
1987
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16. Spin-flip transitions in $^{16}$O and $^{18}$O excited by inelastic proton scattering

Author

Djalali, C., Crawley, G.M., Brown, B.A., Rotberg, V., Caskey, G., Galonsky, A., Marty, Nicolas, Morlet, M., Willis, A., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex]
Published
1987

29. Authors

Author

Conn, Robert W., primary, Kulcinski, Gerald L., additional, Avci, Halil, additional, El-Maghrabi, Mohamed, additional, Haas, P. M., additional, Erdman, C. A., additional, Garner, P. L., additional, Reynolds, A. B., additional, Kirbiyik, M., additional, Bober, M., additional, Kleykamp, H., additional, Schumacher, G., additional, Cole, N. C., additional, Slaughter, G. M., additional, Louthan, M. R., additional, Donovan, J. A., additional, Caskey, G. R., additional, Barthelemy, P., additional, Berger, R., additional, Boucher, R., additional, Hayet, L., additional, Yamashita, Shizuo, additional, Okamoto, Tsuyoshi, additional, Cooper, J. A., additional, Nielson, H. L., additional, Wogman, N. A., additional, Perkins, Ft. W., additional, Feintuch, K. D., additional, Meem, J. L., additional, Karow, H. U., additional, and Schretzmann, K., additional

Published
1975
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50. Results of the NIST National Ball Plate Round Robin.

Author

Caskey GW, Phillips SD, and Borchardt BR

Abstract

This report examines the results of the ball plate round robin administered by NIST. The round robin was part of an effort to assess the current state of industry practices for measurements made using coordinate measuring machines. Measurements of a two-dimensional ball plate (240 mm by 240 mm) on 41 coordinate measuring machines were collected and analyzed. Typically, the deviations of the reported X and Y coordinates from the calibrated values were within ± 5 μm, with some coordinate deviations exceeding 20.0 μm. One of the most significant observations from these data was that over 75 % of the participants failed to correctly estimate their measurement error on one or more of the ball plate spheres.

Published
1997
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