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Prepotheriinae PP = 99, age = 17.11 Mya (16.20–18.61). The clade is composed of the genera Prepotherium, Planops and Prepoplanops and was consistently recovered in all of our analyses. Planops was recovered as the sister taxon to a clade uniting the other two genera in all but four analyses, those with H models— IW10_e, IW10_p, IW5_e and IW5_p. In these cases, Prepotherium assumed a stem position. Prepotheriinae was supported by 14 synapomorphies (ten for both methods and four exclusively for BI): absence of fossa anterior to Cf1 (BI); posterior segments of temporal lines run anterior to but closely parallel the nuchal crest (BI); postorbital process roughly at the level of maxillary foramen; triangular occiput in posterior view (BI); condyles lie just posterior, almost continuous with hypoglossal foramina (BI); absence of styliform process of ectotympanic; anteroposterior orientation of entotympanic; ventrolateral orientation of stylohyal articulation; presence of glenoid posterior shelf; strongly marked brachiocephalicus crest of humerus; medial epicondyle of humerus rounded to slightly pointed laterally; proximal half of femur wider than distal half; calcaneus tuberous and expanded, with distal apex rounded; and confluence of sustentacular facet and cuboid surface of calcaneus.

Megalonychinae PP = 100, age = 10.82 Mya (8.60–13.21). This clade is composed of the genera Megalonyx (Megalonychini) and Pliometanastes, plus a clade uniting Pliomorphus, Antillean megalonychines and Choloepus (Choloepodini) and a clade of intertropical megalonychids (Ahytheriini). Alternative arrangements were observed for the relationships among Megalonyx, Pliometanastes and the other megalonychines: as successive sister taxa, diverging earlier than all other megalonychines— Megalonyx earliest (H models EW and IW100, par_EW and par_ IW100), Pliometanastes earliest (UN and A models, especially those including ACRV); Megalonyx and Pliometanastes as sister taxa to each other, and this clade sister to all other megalonychines (A models with equal rates, excepting A1_e); or as sister to Ahytheriini (H models IW10 and IW5, par_IW10 and par_IW5). Megalonychinae was supported by 59 synapomorphies (24 for both methods and 35 exclusively for BI): Cf1 and cf1 strongly depressed relative to molariforms; Cf1 smaller than smallest molariform (BI); long axis of molariforms oblique to toothrow along its entire length; trapezoidal Mf2 and Mf3 cross-section; trapezoidal mf2 cross-section; trigonal Mf4 cross-section; mandibular horizontal ramus length less than two times its depth (BI); ascending ramus of mandible completely covers the posterior teeth in lateral view (BI); three processes of ascending mandibular ramus equidistant (BI); absence of a medial ridge running along anterior edge of coronoid process (BI); maximum height of coronoid process shorter than its anteroposterior length (BI); intermediate development of angular process; symphysial spout much shorter than the length of molariform toothrow (BI); posterior external opening of mandibular canal opens laterally on horizontal ramus (BI); low and broad braincase (BI); reflexed basicranial/basifacial axis; nuchal crest continuous with dorsal edge of zygomatic process of squamosal (BI); premolariform portion of palate roughly equal to, or longer than molariform toothrow (BI); presence of fossa at the anterior edge of maxilla, lateral to external nares (BI); presence of ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli (BI); ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli only posteriorly (BI); jugal does not participate in rim of maxillary foramen (BI); absence of dorsal process of premaxilla; presence of a crest at median suture of palatine (BI); presence of alisphenoid-parietal contact (BI); anteroventrally inclined zygomatic process of squamosal; absence of a marked postorbital constriction (BI); postorbital process well anterior to maxillary foramen; semicircular occiput, in posterior view (BI); hypoglossal foramen smaller than jugular foramen (BI); basioccipital narrow and convex mediolaterally (BI); median fusion of posterior alae of vomer; ectotympanic fused dorsally; carotid foramen fully exposed in ventral view (BI); anteroposteriorly oriented entotympanic (BI); dorsal edge of entotympanic with a strong concave curvature in lateral view, with dorsal projection at anterior end (BI); lateral process of entotympanic extending above anterior portion of tympanic, forming a portion of the roof of tympanic cavity (BI); bulbous, mediolaterally expanded paroccipital process; absence of paroccipital process foramen (BI); nuchal and exoccipital crests diverge proximally and converge distally (BI); posteroventrolateral stylomastoid canal; entotympanic, ectotympanic and pterygoid composing eustachian tube opening (BI); hypoglossal foramen recessed dorsally, lies at same level as jugular foramen; presence of a groove connecting the internal opening of the posterior lacerate foramen to foramen magnum; glenoid fossa ventral to superficies meatus; mediolaterally widened glenoid fossa (BI); smooth posterior surface of glenoid; glenoid fossa wellseparated from porus acusticus (BI); laterally directed root of zygoma; deltoid crest faces anteriorly, reaching the medial side of the humerus in anterior view (BI); strongly marked brachiocephalicus crest of humerus (BI); quadrangular laterodistal corner of scaphoid, in dorsal view (BI); fusion of trapezium and metacarpal I, forming the carpal-metacarpal complex; absence of a strong concavity between greater trochanter and the head of femur (BI); moderately developed lesser trochanter of femur, with a laminar projection; femoral patellar trochlea isolated or only abuts the condylar surfaces; medial trochlear ridge protruded anteriorly to lateral trochlear ridge (BI); distal epiphyses of femur twisted with respect to the main axis; and an obtuse (around 120°) angle formed by facets for cuboid and metatarsal IV, in metatarsal V., Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on pages 1526-1527, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/7381236

Scelidotheriinae PP = 100, age = 17.55 Mya (14.03–20.82). The clade includes the genera Neonematherium, Sibyllotherium, Valgipes, Proscelidodon, Catonyx and Scelidotherium, and was recovered in all analyses performed in this study. The relationships among those genera were consistent among analyses: (Neonematherium, (Sibyllotherium, (Valgipes, (Proscelidodon, (Catonyx, Scelidotherium))))). It was recovered in all but one analysis, par_EW, in which Neonematherium and Sibyllotherium are in a polytomy with the remaining scelidotheriines. Scelidotheriinae was supported by six synapomorphies, all but one recovered by both methods: flat occlusal surface of molariforms; subtriangular Mf1 cross-section (BI); roughly horizontal profile of dorsal surface of the skull, in lateral view; presence of ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli; medial palatal process of maxilla extending anterior to lateral process; and well-developed, free-standing paracondylar processes., Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1523, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/7381236

Megatheriidae minus Analcimorphus PP = 100, age = 18.47 Mya (16.97–20.24). This clade is composed of the clades Prepotheriinae, Nothrotheriinae and Megatheriinae, which were recovered in two alternative arrangements: (Prepotheriinae, (Nothrotheriinae, Megatheriinae)) for H models, par_IW10 and par IW5, and (Megatheriinae, (Nothrotheriinae, Prepotheriinae)) for par_EW and par_IW_100. For A models that contain the clade, both arrangements were observed. The clade was supported by 17 synapomorphies (ten for both methods and seven exclusively for BI): Cf1 closer to Mf1 than to anterior edge of maxilla (BI); deep zygomatic process almost covers the entire squamosal exposure; occiput vertical or slightly inclined posterodorsally; sessile occipital condyles (BI); median fusion of posterior alae of vomer; medial expansion of entotympanic dorsal to basicranium; occipital artery passes through a closed canal in mastoid; absence of intertrochanteric ridge; moderately developed lesser trochanter of femur, with a laminar projection (BI); distal epiphyses of femur twisted with respect to the main axis (BI); lateral facet of anterior border of tibial proximal epiphysis located posterior to medial facet (BI); distal fibular articulation for tibia posterolaterally positioned; odontoid process well defined only on distal half of proximodistal length of tibial surface (BI); slightly obtuse (around 120°) angle formed by discoid and odontoid facets of astragalus, in distal view; process for navicular on astragalus at the level of the odontoid facet; transverse diameter of discoid facet of astragalus smaller than that of odontoid facet (BI); and obtuse (around 120°) angle formed by facets for cuboid and metatarsal IV, in metatarsal V.

Lestodontini PP = 100, age = 7.06 Mya (5.32–9.16). The clade is composed of Lestodon and Bolivartherium and was recovered in all analyses. Lestodontini was supported by 11 synapomorphies (six for both methods and five exclusively for BI): presence of a well-developed diastema between Cf1/cf1 and molariforms; Cf1 closer to anterior edge of maxilla than to Mf1; Cf1/cf1 displaced laterally relative to molariform toothrow; anteroposteriorly ovate mf1 cross-section (BI); anteroposteriorly ovate mf2 crosssection (BI); maximum length of nasal bones greater than or equal to three times the width of both nasals (BI); attachment of the base of jugal to skull dorsal to Mf2 (BI); well-developed buccinator fossa of maxilla, with a deep depression; absence of a crest at median suture of palatine; dorsally situated infraorbital canal; and posteroventrally inclined occipital condyle in lateral view (BI).

Nothrotheriinae PP = 100, age = 15.44 Mya (13.02–17.76). The clade is composed of five genera consistently recovered in all analyses with the following arrangement: ((‘ Xyophorus’, Mionothropus), (Pronothrotherium, (Nothrotherium, Nothrotheriops))). Nothrotheriinae was supported by 24 synapomorphies (12 for both methods and 12 exclusively for BI): trapezoidal Mf2 and Mf3 crosssection (BI); absence of a corkscrew-like rotation in the plane of articulation of mandibular condyle, in dorsal view (BI); presence of angle at the junction of symphysis and lower edge of horizontal ramus of mandible in lateral view (BI); large supraoccipital exposure on cranial roof, expanded anteriorly at midline; posterior segments of temporal lines run anterior to but closely parallel the nuchal crest (BI); nasal expands posteriorly, lateral margins divergent (BI); lateral and medial palatal processes of maxilla of equivalent length; interpterygoid and posterior interpalatine regions of roughly equal width; presence of pterygoid/vomer contact (BI); large sinus in pterygoid; alisphenoid-parietal contact present (BI); external occipital protuberance ventral to dorsal nuchal crest, in line with ventral nuchal crest (BI); posterior edge of occipital condyles ends at or anterior to posterior edge of foramen magnum superior border; large exposure of vomer in nasopharynx, covers presphenoid and much of basisphenoid; pterygoid does not participate in bony wall of tympanic cavity; anteroventral process of tegmen tympani as a large bony mass; occipital artery passes through a short canal in mastoid, perforating paroccipital process; glenoid fossa well separated from porus acusticus (BI); anteriorly directed root of zygoma; humeral head widely exposed, raised above the tubercles (BI); proximolateral process of metacarpal II does not extensively overlap metacarpal III proximally, contacting magnum (BI); absence of a detached sulcus delimitating, both medially and laterally, the articular surface of the femoral head in anterior view (BI); absence of a strong concavity between greater trochanter and the head of femur; and femoral patellar trochlea isolated or only abuts the condylar surfaces.

Eufolivora PP = 100, age = 34.25 Mya (30.81–38.47). All sloths excluding Pseudoglyptodon and Bradypus. It is composed of two major clades, Mylodontoidea and Megatherioidea, and was consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study. Eufolivora was supported by eight synapomorphies (five for both methods and three exclusively for BI): parallel lateral edges of the mandibular spout (BI); orbital portion of lacrimal greater than facial portion; presence of middle process of jugal; tip of zygomatic process of squamosal extends anterior to frontoparietal suture (BI); nuchal and exoccipital crests diverge distally (BI); tympanohyal wide distally, contributing to the formation of the stylohyal fossa; fusion of the acromion with the coracoid process of the scapula; and femoral entepicondyle and ectepicondyle strongly projected beyond condyles.

Megatheriinae PP = 100, age = 15.28 Mya (13.30–17.45). The clade, which was recovered in all of our analyses, is composed of the stem genera Diabolotherium and Megathericulus and the clades Thalassocnini and Megatheriini. The arrangement (Diabolotherium, (Megathericulus, (Thalassocnini, Megatheriini))) was recovered in all BI analyses and in par_IW10. In par_EW and par_IW100, the order of divergence between Diabolotherium and Megathericulus is reversed, whereas in par_IW5, Aymaratherium and Thalassocnus are successively sister taxa to Megatheriini, not forming a clade. Megatheriinae was supported by 16 synapomorphies (11 for both methods and five exclusively for BI): Cf1 and cf1 dorsoventrally aligned with molariforms; absence of a well-developed diastema between Cf1/cf1 and molariforms; Cf1 within size range of molariforms; cf1 within size range of molariforms; molariform morphology of Cf1/cf1; trapezoidal Cf1 cross-section; trapezoidal cf1 cross-section; absence of a mandibular fossa posterior to cf1; nuchal crest continuous with dorsal edge of zygomatic process of squamosal (BI); anteroventrally inclined zygomatic process of squamosal; postorbital process roughly at the level of maxillary foramen (BI); distinct neck present at the base of occipital condyles (BI); carotid foramen partially covered ventrally by entotympanic and ectotympanic, in ventral view; glenoid fossa well separated from porus acusticus (BI); absence of entepicondylar foramen of humerus; and medial (trochlear) portion of trochlear notch extends proximal to lateral (capitular) portion (BI)., Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1529, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/7381236

Thinobadistini PP = 81, age = 9.38 Mya (7.52–11.26). The clade is composed of Thinobadistes and Lestobradys and was recovered in all analyses, with the exception of par_EW. Thinobadistini was supported by a single synapomorphy, obtained with both methods: the presence of a diastema between Mf1 and Mf2., Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1524, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/7381236

Choloepodini PP = 98, age = 7.07 Mya (5.67–8.93). This clade is composed of the genus Pliomorphus; the Antillean megalonychines Megalocnus, Parocnus, Neocnus and Acratocnus; and the living sloth genus Choloepus. It was consistently recovered in our analyses with the arrangement (Pliomorphus, ((Megalocnus, Parocnus), (Neocnus, (Acratocnus, Choloepus)))). In one exception—in par_EW— Neocnus, Acratocnus and Choloepus were recovered in a polytomy. Choloepodiniwassupportedbyeightsynapomorphies (six for both methods and two exclusively for BI): snout downturned anteroventrally, in lateral view; evenly convex dorsal surface of the skull; minimum width of palate between toothrows equal or less than width of Mf2; absence of postorbital process of zygomatic arch; occiput wider than deep; presence of recessus meatus (BI); presence of a strong concavity between greater trochanter and the head of femur (BI); and patellar trochlea confluent with lateral, but not with medial condylar surface.

Nematheriinae PP = 100, age = 18.60 Mya (16.85–20.28). This clade contains the genera Nematherium and Analcitherium, and was recovered in all analyses performed in this study. Nematheriinae was supported by seven synapomorphies, all recovered with both methods: anteroposteriorly ovate Mf4 cross-section; snout depressed anteriorly; external nares not greatly enlarged; absence of pterygoid inflation; presence of lacrimal eminence; presence of prominent lateral walls in lacrimal foramen; and jugal and lacrimal anteriorly overlapping facial portion of maxilla., Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1523, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/7381236

Ahytheriini PP = 100, age = 4.44 Mya (1.93–6.98). This clade, composed of the intertropical megalonychids Australonyx, Ahytherium, Megistonyx, Nohochichak and Xibalbaonyx, was consistently recovered in all of our analyses, with two alternative arrangements: (Australonyx, ((Ahytherium, Megistonyx), (Nohochichak, Xibalbaonyx))) in all BI analyses and in par_EW, and (Australonyx, (Xibalbaonyx, (Nohochichak, (Ahytherium, Megistonyx)))) for IW parsimony analyses. Ahytheriini was supported by 23 synapomorphies (13 for both methods and ten exclusively for BI): absence of fossa on palatal surface of maxilla posterior to Cf1; circular Mf1 cross-section (BI); ascending ramus of mandible partially covers posterior teeth in lateral view (BI); coronoid process not hooked posteriorly (BI); posterior external opening of mandibular canal opens anterolaterally, on ascending ramus; high and narrow braincase (BI); nasal uniform width in its posterior half, lateral margins parallel (BI); interpterygoid and posterior interpalatine regions of roughly equal width (BI); large sinus in pterygoid; ventrally situated infraorbital canal; absence of alisphenoidparietal contact (BI); presence of a marked postorbital constriction; postorbital process of frontal roughly at the level of maxillary foramen (BI); triangular occiput in posterior view (BI); occipital condyles situated well dorsal to the dentition (BI); anteromedially orientation of entotympanic (BI); weakly marked brachiocephalicus crest of humerus (BI); humeral head almost hidden behind the tubercles; anconeal process of ulna not extended anteriorly, not overhanging trochlear notch; widest extension of pronator ridge at the proximal half of radial diaphysis (BI); proximal half of femur narrower than distal half; intermediate tibial length, more than two times the width, but less than three times; and fusion of metatarsal I with entocuneiform.

Folivora minus Pseudoglyptodon PP = 100, age = 37.98 Mya (33.43–43.47). The clade is composed of the living genus Bradypus and Eufolivora. It was consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study, except in par_EW consensus, in which Pseudoglyptodon, Bradypus and Eufolivora were arranged in a polytomy. The clade was supported by nine synapomorphies (two for both methods and seven exclusively for BI): a large basin for the modified orthodentine core; ovate cf1 cross-section (BI); anteroposteriorly ovate Mf1 crosssection (BI); anteroposteriorly ovate mf1 cross-section (B1); bilobate Mf2 and Mf3 cross-section (BI); bilobate mf2 cross-section (BI); ascending ramus of mandible not covering the posterior teeth in lateral view (BI); presence of posterior external opening of mandibular canal; and maximum length of nasal bones greater than, or equal to, twice the width of both nasals, but less than three times (BI)., Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1520, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/7381236

Mylodontini PP = 100, age = 8.19 Mya (6.54–9.95). This clade is composed of ten genera, with the following arrangement in all analyses using H models: (Pleurolestodon, ((Simomylodon, Glossotheridium), (Ocnotherium, (Glossotherium, (Paramylodon, (Oreomylodon, (Mylodonopsis, (Archaeomylodon, Mylodon)))))))). For UN and A models not accounting for ACRV (_e), and MP trees, several alternative arrangements can be observed, regarding the positions of Pleurolestodon, Ocnotherium, Oreomylodon, Glossotherium and Paramylodon, whereas the clades (Simomylodon, Glossotheridium) and (Mylodonopsis, (Archaeomylodon, Mylodon)) are stable. Mylodontini was supported by 11 synapomorphies (seven for both methods and four exclusively for BI): Cf1 smaller than the smallest molariform; cf1 smaller than the smallest molariform (BI); ovate Cf1 crosssection; presence of internal ridge running obliquely or vertically from ventral edge of ascending ramus, near the base of the angle, towards the last tooth; length of coronoid process greater than its height (BI); absence of a mandibular fossa posterior to cf1 (BI); temporal lines laterally situated, do not approximate midline of skull roof; posterior segments of temporal lines run anterior to but closely parallel the nuchal crest; medial palatal processes of maxilla anterior to lateral process; presence of osteoderms; and a slightly obtuse (around 120°) angle formed by discoid and odontoid facets of astragalus, in distal view (BI)., Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1525, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/7381236

Urumacotheriinae PP = 60, age = 17.82 Mya (14.03–21.51). This clade was originally proposed with fewer taxa (Negri & Ferigolo, 2004), but was expanded here to include both Urumacotherium and Pseudoprepotherium. It did not receive high node support, despite being present in trees from all analyses. Urumacotheriinae was supported by seven synapomorphies (five for both methods and two exclusively for BI): molariform morphology of Cf1/ cf1 (BI); posterior edge of mandibular condyle inclined posterodorsally; eversion of lateral edge of symphyseal spout (BI); premolariform portion of palate roughly equal or longer than the length of molariform toothrow; presence of a distinct neck at the base of occipital condyles; occipital condyles elongated anteroposteriorly in ventral view; and lesser tubercle of humerus proximally projected as much as greater tubercle., Published as part of Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J & Perini, Fernando A, 2022, Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models, pp. 1505-1551 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4) on page 1524, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, http://zenodo.org/record/7381236, {"references":["Negri F, Ferigolo J. 2004. Urumacotheriinae, nova subfamilia de Mylodontidae (Mammalia, Tardigrada) do Mioceno superior-Plioceno, America do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 7: 281 - 288."]}

Aim:This study aims to provide the first comprehensive dated tree for eucerine bees and to reconstruct their biogeographic history; to examine how amphitropical distributions formed in eucerine bees and how geoclimatic events shaped modern distribution patterns; and to investigate the influence of molecular data set size on divergence time estimation. Methods:Using a published UCE data set, and multiple fossil calibration points, we carried out phylogenomic dating under two different clock models and used multiple strategies to vary matrix composition. We then reconstructed the biogeographic history of eucerine bees using a Bayesian implementation of the Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis (DEC) model. Results:Eucerinae is estimated to have started its diversification during the Paleocene, with all its tribes originating during the Paleocene/Eocene transition. We found no evidence that varying the amount of molecular data in analyses influences divergence time estimates. Biogeographic reconstructions highlight the importance of southern South America in the early history of eucerine bees. Our results also provide evidence for at least two range expansions into North America before the full closure of the Isthmus of Panama (Eocene and Early Miocene). Main conclusions:We describe the early diversification of a fascinating group of bees, Eucerinae, revealing an intimate and persisting association with southern South America. The range evolution of Eucerinae was likely affected by periods of global cooling and aridification, which facilitated dispersal and colonization to other biogeographic regions. Range expansions out of South America are hypothesized to have happened before the full closure of the Isthmus of Panama and were probably associated with expansion of open vegetation habitats. Our results also demonstrate that most uncertainty in phylogenomic divergence time estimation is not due to the amount of molecular data being used.

Aim:This study aims to provide the first comprehensive dated tree for eucerine bees and to reconstruct their biogeographic history. It investigates how geological changes in the New World, as well as the paleovegetational setting of South America, influenced the evolution of eucerine bees.Methods:Using a published UCE data set, and multiple fossil calibration points, we carried out phylogenomic dating under two different clock models and used multiple strategies to vary matrix composition. We then reconstructed the biogeographic history of eucerine bees using a Bayesian implementation of the Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis (DEC) model.Results:Eucerinae is estimated to have started its diversification during the Paleocene, with all of its tribes originating during the Paleocene/Eocene transition. We found no evidence that varying the amount of molecular data in analyses influences divergence time estimates. Biogeographic reconstructions highlight the importance of southern South America in the early history of eucerine bees. Our results also provide evidence for at least two range expansions into North America before the full closure of the Isthmus of Panama (Eocene and Early Miocene).Main conclusions:The early diversification of Eucerinae is intimately associated with southern South America, with periods of dry and cooler climates probably influencing the colonization of other regions by eucerine bees. The multiple instances of range expansion out of South America before the full closure of the Isthmus of Panama were probably associated with the expansion of open vegetation habitats. Additionally, we show that most of the uncertainty in divergence time estimation is associated with fossil calibration and uncertainty in molecular data information, not the amount of molecular data being used.

International audience; Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions forecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosys-tem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts withdomestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their fulldistribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths.Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae(3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data onDasypus pilo-sus(Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized,but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In thisdata paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence andquantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is fromthe southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of theNeotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regardinganteaters,Myrmecophaga tridactylahas the most records (n=5,941), andCyclopessp. havethe fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data isDasypus novemcinctus(n=11,588), and the fewest data are recorded forCalyptophractus retusus(n=33). Withregard to sloth species,Bradypus variegatushas the most records (n=962), andBradypus pyg-maeushas the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to makeoccurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly ifwe integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, andNeotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure,habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possiblewith the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data inpublications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are usingthese data.