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Metals are suspected contributors of autoimmune disease among indigenous Americans. However, the association between metals exposure and biomarkers of autoimmunity is under-studied. In Nicaragua, environmental exposure to metals is also largely unexamined with regard to autoimmunity. We analyzed pooled and stratified exposure and outcome data from Navajo (n = 68) and Nicaraguan (n = 47) men of similar age and health status in order to characterize urinary concentrations of metals, compare concentrations with the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) male population, and examine the associations with biomarkers of autoimmunity. Urine samples were analyzed for metals via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Serum samples were examined for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) at 1:160 and 1:40 dilutions, using an indirect immunofluorescence assay and for specific autoantibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Logistic regression analyses evaluated associations of urinary metals with autoimmune biomarkers, adjusted for group (Navajo or Nicaraguan), age, and seafood consumption. The Nicaraguan men had higher urinary metal concentrations compared with both NHANES and the Navajo for most metals, however, tin was highest among the Navajo, and uranium was much higher in both populations compared with NHANES. Upper tertile associations with ANA positivity at the 1:160 dilution were observed for barium, cesium, lead, strontium and tungsten.

More than 8 million deaths each year are attributed to noncommunicable environmental hazards where people live, work, and play. Physical or chemical hazards may be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin, affecting all organ systems, including the kidney. Heavy metals, pesticides, and infections are some of the environmental hazards associated with kidney dysfunction and chronic kidney disease. The severity of the effects of these exposures likely is modulated by the timing and duration of exposure, genetic susceptibility, and other conditions, and may lead to the development of acute and/or chronic kidney disease. In this review, we discuss environmental exposures that are associated with kidney dysfunction in animals and human beings, with a focus on those implicated in causing chronic kidney disease.

The causes of the epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Central America, referred to as Mesoamerican Nephropathy (MeN), or CKD of non-traditional etiology (CKDnt), are unknown. Sugarcane work...

In Central America there is an epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of non-traditional etiology. Few studies have assessed CKD prevalence among non-agricultural workers. We conducted an observa...

Rationale & Objective In Central America, there is a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of nontraditional etiology often observed among agricultural workers. Few studies have assessed CKD prevalence among workers in nonagricultural occupations, which was the objective of this investigation. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Setting & Participants Male and female workers (n = 224) employed by artisanal brickmaking facilities in La Paz Centro, Nicaragua. Predictors Age, sex, education, smoking status, body mass index, alcohol consumption, water consumption, first-degree relative(s) with CKD, years worked, hours worked per week, job category, study visit (baseline and follow-up), and self-reported hypertension and diabetes. Outcomes CKD defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Analytical Approach A linear mixed-effects model with an unstructured covariance matrix was used to evaluate the association between demographics, occupational risk factors, and eGFR at baseline. The interaction between risk factors and time with change in eGFR was also evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate predictors of CKD. Results The CKD prevalence was 12.1% (n = 27), 100% of cases were male, 30% had stage 5 CKD (eGFR Limitations Crude job classification measures, loss to follow-up, self-reported exposures. Conclusions The prevalence of CKD is high in this population of brick workers, suggesting that the epidemic of CKD affecting Mesoamerica is not limited to agricultural workers. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that occupational heat exposure is a risk factor for kidney disease in this region.

Background E-cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular, yet, it is not clear what effect they may have on human health. In particular, there is not much research on the subject of secondhand exposure to vapor from e-cigarettes within indoor settings. Ultrafine particulates (UFPs) are associated with e-cigarette use as well as a myriad of adverse health outcomes. The objectives of this study are to characterize indoor air concentrations of UFPs in two commercial locations that allow the use of e-cigarettes (vaping) indoors, to determine to what extent vaping activities contribute to increased numbers of UFPs and to assess the time taken for UFP numbers to decline. Methods We measured air quality (UFPs) in 2 shops for a portion of their regular business day (168-212 minutes). We also measured temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide. We conducted three separate sampling sessions, two in Shop A (1000ft 2 ) and one in Shop B, (400ft 2 ). In Shop A we could set up two monitors, one near the vaping activity and one set was kept ~50 meters away. For all sessions, we recorded the number of vapers and took air measurements on a minute-by-minute basis. Results Results suggest that vaping activities result in increases in indoor concentrations of UFPs. Concentrations of UFPs ranged from10124 to 87940 particles/cm3. However, there were significant differences in concentrations between Shop A and Shop B. The number of persons vaping influenced the rate of decline of measured UFP numbers. Conclusions Room size, distance from the vaping activity, air filtration systems and the number of persons vaping influence the number of UFPs measured during e-cigarette use. High UFP numbers suggest a possibility of increased health risk for exposed bystanders and employees in these shops. Similar studies conducted in real-world settings are required to make scientifically sound conclusions about effects of vaping on indoor air quality.

Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN), a form of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of unknown cause in Central America, affects young individuals working in physically strenuous occupations. Repeated episodes of work-related kidney injury may lead to CKD in this setting. We aimed to better understand the burden and natural history of acute kidney injury (AKI) in workers at risk for MeN.Cross-sectional study of active sugarcane workers, followed by prospective follow-up of individuals with AKI.326 sugarcane workers with normal preharvest serum creatinine (Scr) values and no history of CKD in an MeN hotspot in Nicaragua near the end of the harvest, and prospective follow-up of workers with AKI.AKI during the harvest, as defined by Scr level increase ≥ 0.3mg/dL over baseline to a level ≥ 1.3mg/dL.Kidney function trajectory and development of CKD over 12 months.Linear regression models were used to analyze the association between job category and kidney function. For workers with AKI, the effect of time on Scr level was evaluated using linear mixed effects.34 of 326 participants were found to have AKI, with a median late-harvest Scr level of 1.64mg/dL in the AKI group. Workers without AKI had a median Scr level of 0.88mg/dL. AKI was more common among cane cutters compared with other field workers. Participants with AKI had variable degrees of kidney function recovery, with median 6- and 12-month Scr values of 1.25 and 1.27mg/dL, respectively (P 0.001 for each follow-up value compared to late-harvest Scr). When we compared workers' kidney function before the AKI episode to their kidney function at last follow-up, 10 participants with AKI developed de novo estimated glomerular filtration rate 60mL/min/1.73mFollow-up limited to 1 year and some loss to follow-up in the prospective component of the study. Broad definition of AKI that includes both acute and subacute kidney injury.In a group of sugarcane workers with normal preharvest kidney function, newly decreased kidney function developing during the harvest season was common. Of those with kidney injury, nearly half had established CKD 12 months later.