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Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines are a powerful tool for studying development and disease, but the considerable phenotypic variation between lines makes it challenging to replicate key findings and integrate data across research groups. To address this issue, we sub-cloned candidate human iPSC lines and deeply characterized their genetic properties using whole genome sequencing, their genomic stability upon CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing, and their phenotypic properties including differentiation to commonly used cell types. These studies identified KOLF2.1J as an all-around well-performing iPSC line. We then shared KOLF2.1J with groups around the world who tested its performance in head-to-head comparisons with their own preferred iPSC lines across a diverse range of differentiation protocols and functional assays. On the strength of these findings, we have made KOLF2.1J and its gene-edited derivative clones readily accessible to promote the standardization required for large-scale collaborative science in the stem cell field.

This phenomenological study explored parents' perspectives of Therapeutic Listening (TL) implemented as a home program to treat their children with sensory processing difficulties. Ten parents participated in semistructured interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. Parents were concerned about their child's anxiety and distress, which they commonly perceived to be reduced with TL. Parents perceived that TL brought a sense of calm to their child, which they linked to improvements in their family life and child's participation in social and daily activities. Parent engagement (problem solving) enabled successful implementation of the program. Findings are discussed in relation to existing literature.

Fatigue is a major symptom of ABI. Greater fatigue is associated with cognitive impairment. Our aim was to systematically review, describe and analyse the literature on the extent of this relationship. Five databases were searched from inception. Studies were included where: participants had a defined clinical diagnosis of ABI which included TBI, stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage; a fatigue measure was included; at least one objective cognitive measure was used. Three reviewers individually identified studies and determined quality using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies. Sixteen of the 412 identified studies, investigating the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and fatigue, comprising a total of 1,745 participants, were included. Quality ranged from fair to good. Meta-analysis found fatigue was significantly associated with an overall pattern of cognitive slowing on tasks of sustained attention. A narrative synthesis found weak associations with fatigue and information processing, attention, memory and executive function. Analysis found sustained attentional performance had stronger associations with fatigue after ABI. Whereas, weak associations were found between fatigue and information processing, attention and to some extent memory and executive function. More focused research on specific cognitive domains is needed to understand the mechanisms of fatigue. Cognitive dysfunction is associated with higher fatigue levels after stroke, traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage. Management of cognitive dysfunction may improve fatigue and participation in meaningful activities after stroke, traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage. Intervention strategies that reduce cognitive load during everyday activities (e.g., grading the burden on attentional resources), may potentially be effective in managing post-ABI fatigue. Agreement on core measures could facilitate integration of findings into clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We sought to develop a method for measuring imitation accuracy objectively in primary school children. Children imitated a model drawing shapes on the same computer-tablet interface they saw used in video clips, allowing kinematics of model and observers' actions to be directly compared. Imitation accuracy was reported as a correlation reflecting the statistical dependency between values of the model's and participant's sets of actions, or as a mean absolute difference between them. Children showed consistent improvement in imitation accuracy across middle childhood. They appeared to rationalize the demands of the task by remembering duration and size of action, which enabled them to reenact speed through motor-planning mechanisms. Kinematic measures may provide a window into the cognitive mechanisms involved in imitation.

Introduction: Students who are enrolled in professional education programs such as occupational therapy may have inherent attitudes towards the future clients they work with. These attitudes may be influenced by the level of their professional education as well as cultural values of their country of origin. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine occupational therapy students' attitudes towards individuals with disabilities from an international, cross-cultural perspective and to investigate the possible impact of professional education on students' attitudes. Method: 485 occupational therapy students from 11 university programs (3 from Australia, 3 from the United Kingdom, 3 from the United States, and 2 from Taiwan) completed the "Interactions with Disabled Person's" (IDP) scale. Results: Significant differences were found between occupational therapy students from Australia, Taiwan, the United States, and the United Kingdom on the following IDP variables: overall attitude towards individuals with disabilities, "discomfort", "sympathy", "uncertainty", "coping", "fear", and "vulnerability". Significant differences between first year students as a total group and final year students as a total group were found on their overall attitudes towards individuals with disabilities, "discomfort", and "uncertainty". Conclusion/implications: The attitudes towards individuals with disabilities among first year and final year occupational therapy students varies between countries and the students' year level also impacts on their attitudes towards individuals with a disability. (Contains 3 tables.)

Background: GRN mutations that result in progranulin haploinsufficiency cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Mitophagy, the selective autophagy of damaged mitochondria, is impaired in several neurodegenerative diseases. A number of genes linked to FTD (e.g. OPTN, SQSTM, VCP and TBK1) are also known to play a role in mitophagy. Xenophagy, the selective autophagy of non‐host pathogens, relies on some of the same proteins as mitophagy (Parkin and TBK1) and is reduced in GRN knockout mice. Progranulin has also been found to play a role in mitophagy in mouse kidney cells. We therefore hypothesised that loss of progranulin could lead to defective mitophagy in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. Methods: We investigated PINK1/Parkin mitophagy in astrocytic‐like H4 cells and neuron‐like Parkin overexpressing SHSY5Y cells (PoE‐5Ys) +/‐ siRNA against GRN. We also examined induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from four controls, three patients with FTD‐associated GRN mutations (R493X and C31fs) and a CRISPR series from the human iPSC Neurodegenerative Disease Initiative1,2,3 (iNDI) with an isogenic control, heterozygous and homozygous R493X mutation lines. The iPSCs were differentiated to cortical neurons, astrocytes and microglia. PINK1/Parkin mitophagy was induced using Antimycin A (respiratory complex III inhibitor) and oligomycin (ATP synthase inhibitor). PINK1 accumulation, levels of S65 phosphorylated ubiquitin (pUb), other mitophagy markers as well as proteins hypothesised to play a role in the mechanism were examined using western blotting and immunofluorescence (ICC). Results: Lower levels of pUb were detected in PoE‐5Ys treated with oligomycin/antimycin following GRN knockdown. There was a significant reduction in mitophagy in GRN siRNA treated H4 cells, detected by ICC and western blotting of mitophagy markers. Initial results from iPSC neurons found no significant difference in mitophagy between control and patient lines. Work is ongoing in a larger set of iPSC neurons, astrocytes and microglia. Preliminary results suggest that reducing progranulin affects mitophagy in astrocytes but has a limited effect on mitophagy in neurons. Conclusions: The results suggest that progranulin has a cell specific role in mitophagy with progranulin regulating stability and/or activity of PINK1. Current work aims to understand the mechanisms of this process and to dissect cell‐type specific contributions of progranulin to mitophagy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To identify best practice in children's seating assessment in the UK and Ireland. Method. The researchers observed six children's seating assessments performed by four therapists at three regional centres, to capture routine seating assessment practice. Observed assessment components were recorded on an 83-item checklist derived from existing published literature, and supported by video-recording. A Delphi technique obtained opinions on best practice seating assessment from seven expert therapists using three rounds of questionnaires. Themes were rated by respondents on ‘importance’, ‘desirability’ and ‘feasibility’. Consensus of 70% was sought on all rated sub-themes. Results. Observation: two assessment items (problem identification and prescription) were observed on every occasion. All other items occurred zero to five times. Standardised assessment methods were not observed. Delphi: themes identified were ‘assessment process’, ‘assessment approach’ and ‘broader issues’. Consensus was reached on importance and desirability of ‘assessment process’ and ‘assessment approach’ sub-themes. Conclusions. Variation in seating assessment practice occurred between regions, yet there was agreement on theoretical best practice components. This may reflect the complexity of seating assessment in reality. The need for, and benefits of, a consistent approach was clearly identified. Future research should be directed toward developing a best practice assessment tool, which links assessment findings to appropriate seating solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]