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This article first describes photochemical bromination reactions of two different reactants proceeding via electron septet intermediates according to the radical substitution reaction mechanism (SR). The case comparison is intended to enable learners – high school or university first-year organic chemistry students – to work out the concept of hyperconjugation, which is very significant for organic chemistry, by intertwining experimental results and theoretical interpretation (of free radical intermediates) closely. Since students often do not succeed in transferring concepts they have already learned from one mechanism to another, the second step will be to transfer and apply the concept of hyperconjugation to carbenium ions as reactive intermediates by means of an analogous experimental case comparison of first-order nucleophilic substitution reactions (SN1).

Dengue fever is caused due to the mosquito (Aedel aegypti) bite. The symptoms of this fever are similar to other fevers such as Malaria, Chikungunya and Zika. A common sign of Dengue fever is the sharp fall of blood platelet count, amongst other a host of other confusing symptoms, which makes Dengue difficult to diagnose, especially by an inexperienced physician. The purpose of this study is to outline a decision support system (DSS) which would come to the aid of detection of Dengue fever by carrying out an analysis of AHP and fuzzy AHP (FAHP) methodology. The data of confirmed Dengue as diagnosed by a physician is picked up, examined independently using AHP and FAHP approach, the results obtained are then compared with the diagnosis report of an expert doctor. The outcome is encouraging and indicates that expert systems can be leveraged for the diagnosis of Dengue and can be a useful tool for non-expert physicians

In migration literature, the growing interest in the localized and subjective forms of refugee emplacement in urban areas following the influx of Syrian refugees has brought along new debates on how to approach the location choices (LC) of refugees. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the different dimensions of Syrian refugees’ location choices at the urban/neighbourhood level. Specifically, we aimed to understand the dynamics behind the growing tendency among Syrian refugees in Turkey to settle in neighbourhoods that are close to inner-city industrial sites by conducting two case studies in the Önder neighbourhood of Ankara and the Yunusemre neighbourhood of İzmir in a comparative manner. From the twenty-three interviews conducted with Syrians, we uncovered the themes of LC and categorized them in accordance with the dimensions of LC addressed in the literature. We identified three main dimensions that affected Syrians’ location choices at the neighbourhood level as: economic (the availability of job opportunities, public and commercial services, the affordability of accommodation), socio-cultural (the existence of co-ethnics, kinship/ethnic relations) and socio-spatial (proximity to the city centre, transportation, public and commercial services, workplaces). Here, we acknowledged the intertwined relation between these dimensions and refugee subjectivity in LC.

Pandemics are highly unlikely events, therefore, we need a system to understand the statistics about the pandamic. Machine learning algorithms can analyse the data and then we can plan for handling the pandamic. To date, many people are suffering because of the lack of reliable information system. The problem is that there is no integrated system to use the data and plan for pandemic management to minimise social panic. This study aims to provide a system, using COVID-19 data as a sample to visualise and analyse cases, deaths, discharged ICU cases updates in Malaysia as a whole state wise of COVID-19 daily statistics. The results provide visualisation and case comparison among states in Malaysia to easily and quickly understand the situation. This will help and assist the management in decision-making.

Quantified symptom measurement by self-report questionnaires is part of the ‘gold standard’ of assessing psychotherapeutic efficacy. In this paper, we report a qualitative case comparison to explore how June and Amy, two patient-participants in a gold standard psychotherapy study, experienced the process of quantitative data collection. The study resembles cognitive interviewing studies conducted in the development of measures, yet advances them by investigating patients’ experiences of questionnaire administration in actual psychotherapy. Both cases reported known issues in interpretation of pre-structured item- and response formats, communicative administrator-respondent dynamics, and response shifts. Beyond known scoring problems, the act of questionnaire administration changed their interpretation of experienced symptoms, which facilitated clinical change beyond therapeutic effects. For Amy, this change was associated with improvement, but for June, questionnaire administration facilitated deterioration in experienced symptoms. These findings emphasize that it is both epistemically and ethically vital to consider measurement effects in clinical practice. This study demonstrates the importance of taking a qualitative stance in psychotherapy research, as qualitative research can elaborate the contextual and idiosyncratic nature of questionnaire scores, and highlights that both researchers and clinicians have to be attentive to the meaning of scores as words in participants’ clinical stories.

Aim: Solid waste management is growing concern particularly in developing countries due its ill health effects to proximate communities. Study assess health effects of dumping site among nearby community members and identifying potential risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted using a case comparison design. Study population consisted of an exposed group and non-exposed group (nearby and a distant community respectively; n=200 each) having similar socio-economic and living conditions. To assess the health effects of dumping site, data on selected morbidities has been analyzed using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method. Results: The study findings suggest a relatively higher prevalence of selected morbidities among exposed group than non-exposed group particularly for respiratory illness (23% v 10%), eye irritation (20% v 9.5%) and for stomach problem (27% v 20%) respectively. Result from PSM suggest that exposure to the dumping site leads to a higher prevalence of respiratory illness (12%), eye irritation (8%) and stomach problems (7%). Multivariate analysis suggest respondents from the exposed group were significantly more likely to suffer from respiratory illness (OR 3.06, p

Reasoning about organic chemistry reaction mechanisms requires engagement with multiple concepts and necessitates balancing the relative influence of different chemical properties. A goal of organic chemistry instruction is to support students with engaging in this type of reasoning. In this study, we describe our use of case comparison problems to elicit students’ reasoning about acyl transfer reaction mechanisms across a semester. Using an instrumental case study methodology, we analysed three students’ reasoning across three time points: in a pre-interview at the beginning of the semester, on their written responses to one implementation of an in-class scaffold activity, and in a post-interview near the middle of the semester. Through the theoretical lens of Hammer's resources framework, we analysed the resources that students activated when approaching the case comparison problems. We characterized how students used each resource to support their reasoning, alongside characterizing how students weighed the different resources they activated. Our findings indicate that the case comparison problems activated a number of resources for each student across the time points by encouraging students to relate the surface-feature differences between reactions with the associated underlying properties. Students generally used resources, such as resonance and steric effects, in similar ways to support their reasoning across the time points. The study also illustrates the range in students’ abilities to weigh multiple conceptual influences and how this ability might change across the semester. This case study has implications for future research exploring how students reason with multiple concepts and for instructors seeking to implement activities that support students’ reasoning with case comparison problems.

In this paper, we construct a ‘telling’ case to highlight a problematic inconsistency between the results of international large-scale assessments (ILSAs) and other studies of Swedish students’ knowledge of linear equations.In this context, a ‘telling’ case, based on the scrutiny of appropriately chosen cases, is presented as a social science counter-example to the prevailing view that ILSAs’ assessments are not only valid but should underpin systemicreform. Our ‘telling’ case comparison of the different forms of study shows that Swedish students, in contrast with the summative assertions of the different ILSAs, have a secure and relational understanding of linear equationsthat persists into adulthood. We conclude with a cautionary message for the curriculum authorities.

Aim To present the cross‐case comparison component of a qualitative study exploring and describing the experiences of adults with an intellectual disability who have received trauma and orthopaedic hospital care for musculoskeletal conditions or injuries in the United Kingdom. Design A qualitative, exploratory study was conducted using 1:1 semi‐structured interviews to describe the lived experiences of trauma and orthopaedic hospital care from the perspectives of people with intellectual disabilities and a carer of a person with profound and multiple intellectual disabilities. The data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines were applied. Results There were common and interconnected experiences across the five participants: communication challenges; lack of person‐centred care; issues related to pain management; lack of confidence in hospital care; the valuable support and expertise of carers; and incompetence of hospital staff and isolation and loneliness.

Objective The aim of this study was to describe a technique for performing miniature tibial tuberosity transposition and advancement (mTTTA). The secondary objective of this study was to compare the short-term outcome and complications in small breed dogs weighing less than 12 kg undergoing surgical correction of cranial cruciate ligament disease with concurrent medial patellar luxation via either extracapsular stabilization with tibial tuberosity transposition (ECS + TTT) or mTTTA. Study Design This is a retrospective case comparison study. Results There was no significant difference in overall outcome between the ECS + TTT group and the mTTTA group when comparing 8-week postoperative radiographic healing scores as well as 2- and 8-week postoperative lameness scores. Conclusion This study concluded that the mTTTA procedure was feasible and the overall outcome and complications for the dogs that underwent ECS + TTT and those that underwent mTTTA were comparable.

Purpose This study aims to investigate what the crucial elements are when it comes to using a mascot to brand a destination. This study applies the proposed framework of “mascot usage for destination branding” to two mascot cases, namely, Kumamon and Sukjai. In particular, the Kumamon mascot is first investigated, looking at how it is used to promote Kumamoto, one of the key cities in Kyushu, Japan. Sukjai, another mascot, is then analysed in a similar light. The dominant factors that lead to the success of Kumamon mascot are analysed on the case of Sukjai mascot. The disparity between the two mascot cases allows for a better understanding of the dimensions and practices or lack thereof, that can occur in mascot creation and implementation. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative methodology is applied, and thematic and content analyses are applied to the three data sources, namely, secondary data collection from different data sources in the English and Japanese languages; researcher onsite observation in Kumamoto; and an in-depth interview with purposive sampling experts. Findings The findings indicate that according to the proposed framework, Kumamon has shown all three elements of the framework, namely, promoting destination identity and personality, creating differentiation for the location and having strong stakeholder involvement. On the other hand, these elements were found not to be as strong in the Sukjai case. The findings from the case comparison determine several underlining factors, including the national culture, which can help or hinder in laying the groundwork for the successful application of a mascot in destination branding. Originality/value This study complements the previous literature on mascot branding and elaborates on the framework of mascot usage for destination branding based on a combination of the three proposed elements.

In practice, it is found that the establishment of “science-based entreprenenurial firms” (SBEFs) is an important way for universities and public research institutes (PRIs) to promote the transformation of scientific research achievements. This paper focuses on the research of SBEFs originated from universities and PRIs, trying to find out the regularity of the transformation of scientific research achievements by universities and PRIs with the help of such firms. In this paper, the four case studies have found that this kind of enterprise has eight characteristics, namely, the basic scientific initiative, startup led by scientists, market demand brought over scientific innovation, enterprise growth driven by scientific innovation, national support in an early stage, win–win partnership between university and firms, governance structure that encouraged entrepreneurship and finally, close cooperation among interdisciplinary scientific groups. This paper further argues that the key to solve the problem lies in encouraging the establishment of SBEFs and grasping these eight points. This study also shades light on the policy implications for government, universities and PRIs’ scientific and technological policy as well as scientists’ entrepreneurship.

Purpose Utilization of primary healthcare services in the rural communities of Ethiopia is very low. The Ethiopian government has introduced community-based health insurance (CBHI) to improve the health service utilization of the rural community. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the association between CBHI enrollment and child health service utilization in northwest Ethiopia. Patients and methods A cross-sectional case comparison study among CBHI enrolled and unenrolled households was conducted. A total of 226 sick children from 2008 surveyed households were included in the study. Bivariate-probit regression analysis was employed to account the endogenous nature of insurance enrollment and child health services utilization. Results The results showed that the overall sick child healthcare visit in the CBHI enrolled group was about 0.44 (44%) point more compared to those unenrolled households. CBHI enrolled households in the poorest wealth group have a higher probability of visiting healthcare facilities for their sick children (coefficient: 0.13, SD: 0.07, 95% CI: -0.01, 0.27), whereas CBHI enrolled households with older age household head have a lower probability of visiting healthcare facilities for their sick children (coefficient: -0.16, SD: 0.08, 95% CI: -0.32, 0.01). Conclusion A promising positive effect on sick children's health services utilization among CBHI enrolled was noticed. Moreover, households in the poorest wealth status and older age head affect the use of sick children's healthcare services among those CBHI enrolled. Therefore, policy measures to expand benefit packages and supply-side interventions are essential to enhance the effects of CBHI on different health service utilization.

Vibration induced white fingers (VWF) is one form of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP).Vibration exposed workers with RP and vibration exposed controls without RP participated. Blood samples were collected before and after cold challenge exposure (COP). The concentration of von Willebrand factor (vonWf), thrombomodulin (TM), serotonin (SER), endothelin-1 (ETThe cases showed a significant lower concentration of vonWf before and after COP, a significant increase of ETvonWf, TM, SER, or ET

Appropriate water management is essential for healthy urban and rural metabolism. Unfortunately, many challenges are associated with water governance, encompassing varying degrees of cooperation and conflict. This technical note describes the multiple water governance models in place in Ecuador such as public, private, community, and partnerships; supported by literature, and discusses the efficiency level of each model for drinking water supply and democratic citizen participation. The analysis articulates how the heterogeneity of governance models across the country respond to different socio-economic and environmental characteristics, and how the distinctive models of water governance lead to vast differences in how people understand and experience governance. The presentation and qualitative case comparison of the existing water management models revealed the transversal character of the problems affecting efficient water management, as well as the sector associated challenges and limitations. The note attempts to establish some insights about the conditions under which the various water management models are suitable and effective. The manuscript concludes by outlining several directions for future research.

The objective was to explore the efficacy of a dual diagnosis resource—the Reasons For Use Package (RFUP)—to build staff capacity to work with service users and explore service user experiences. A two-state case comparison evaluation was conducted employing a mixed methods action research design, utilizing staff and service user surveys combined with focus groups involving staff trained and mentored in use of the RFUP. Results were that both staff and service users responded positively to the RFUP. Staff self-reported improvements in knowledge and confidence, and service users reported the RFUP assisted them with reflecting on interactions between their mental health and substance use; this assisted them with goal planning and improved their working relationship with staff. Implications were that training and mentoring in the RFUP can contribute to building staff knowledge and confidence in dual diagnosis interventions in mental health community services, and benefit service users.

LC-MS/MS-based proteomics coupled with an online bioinformatics platform was under evaluation for applicability to toxicological pathways evaluation at low cytotoxic concentration (LC10) of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and ionic silver in human carcinoma cells after 48 h of exposure. Significantly, differentially-expressed proteins (One-way ANOVA, p < 0.05) with more than 4-fold compared to the control were subjected to functional pathway analysis by STITCH. SOTA clustering indicated a similarity of the protein expression between AgNP and the control group. We established a resemblance of proteins in the cell cycle pathway affected by both Ag substances. The differences in the toxicological pathways from AgNO3 were involved in the cellular organization and metabolic process of macromolecules, while the nucleic acid metabolic process was altered by AgNP. The present study supported the practicability of LC-MS/MS-based proteomics coupled with STITCH for the identification of toxicological pathways in both silvers. We appraised this platform technology to be promising and powerful for a toxicological screening of other new substances.

Objective: We evaluated the risk factors of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) compared to non-IBC and according to histological subtype. Methods: Cases of IBC (n = 160) and controls of non-IBC (n = 580) were collected from the cohort of breast cancer patients treated in two oncology centers matched based on age at cohort entry. Data about breast cancer risk factors were collected. We evaluated correlation and ORs using conditional logistic regression analysis for each case group versus the control group. We also evaluated those factors in three further subgroups: luminal (HR+, HER2–), HER2-overexpressing (HER2+, HR–), and triple-negative (TN) patients. Results: Long duration of breastfeeding of ≥12 months (OR = 4.64, 95% CI 2.97–7.26), body mass index ≤25 (OR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.71–3.58), and use of oral contraceptives (OR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.62–3.84) were the most significant risk factors in favor of IBC compared to non-IBC. There was no impact of contraceptives use in the luminal subgroup and no impact of long duration of breastfeeding in the TN subgroup. The role of socioeconomic and educational levels was unclear. Age at menarche, age at first pregnancy, and age at menopause were nonsignificant risk factors of IBC. Conclusion: Reproductive risk factors were distinct in IBC patients reflecting the clinical entity of IBC.

Sound pressure levels (SPL) in dB are the traditional noise measurement, but dB measures alone limit characterization of the complex urban acoustic environment. The aim of this paper is to apply alpha and beta ecoacoustic indices from soundscape ecology at two contrasting locations corresponding to an urban mixed-use corridor and a deciduous forest. Twenty acoustic indices and mean dB(A) are calculated from 2,798 three-minute recordings taken every 26 min over a 28-day period. Acoustic indices are summarized by case with mean hour-of-day plots and 7- and 28-day time series plots to identify temporal patterns. Correlations to assess index relationships for each case separately and combined are presented. Acoustic indices provide complimentary information beyond SPL measures alone, especially in frequency and temporal domains, useful to identify patterns in the acoustic environment. Correlation between specific multiple indices at individual locations is a promising approach to identification of anthrophonic and biophonic dominated sonotopes.

Physical Quality Density Of Houses With The Incedents Of Pneumonia In Children Under Five. Toddler pneumonia is an acute respiratory tract infection that is inflammation or irritation in one or both lungs, caused by infection. An illness is said to be acute if it has lasted ± 14 days. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of physical quality of houses (lighting, temperature, and humidity) and occupancy density with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Kecamatan Astambul, Kabupaten Banjar. Analytical research design with approach retrospective ( case control study ) in case comparison: control 1: 1. The sample of cases in this study were all houses of pneumonia patients 25 houses in the Astambul Health Center area in November 2018 - January 2019. Data analysis used chi-square test.The results of the research statistic showed that the lighting conditions (p 0.321>α 0.05) had no relationship, the temperature conditions (p 0.244 >α 0.05) had no relationship, and the condition of humidity (p 1.00>α 0.05) have no relationship with the incidence of pneumonia in infants.It is expected that counseling from Astambul public health center to society so they can increase knowledge and awareness about the requirements of a healthy home and pay attention to the health of their home environment.

For the last 30 years, there have been numerous attempts to explain the impact on organizations from investments in ICT. However, the results have not been conclusive. Factors considered in isolation, as well as the direct impact in financial performance, are replaced by an indirect impact and a systemic view in the business value generation. From a configurational perspective that considers IT Governance, Absorptive and Organizational Agility capabilities, a different definition of Business Value from IT, and an exploratory approach based on case comparison this study aims to open a new venue to identify a recipe of how business value follows to ICT investments. By understanding how this value is generated organizations can also execute complementary activities to get additional benefits. This study included medium and large private organizations in Costa Rica. As an important finding, it is important to mention that benefits from ICT investments are mainly based on internal factors under the organization’s control and closely related to strategy whether this is to be a follower or a trailblazer.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the current practice of social needs‐targeted care in three Texas safety net clinics, and facilitators and barriers to adopting new social needs‐targeted care tools and practices. STUDY DESIGN: This qualitative, case‐comparison study used data from with staff at three safety net clinics serving small and mid‐sized communities. Analysis focused on perspectives and decisions around adopting new tools or practices related to social needs‐targeted care, including standardized screening tools and community resource referral platforms. POPULATION STUDIED: Nine staff across three organizations were interviewed. Organization A is a five‐clinic FQHC serving two rural communities. Organization B is an independent pediatric clinic that provides medical and dental care from birth to age 21, in a mid‐sized community. Organization C is an FQHC with 12 sites serving small and mid‐sized communities. All three served patients regardless of their ability to pay. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Organizations B and C were currently using a standard social needs screening tool in their routine practice, and organization A was considering doing so. Organization C had adopted a community resource referral platform in partnership with a large community collaboration. The three case studies illustrate a range of facilitators, barriers, perceived benefits, and drawbacks influencing social needs‐targeted practices. Beyond the potential usefulness of social needs screening tools to help facilitate social needs‐targeted care, interviewees from all three organizations mentioned their potential value to create aggregated social needs data to understand community problems. Drawbacks include concerns about data privacy. Community resource referral platforms were seen as valuable for creating accountability, but required an influential community partner and adequate community resources. The most salient theme related to referral platform adoption was the importance of the community context, or outer setting. Clinics can play a leadership role, but cannot establish a referral platform without a larger community coalition or organizing force and well‐resourced community partners. The CEO from Organization A did not think their community social service organizations had the technological or staffing capacity to participate in a referral platform. The pediatrician interviewed from Organization B felt her clinic wasn't influential enough to get the needed buy‐in from all the community partners. Concerns about disempowering clients and blurring roles by providing social needs‐targeted care and unintentionally disempowering clients were also voiced, and the potential beneficial impact on provider job satisfaction with an effective system for social needs‐targeted care provision in place was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Benefits and drawbacks of adopting new tools and practices related to social needs‐targeted care are strongly influenced by the community context. For the adoption of community resource referral platforms, the outer setting is particularly relevant. While screening tools are much easier than referral platforms to adopt, the ability of a clinic to address identified needs remains heavily based on the outer setting. IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY OR PRACTICE: Adoption readiness related to social needs‐targeted care interventions should be assessed at the community or regional level in addition to the clinic system level, and implementation may be most effective at a community or regional level. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Episcopal Health Foundation.

Background: There is growing interest among low- and middle-income countries to introduce electronic immunization registries (EIRs) that capture individual-level vaccine data. While practical EIR guidance documents are available, the real-world implementation experience varies by country. There is an opportunity to learn from countries that have experience implementing EIRs to inform other countries considering the same. Methods: This qualitative study provides a cross-case comparison of the design, development, and deployment of EIRs in three countries: Vietnam, Tanzania, and Zambia. The countries were selected based on PATH’s role in providing technical support to the governments to introduce and scale their EIRs. Through desk review and thematic analyses, we consider findings related to four implementation factors: time, partnerships, financial costs, and technology and infrastructure.Results: The country cases highlight the multi-year timeline required to implement an EIR at scale. Of the 3 countries, only Vietnam has achieved nationwide scale of the EIR after implementing a series of iterative cycles to pilot and redesign the system over 7 years. In terms of partnerships, all three case countries established interdisciplinary national teams with experience in leadership, technology, and immunization, and incorporated end user perspectives from subnational levels in the EIR design and development. It was important for the national government to play an active role to ensure country ownership and sustainability. Financial investment was necessary for design and development, as well as to maintain the EIR beyond the initial deployment, including all recurring costs for system maintenance, updates, and end user support. Finally, technology and infrastructure were important considerations in the EIR design and choice of equipment in each country, and all 3 countries have a local partner to provide ongoing technical support.Conclusions: Comparing implementation factors across these cases highlights practical experience and recommendations that complement existing EIR guidance documents. The findings and recommendations from this study can inform other countries considering or in the process of implementing an EIR.

ObjectivesTriage is a critical component of the pandemic response. It affects morbidity, mortality and how effectively the available healthcare resources are used. In a number of nations the pandemic has sponsored the adoption of novel, online, patient-led triage systems—often referred to as COVID-19 symptom checkers. The current safety and reliability of these new automated triage systems remain unknown.MethodsWe tested six symptom checkers currently in use as triage tools at a national level against 52 cases simulating COVID-19 of various severities to determine if the symptom checkers appropriately triage time-critical cases onward to healthcare contact. We further analysed and compared each symptom checker to determine the discretionary aspects of triage decision-making that govern the automated advice generated.ResultsOf the 52 clinical presentations, the absolute rate of onward referral to any form of healthcare contact was: Singapore 100%, the USA 67%, Wales 65%, England 62%, Scotland 54% and Northern Ireland 46%. Triage decisions were broadly based on either estimates of ‘risk’ or ‘disease severity’. Risk-based symptom checkers were more reliable, with severity-based symptom checkers often triaging time-critical cases to stay home without clinical contact or follow-up.ConclusionThe COVID-19 symptom checkers analysed here were unable to reliably discriminate between mild and severe COVID-19. Risk-based symptom checkers may hold some promise of contributing to pandemic case management, while severity-based symptom checkers—the CDC and NHS 111 versions—confer too much risk to both public and healthcare services to be deemed a viable option for COVID-19 triage.

In response to a lack of federal action, California instated aggressive state-wide goals to address climate change, including having 60% renewable energy in its portfolio by 2030. Localities within California are charged with overseeing this transition from the traditional “out of sight and out of mind” fossil fuel infrastructure to that of soaring wind turbines, fields of solar panels, and glimmering solar-laden roofs. The defective community engagement process surrounding this development has led to large amounts of social opposition, thus my research seeks to expose improvements to support California’s goals to both quickly and equitably transition to a cleaner grid. In response to social opposition to land-based systems, floating offshore wind technologies (FOWTs) have fallen into the spotlight. Seeing that they are a relatively new technology, however, a number of barriers remain with regard to the cost of production, process for deployment, and ability to be maintained once they are in operation. My team developed concepts to passively stabilize the structure, allowing for less expensive manufacturing processes and components as well as simplifying future maintenance. Both our Naturally Pressurized Base (NPB) and improved Principle Power (PP) systems performed better than the control for the case of stability amidst high waves. The PP base with chains added beneath the structure and Styrofoam added to the base legs performed best overall. It is important to consider the social dimensions of the development process of this new technology in order to ensure that the same mistakes are not committed in the community engagement process, leading to further delays, wasted funds, and general discontentment within the community. The theory of Anticipatory Governance applies to this problem, depicting a process by which to ensure that community values and concerns are meaningfully elucidated and incorporated into the development process to prevent future opposition as well as generate a more cohesive environment for all. I compare two case studies, that of the stakeholder involvement processes leading to the failed TerraGen onshore wind project in Humboldt County, California and those of the ongoing floating offshore wind advances in the area. Information comes from interviews, agency reports, and local news outlets. Through this research I found places in which the engagement process could become more meaningful and involve more cross-stakeholder conversation, improve in helping the community envision what the future of energy infrastructure in their area might look like, as well as better integrate their ideas, values, and concerns into the materialized future of the county’s energy infrastructure. The implications of the enhanced FOWT stabilization technology and the presented stakeholder engagement recommendations when considered in concert are that California will have actionable ideas to bolster their climate action plan from a number of angles, influencing the transition’s ultimate speed and justness.

Inspired by G.H. Mead’s philosophy of time and his focus on the present as the site of interpretation of past experiences and thoughts about the future, this paper makes cross-national comparisons between four cases of young Norwegian and British men. The method is case-based biographical analysis. Levels of biographical time, family time and historical time intersect in young men’s orientation to the future in a present set in the current contexts of Norway and Britain. The overarching question addresses if and how timing at the biographical level, related to family time and resources, harmonise with features of opportunity structures in the national contexts. Two typologies are identified: those whose future orientations correspond with standards for ‘successful’ trajectories are named confident continuity while cautious contingency characterises the orientation of those whose biographical timing of transitions is not in synchrony with family time nor with standards in the current opportunity structure.

Due to the rarity of Wilms tumor (WT) and the relative urgency with which pediatric renal tumors are treated, there is little reported data on the natural history and growth of WTs. Historical reports of estimated doubling times of WTs were based on time to disease recurrence after initial diagnosis and treatment, and were published before the current advancements in molecular biomarker testing. We compare 2 cases of WT with sequential imaging, and postulate how the growth parameters of these tumors may be associated with differing chromosomal traits.

Examining the impact of the international system on the domestic system in countries in the process of democratisation, the article seeks to account for the relation between regime-initiated democr...