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Introduction: Adolescence is the stage between childhood and adulthood, characterized by physical, and mainly, psychological changes, which make this period full of new experiences and uncertainties, increasing the vulnerability of this group. In this sense, the school becomes a privileged space to understand the individual demands of teenagers and promote early interventions focused on health education in an attempt to reduce exposure to potential risk situations. Objective: To describe the health profile of the teenagers enrolled in high school at the Escola Estadual Ouro Preto in 2022. Methods: This is a descriptive crosssectional study that included the participation of 53 students enrolled in high school at the Escola Estadual Ouro Preto. The students answered the adapted Youth Risk Behaviour Survey (YRBS) questionnaire with questions related to mental health, sexual behavior, alcohol, tobacco and other drug use. The questionnaires were filled out anonymously and the answers were typed into Google Forms for later descriptive analysis. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Ouro Preto. Results: The distribution of male and female participants was balanced; 30.8% of the teenagers have suffered some type of threat and 19.2% have been physically assaulted; 60.8% reported having depressive or anxious symptoms, and 34.6% have thought about committing suicide; 38.5% have had sexual intercourse, 75% have received guidance on sexually transmitted diseases, and 20% did not use a condom during the last sexual encounter; 70.6% of the young people have tried alcohol and 42.3% have tried cigarettes at least once in their life. Approximately 90% consider their health normal, good, or excellent, but 50% are dissatisfied with their body weight. Conclusion: It can be seen that violence, depressive and anxious symptoms, unprotected sex, and early drug use are relevant issues among the studied teenagers, making interventions in health focused on these themes essential.

Este artículo explora los conflictos entre las personas y las hormigas cortadoras de hojas Atta a partir de lo que significó la deforestación antropogénica en el Brasil del siglo XIX. Las hormigas siguieron en su avance a los emplazamientos agrícolas humanos, recolectando hojas, flores, frutos y otras partes de plantas de los sembrados para abastecer sus propios cultivos subterráneos de hongos. De esta forma, las hormigas, en tanto seres semióticos, interpretaron la conducta humana y actuaron en consecuencia, generando en el proceso un cambio ambiental con implicaciones históricas. Un examen de las fuentes primarias que siguen el diálogo entre humanos y hormigas ―legislaciones, diarios de viaje, manuales agrícolas, documentación administrativa gubernamental y periódicos— demuestra cómo la búsqueda de sentido entre especies ha impulsado innovaciones y reordenamientos sociales, dando forma a desarrollos técnicos, prácticas jurídico-administrativas, debates parlamentarios, e incluso espacios electorales locales. Al tomar los documentos escritos como registros sobrevivientes de esos diálogos tácitos, más que simbólicos, este análisis se inspira y contribuye a fundamentar lo que Ewa Domanska ha denominado un enfoque de «coautoría multiespecies» para el examen de las relaciones entre humanos y animales. Se sostiene que esta postura teórico-metodológica permite a los historiadores ambientales explicar las agencias no-humanas mediante la exploración de un comportamiento verdaderamente creativo de los animales, en lugar de uno meramente pasivo.

As corridas de detritos são processos hidrogeomorfológicos comumente associados a altos índices pluviométricos em áreas declivosas. A Serra do Mar possui características geomorfológicas e climáticas que a tornam favorável à iniciação desse fenômeno, sendo a região de Cubatão (SP) uma das mais afetadas no Brasil. Este trabalho objetiva analisar a potencialidade à deflagração de corridas de detritos em sub-bacias do Rio Perequê, com base em índices morfométricos na escala de 1:50.000. Para tal, 13 sub-bacias foram selecionadas devido ao seu alto histórico de eventos do respectivo processo. Os resultados mostram que a sub-bacia número 04, a qual compreende a Refinaria Presidente Bernardes da Petrobras, exibe a maior potencialidade em toda a área de estudo, devido aos seus elevados valores de Relação de Relevo (Rr), Índice de Rugosidade (Ir), Índice de Força do Canal (IFC) e Índice de Sinuosidade (Is). O cálculo dos índices morfométricos mostra-se, portanto, como uma ferramenta valiosa na avaliação e identificação das áreas com altos potenciais para corridas de detritos, especialmente na avaliação da potencialidade em tomadas de decisão em escalas regionais.

Resumo Objetivamos compreender quais são, na visão de licenciandos em Física, as causas e as possíveis soluções para a evasão no curso. Para isso, tomamos como base o modelo teórico de Tinto e considerações da literatura sobre as causas e as possíveis estratégias de ação contra a evasão no Ensino Superior. As informações de pesquisa foram coletadas junto a 33 estudantes por meio de um questionário dissertativo. As análises, realizadas por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, indicaram que a maioria dos participantes já havia pensado em evadir, especialmente aqueles que ingressaram sem ou com níveis reduzidos de compromisso com o curso. As dificuldades de aprendizagem e uma maior sensibilidade dos docentes e da instituição em relação a elas foram apontadas, respectivamente, como o principal motivo para a evasão no curso e a melhor maneira de combatê-la.

The Serra do Mar mountain range is the main site of shallow-landslides occurrence in Brazil. The application of physically-based models is an effective method to predict landslide susceptibility, which is of great importance in hazard assessments and urban-planning studies. Thus, the objective of this study is to compare landslide susceptibility scenarios created with SHALSTAB and SINMAP at two large watersheds (Mogi and Perequê) in Cubatão, Latin America’s largest petrochemical site. Model calibration is based on the landslide scars inventory of the 1985 event, the geotechnical parameters derived from soil samples and the topography sourced from a 5 m resolution DEM. Using the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis to assess model performance, SHALSTAB emerges as the best-fit model for both watersheds due to higher concentration of landslide scars in unstable areas (true positive results) and higher global accuracy. Even though SINMAP had similar degree of success, it was slightly less accurate and failed more often in the identification of potentially unstable areas. Comparative performance studies of physically-based models are fundamental to support effective and reliable hazard assessments in mountain regions, providing an outlook in how to proceed with more detailed studies.

Book Review Rohland, Eleonora. Historia Entrelazada y el Medio Ambiente: Transformaciones Socioambientales en el Caribe, 1492-1800. Bielefeld: Kipu-Verlag, 2020. 81p.

In this article, I intend to creatively synthesize both the empirical findings and the theoretical formulations put forward by self-proclaimed environmental historians, as well as those by the scholars who preceded and influenced them. Establishing a dialogue with the broader field of Environmental Humanities, especially posthumanism, I propose three principles for writing environmental histories: horizontality, negotiation, and emergency. Horizontality refers to the inexistence of a given and absolute 'ground' for human life. We walk, build our houses, earn a living, and develop ideas and cultures, not on top of an ontological floor, but attending to and being attended by the bodies surrounding us, some of them animated and some not, some solid and some liquid and gaseous. To inhabit is to make oneself available to be inhabited. Mutual habitation weaves assemblages that are both the continent and the content of life. Negotiation alludes to the human conversation with a larger world, both animated and inanimate, about coexistence. Humans never get everything they want, just the way they want it, from their relationships with nonhumans. Though people rarely recognize this, the only way history can be made is through compromise with the rest of the biosphere. This means that humans are continuously becoming, as they and their activities couple themselves with other natural entities and their activities. Emergence, therefore, is the radical geo-historicity of all earthly things, whose character is never given beforehand but constituted as they make their way through the world.

Propósito – Discutir a possibilidade da implementação de uma agência que unifique as funções de regulação, avaliação e supervisão da educação superior no Brasil como medida de aperfeiçoamento da estrutura e dos fluxos regulatórios, de fortalecimento da política pública de expansão de vagas e de garantia da qualidade. Metodologia/abordagem/design – Será utilizada a perspectiva de diferentes competências e formatos que as agências podem assumir, de acordo com o arranjo constitucional e contexto existentes quando de suas formatações, trazida por Daniel Halberstam, aliada a uma concepção de regulação substantiva, como forma de garantir a política pública de expansão de vagas com a correspondente qualidade. Resultados – No contexto de atualização e rediscussão do marco regulatório, mostra-se importante a discussão sobre a unificação da estrutura regulatória numa agência, a partir de experiências bem-sucedidas em outros países. Originalidade/relevância do texto – O debate pode subsidiar os processos de discussão de aperfeiçoamento do marco regulatório no âmbito do Ministério da Educação.

Parasites have evolved various mechanisms to favor infection of their hosts and enhance the success of the infection. In this respect, time-of-day effects were found during the course of parasitic infections, which can be caused or controlled by circadian rhythms in the physiology of their vertebrate hosts. These include circadian clock-controlled rhythms in metabolism and in immune responses. Conversely, parasites can also modulate their hosts' behavioral and cellular rhythms. Lastly, parasites themselves were in some cases shown to possess their own circadian clock mechanisms, which can influence their capacity to infect their hosts. A better knowledge of the circadian regulation of host-parasite interactions will help in designing new preventive and therapeutic strategies for parasitic diseases.

Como invenção moderno-colonial, a América Latina por séculos foi vista como “espaço” puro, um continente vazio a ser preenchido. Pretensamente impelidos e agraciados pela vontade divina, os europeus viam a si mesmos como agentes históricos no duplo sentido da expressão, ou seja, como atores e escritores do drama da colonização. Com suas armas, sua biota e suas letras, os colonizadores ao mesmo tempo criaram e preencheram o “espaço” americano – exterminando e substituindo as populações nativas (humanas e não-humanas), geometrizando a representação da terra e registrando alfabeticamente uma história regional sob a perspectiva dos invasores...

Along with fire arms, domestic animals, microbes and the state apparatus, the Alphabet integrated the biotechnical device that, at the start of the sixteenth century, the Renaissance Europeans used to win, plunder and rule the Amerindian people of the Atlantic Forest. As most other parts of the New World, writing was fundamental to the patchy appropriation of the native ecosystems, which also included their human population (land privatization, enslavement etc.). Regardless, the literacy ended up being adapted to the American territories. One of the most powerful expressions of this adaptation was the process which by means of the Alphabet, originally a subjugation technique, transformed into an instrument of Amerindian resistance towards the colonial control... Keywords: Alphabetic Writing; Literacy; The Portuguese Colonization; Atlantic Forest; Colonial Period.

Neste artigo compósito, proponho uma leitura não-antropoc êntrica da história territorial brasileira. Na parte I, reconstruo teoricamente o conceito de território de modo a ‘subjetificar’ toda e qualquer coisa terrena, descentrando a agência histórica. Para isso, sugiro encarar o território como um campo vital contínuo (i.e., sem ‘buracos’), diversificado e todo-abrangente de que os seres humanos participam, como condição necessária de sua existência terrena. A partir dessa pers pectiva, estar no território significa ‘vibrar’ na mesma faixa de frequência vital dos outros seres e coisas naturais, influenciando suas atividades e sendo influenciado por elas. Desenvolvida essa teoria, passo a utilizá-la, na parte II, para a construção de uma breve narrativa acerca do encontro e das adaptações recíprocas entre florestas costeiras, ameríndios, colonos neoeuropeus e formigas cortadeiras, durante a colonização portuguesa. A título de co nclusão, ressalto o contraste entre a atitude ‘dialogal’ e a atitude ‘colonial’ com que ameríndios e neoeuropeus, respectivamente, participavam dos encontros ecológicos, mais-do-que-humanos, que proponho chamar de territórios. (parte II, próximo número de HALAC)

A madeira era um recurso natural indispensável ao metabolismo dos centros urbanos pré-industriais, tanto como material construtivo quanto como fonte energética. Em razão da baixa relação valor/volume dos produtos madeireiros, a espacialidade desse setor econômico era largamente determinada pelo custo de transporte. Deste modo, um arcabouço teórico que pode ser importante para a compreensão do fenômeno do abastecimento madeireiro das cidades pré-industriais é a clássica teoria de von Thünen sobre o efeito da distância do mercado sobre a estrutura da produção agrária. O artigo tem como objetivo discutir as potencialidades e limitações desta abordagem. Inicialmente, é apresentada a teoria do "Estado Isolado" e revisam-se os estudos históricos que a utilizaram, tanto como alicerce interpretativo quanto como teoria empírica. Em seguida, é formulado um modelo teórico-conceitual em que a atividade madeireira responde às variações da intensidade agrícola, procurando mostrar a utilidade desse esquema na interpretação do caso da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no final do período colonial.

O trabalho discute os efeitos de uma experiência de leitura silenciosa e solitária, de textos literários, sobre o leitor. Parte da noção de cognição ampliada, conforme comparece na abordagem da enação de Varela, e do conceito de cognição inventiva de Kastrup, e propõe a leitura como uma experiência de devir consciente. Recorre ainda às idéias de Chartier, sobre as práticas de leitura e de Larrosa quanto ao caráter transformador da leitura. Desenvolve a noção de que a leitura de literatura propicia um encontro consigo e com a alteridade, podendo propiciar uma abertura para o desconhecido e para a invenção de si.This work discusses the experience of reading literature in silence and solitude, focusing its effects on the reader. The starting point is the enlargement of cognition as presented in Varela's enactive approach and the concept of inventive cognition as formulated by Kastrup. Then, it proposes the reading as an experience of becoming aware. The work is also based on Chartier's ideas about reading practices and uses the theory of Larrosa regarding the transformative aspect of reading as well. The idea that reading literature provides a meeting with otherness is developed. It may constitute an opening for the unknown and an opportunity of inventing oneself.

This work discusses the experience of reading literature in silence and solitude, focusing its effects on the reader. The starting point is the enlargement of cognition as presented in Varela's enactive approach and the concept of inventive cognition as formulated by Kastrup. Then, it proposes the reading as an experience of becoming aware. The work is also based on Chartier's ideas about reading practices and uses the theory of Larrosa regarding the transformative aspect of reading as well. The idea that reading literature provides a meeting with otherness is developed. It may constitute an opening for the unknown and an opportunity of inventing oneself.

O artigo apresenta uma revisão das contribuições ao tema da história da indústria madeireira na Mata Atlântica. Após uma breve exposição conceitual, na qual delineamos a noção de Mata Atlântica brasileira, passamos em revista aos trabalhos, organizados em dois grandes períodos: o colonial, estendendo-se, para além da época do domínio português, até fins do século XIX; e o contemporâneo, compreendendo, basicamente, a primeira metade do século XX. Detemo-nos, então, nos pormenores do caso do Alto Vale do rio Uruguai, oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, estudado através de pesquisa arquivística e métodos de história oral. Por fim, fazemos algumas considerações buscando apontar possíveis caminhos futuros de investigação.The paper reviews contributions to the subject of the history of the timber industry in the Atlantic Forest. After a brief explanation of the general concepts and a more detailed one of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, we have a closer look at previous works, which we organized in two major epochs, the so-called colonial epoch, which is characterized by the Portuguese dominion until the end of the 19th century, and the contemporary one, basically including the first half of the 20th century. In this context we analysed in detail the case of Alto Vale, a high valley of the Uruguay River, situated in the west of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, which has been studied by one of the authors, using the methods of archivist research and historic oral tradition. We conclude our work by giving ideas for future investigation.

Embora alguns importantes escritos anteriores já atentassem para a importância do tema e, de certa forma, prenunciassem um delineamento do objeto, pode-se dizer que With Broadax and Firebrand, de Warren Dean (1995) e Fruitless Trees, de Shawn Miller (2000), são, de fato, as obras fundadoras da historiografia florestal da América portuguesa. Dean e Miller estabeleceram os parâmetros gerais para o estudo da Mata Atlântica colonial sob o ponto de vista dos processos político-econômicos de apropriação e uso dos recursos ambientais, tanto no que concerne às formas de abordagem como no que concerne às hipóteses explicativas. Não obstante, esses dois trabalhos não incorporam a poderosa tendência, verificada na última década, de uma abordagem da economia colonial fortemente influenciada por autores como Marcel Mauss, Karl Polanyi e Giovanni Levi, gerando toda uma revisão acerca dos determinantes da economia luso-brasileira. O presente artigo pretende-se uma crítica da historiografia florestal tal como delineada por Dean e Miller a partir dessa postura econômico-substantivista.Although some important precedent works already called attention to the theme and, in a certain way, foretold a delineation of the object, it may be said that Warren Dean's With Broadax and Firebrand (1995) and Shawn Miller's Fruitless Trees (2000) are the real founders of Portuguese America's forest historiography. Dean and Miller have established the general parameters for the study of colonial Atlantic Forest from the point of view of politic-economical processes of appropriation and use of environmental resources, both concerning the forms of approach and the explicative hypotheses. Notwithstanding, these two works do not incorporate the powerful trend, observed in the last decade, of a colonial economy's approach strongly influenced by author such as Marcel Mauss, Karl Polanyi e Giovanni Levi, generating a great revision on the determinants of Luso-Brazilian economy. This article aims itself a critic of forest historiography such as sketched out by Dean and Miller from the prism of this economic-substantivist attitude.

O artigo procura contribuir para o adensamento da historiografia acerca das operações de extração das madeiras-de-lei, espécies de árvores particularmente propícias à construção naval e por isso legalmente reservadas à apropriação preferencial por parte da Coroa portuguesa no território colonial. O recorte espaço-temporal abarca os sertões do Recôncavo da Guanabara (Capitania do Rio de Janeiro) e, em particular, a bacia do rio Macacu no final do período colonial. Usa-se documentação variada (crônicas oficiais, descrições de viajantes, correspondência, lista nominativa de habitantes e inventário post-mortem) com o objetivo de mostrar que as relações socioeconômicas dos atores envolvidos (funcionários reais, proprietários fundiários, fabricantes, serradores etc.) entre si e com a floresta eram ditadas por negociações cotidianas que viabilizavam a 'letra fria' das leis metropolitanas.The article aims to contribute for the still rarified historiography about the extraction of madeiras-de-lei, those tree species that are particularly suitable for shipbuilding and, for that reason, legally reserved for preferential appropriation by the Portuguese crown in the Brazilian colonial territory. The space-temporal outline embraces the inner lands of Recôncavo da Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro captaincy), in particular the Macacu river basin, at the end of the colonial period. Varied documentation (official chronicles, travelers accounts, letters, a economic-demographic census, and a post-mortem inventory) is used in order to show that socioeconomic relations among the actors involved (royal bureaucracy, landowners, timber producers, sawyers, etc.), and those between them and the forest were dictated by daily life negotiations which made the 'cold letter' of metropolitan laws viable.

Although remote sensed methods provide reliable basis for identifying the amount and spatialconfiguration of deforestation, they cannot solely explain its underlying causes. For that, weneed to complement the imagery analysis with socio-economic data from household or farmlevelstudies, because these domestic units affect process such migration, land-use, andtechnology choice. Thus, by combining remote imagery sensor and social survey, we obtain a merged analytical framework, which has the potential to improve our understanding on thedeterminants of human-driven forest fragmentation. We present such a methodologicalframework for studying deforestation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Two empirical studies— a remote sensing analysis and a farm-level survey — were put together in the context of awider project focusing on forest fragmentation process in the northeastern Guanabara region,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We show that, rather than ‘patchwork quilt’ methodologies, we needtheoretical-oriented frameworks that give sense to the use of different landscape ecologicalapproaches and methods (imagery analysis, mathematical modeling and social studies) in orderto document and interpret land-use changes.

The paper aims to (re) discuss in a larger framework the relations between Environmental History and environmental movement. For this, it’s necessary a critical analysis of the classic national historiography, in particular those authors (like Sérgio Buarque de Holanda and Caio Prado, Jr.) who most inspired late-20th-century and early-21th-century environmental historians. This lineage of thought identified as the “notion of the ecological wastefulness of colonial economy” has been challenged in recent years by some scholars who assume a more interactivist and anthropocentric position. We defend it is in these terms that Environmental History should renegotiate the dialogue with the various sorts of political-ecological activism.

A história sócio-florestal do Brasil Colônia traduz-se como o desenvolvimento articulado de uma grande diversidade de formas de apropriação ambiental. Até agora, contudo, esta história tem sido contada quase exclusivamente do ponto de vista da agricultura e seus atores hegemônicos, os grandes latifundiários de exportação. O objetivo deste artigo é colaborar para a ampliação de nosso leque analítico, investigando outra forma de apropriação - a indústria da madeira - bem como seus agentes sociais específicos. São analisados, como estudo de caso, dados empíricos do ano de 1797 referentes à fabricação comercial de madeira de construção pelos habitantes de Santo Antônio de Sá, tradicional distrito madeireiro do Rio de Janeiro setecentista. Indicadores quantitativos (participação das classes agrárias no número de madeireiros, tanto total como interno à classe, e as produções médias), corroborados por indícios textuais - como o da troca de madeira por mantimentos nas tavernas - revelam que os atores responsáveis por esta produção eram os pequenos produtores de subsistência. Este resultado, argumenta-se, pode ser explicado pela grande dificuldade enfrentada por estes rurícolas na obtenção de dinheiro e/ou excedentes de significativo valor de troca. Apesar das limitações inerentes ao pequeno "tamanho" do caso analisado, o estudo, ao expandir nossa concepção sobre o papel ambiental do pequeno produtor - não somente como agricultor, mas também como madeireiro - abre um novo caminho analítico para o estudo de nossa história florestal colonial.The colonial Brazil's forest history can be thought as an interdependent development of many kinds of environmental appropriation. Until now, however, this history has been written from the almost-exclusively point of view of agriculture and its hegemonic actors, the large farmers. The aim of this article is to expand our analytical framework by investigating another form of appropriation - timber industry - as well as its social agents. We analyze 1797 year empirical data referred to lumber production in Santo Antônio de Sá, traditional lumberjack region of eighteenth century Rio de Janeiro plain. Quantitative indicators (agrarian classes participation on the number of lumbermen, both total and internal to class, and the average productions), corroborated by textual descriptions - such as the exchange of timber for food in taverns - reveal that the responsible actors for this production were the small subsistence farmers. This result can be explained by the colonial small farmer's difficulty to obtain money and/or surplus with significant exchange value. Despite the limitations of a spatially and temporally small case-study, the research, by expanding our conception of the small farmer's environmental role - not only as a agriculturist but as well as a lumberman - opens a new analytical perspective on the study of the colonial forest history.

OBJETIVO: As cirurgias cardíacas minimamente invasivas foram desenvolvidas para proporcionarem, através de acessos limitados, menores traumas, melhores resultados estéticos e diminuição nos custos hospitalares com a mesma segurança das cirurgias tradicionais. O estudo teve como objetivo comparar os resultados peri-operatórios dos pacientes submetidos à troca de valva aórtica por meio dos acessos minimamente invasivo e convencional. MÉTODO: Doze pacientes consecutivamente submetidos à troca de valva aórtica isolada por acesso minimamente invasivo, a partir de junho de 2002, tiveram seus dados pré-operatórios, operatórios e pós-operatórios imediatos comparados com os 12 pacientes anteriormente operados na mesma instituição submetidos ao mesmo tipo de operação, porém com acesso convencional. O acesso minimamente invasivo utilizado foi a hemiesternotomia mediana superior e a instalação da CEC foi através da canulação da aorta ascendente e do átrio direito, semelhante à técnica tradicional. RESULTADOS: Os dados demográficos foram semelhantes nos dois grupos de pacientes. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tempos de isquemia, de CEC e do tempo total do procedimento. O tamanho da incisão da pele foi significativamente menor no grupo minimamente invasivo. No pós-operatório, embora tenham sido menores os tempos de ventilação mecânica e o tempo total de permanência hospitalar, estes dados não mostraram diferença significativa. A morbidade pós-cirúrgica foi semelhante entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Esta abordagem oferece adequada exposição das estruturas necessárias para uma segura troca valvar e com o mesmo instrumental utilizado na cirurgia tradicional podemos oferecer as vantagens de um acesso menos invasivo com a mesma eficiência da cirurgia tradicional sem acrescentar riscos aos nossos pacientes.OBJECTIVE: Minimally invasive cardiac surgeries are approaches used to reduce trauma, to give better cosmetic results and to reduce hospital costs with the same safety than conventional surgery. This study was designed to compare the operative results from patients who underwent minimally invasive aortic valve replacement with those who were submitted to the standard procedure. METHOD: The operative and immediate post-operative results of 12 consecutive patients who received minimally invasive isolated aortic valve replacements from June 2002 to February 2003 were compared to 12 patients who underwent to traditional approach in the same institution. The minimally invasive access used was superior median hemisternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass was established through ascendant aorta and right atrium cannulation, similar to the traditional technique. RESULTS: The patient's demographics were similar in both groups. There were no significant differences between aortic clamping time, total bypass time and operating time. The skin incision length was statiscally shorter in minimally invasive group. In the postoperative course, the mechanical ventilation time and the total hospital stay were shorter, but not statiscally significant, in the minimally invasive group. The morbidity was the same in two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This surgical approach provides adequate exposure of the cardiac structures necessary to perform a safe valve replacement. With the same instrumental used in the traditional surgery we can offer the benefits of a less invasive access with the same efficiency as in the conventional approach without add any risks to our patients.

OBJECTIVE: Early reports showed a high incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality after coronary endarterectomy, and its value is still controversial. With technical improvement the role of coronary endarterectomy has been reviewed. In this study we evaluate our results of coronary endarterectomy, and show our strategy for patients with diffuse coronary artery disease. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed 278 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, between January 2000 and December 2001, separated in two groups. The endarterectomy group - 32 patients (11.5%) who underwent coronary endarterectomy and the control group of patients characteristics similar to the first group. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 9.9 months. Both groups only demonstrated a statistical difference in the number of previous myocardial infarctions. The coronary endarterectomy was performed on 38 vessels, 78.75% in the left coronary system, and 21.05% in the right system. In the postoperative follow-up no significant differences were detected, but in the coronary endarterectomy group the incidence of intra-aortic balloon pump insertion was higher. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that coronary endarterectomy should be used to achieve complete revascularization in patients with diffuse coronary disease, and the results are similar to conventional surgical treatment. A long-term follow up is necessary to demonstrate the future performance of these vessels and grafts.OBJETIVO: Os resultados descritos das endarterectomias de artérias coronárias (EAC) refletiam as experiências iniciais e demonstravam uma maior morbidade pós-operatória e mortalidade imediata, tornando seu valor controverso. Com o aprimoramento técnico, o papel da EAC vem sendo revisto. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os nossos resultados com a EAC e apresentar a nossa conduta frente aos pacientes com doença coronariana difusa. MÉTODO: De um total de 278 pacientes submetidos a revascularização isolada, entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2001, 32 (11,5%) foram endarterectomizados formando o grupo EAC. O grupo controle foi formado por pacientes com características semelhantes a cada paciente do primeiro grupo. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 9,9 meses. Os dois grupos demonstraram diferença estatística quanto ao número de infartos prévios. Foram realizadas 38 endarterectomias, 78,75% nos ramos coronarianos esquerdos e 21,05% nos ramos coronarianos direitos. No acompanhamento pós-operatório, não se encontrou diferença significativa entre as variáveis estudadas de morbi-mortalidade, embora uma maior utilização de balão intra-aórtico no grupo EAC tenha sido observada. CONCLUSÕES: Demonstrou-se que a EAC deve ser aplicada aos pacientes com doença coronariana difusa, visando uma revascularização miocárdica completa, com resultados comparáveis aos pacientes submetidos a operação convencional. O acompanhamento em longo prazo irá determinar o comportamento destas artérias e de seus enxertos.

Neste artigo compósito, proponho uma leitura não-antropocêntrica da história territorial brasileira. Na Parte I, procuro reconstruir teoricamente o conceito de território de modo a ‘subjetificar’ toda e qualquer coisa terrena, descentrando a agência histórica. Para isso, sugiro encarar o território como um campo vital contínuo (i.e., sem ‘buracos’), diversificado e todo-abrangente de que os seres humanos participam, como condição necessária de sua existência terrena. A partir dessa perspectiva, estar no território significa ‘vibrar’ na mesma faixa de frequência vital dos outros seres e coisas naturais, influenciando suas atividades e sendo influenciado por elas. Desenvolvida essa teoria, passo a utilizá-la, na Parte II do artigo, para a construção de uma breve narrativa acerca do encontro e das adaptações recíprocas entre florestas costeiras, ameríndios, colonos neoeuropeus e formigas cortadeiras, durante a colonização portuguesa. A título de conclusão, ressalto o contraste entre a atitude ‘dialogal’ e a atitude ‘colonial’ com que ameríndios e neoeuropeus, respectivamente, participavam dos encontros ecológicos, mais-do-quehumanos, que proponho chamar de territórios. (parte 1: publicada em HALAC, v.3, n. 2, mar-ago 2014).

The essay argues for the importance of environmental history as a critique of the currently dominant ways of thinking and acting towards the extra-human world. It is argued that, under the religious and philosophical influence of Judeo-Christianism, Western civilization has built their cultural identity around the idea of creation, especially from the European Renaissance onwards. Transposed from the divine to the sublunary realm, this “creationism” portrays the world as a unilateral product of human action – since it is the only creature in the animal kingdom driven by a conscious reason. Environmental historians, on the other hand, start out from a decentralized conception of agency to defend the principle that humans participate rather than create; the creativity lies in the encounters and relationships they establish and not in humans themselves. In other words, environmental historians assume a humanity-nature continuum and ask themselves what conditions, factors and processes are responsible for the emergence of systems of thought rooted in the “othering” of non-humans. To illustrate this point, it is briefly examined the historical process of replacing the indigenous population, native to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, by hybrid neo-European populations from 1500 onwards.

Background: Eating behavior is a strong predictor of weight gain in adults. Research characterizing differences in components of dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger between overweight and normal weight subjects is insuffi cient. Objective: To evaluate and to compare scores of dietary restraint (DR), disinhibition (DD), and hunger (H) between women at normal weight (NW, n=32) and overweight (WW, n=32). We evaluated correlations between these scores with adiposity and food intake variables. Material and methods: It was a cross-sectional comparison of two groups (overweight and normal weight women), at ages between 20 and 40 years. We measured body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body composition (BC), energy and macronutrient intake (EMI), DR, DD and H. The differences between groups were analyzed using Student’s T or Mann-Whitney tests. Correlations among DR, DD or H and all other variables in each group were also evaluated. Results: Mean values of BMI, CC, BC, EMI, DR, DD and H were higher for WW (P

O artigo discute as relações entre sociedade e natureza, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no século XIX. Nossa proposta metodológica é construir múltiplas narrativas que se desdobram e conectam a partir da observação das relações diretas e indiretas dos humanos com uma das substâncias mais importantes à sua reprodução biológica e social: a água. Assim construída, a trama entrelaça, de maneira complexa e contraditória, as propriedades, estruturas e processos do mundo biofísico, de um lado, e as ações humanas, nos domínios material, simbólico e ideológico. Em seu conjunto articulado, essas narrativas oferecemnos uma leitura da cidade e suas transformações. Esse tipo de método geohistoriográfico apresenta a vantagem de diluir as divisões apriorísticas,monolíticas e estáticas entre o social e o natural em favor de uma leitura dialética que parte do movimento e da transgressão contínuas entre aquelas fronteiras.

• Spatial extent alters the assement of environmental justice. • In metropolitan areas and municipalities the most vulnerable to hazards are minority groups. • At the borough scale there are well-to-do white people exposed to hazards (especially flooding) • Elite self-exposure to risk is supported by spatially unjust distribution of infrastructures. Although environmental justice scholars have been addressing spatial scale for at least thirty years, one of its components remains largely overlooked, namely extent. In this paper, we investigate the effects of extent variation in environmental (in)justice patterns by analyzing the statistical associations between socio-economic marginality and environmental vulnerability at three different spatial scopes: metropolitan areas, municipalities, and boroughs. Using census and geospatial data, our case study focuses on the relations between income and color/race, on the one hand, and susceptibility to flooding and landslides, on the other, in Brazil's two largest cities (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro). We constructe an integrated, census tract-level database using areal weighting interpolation combining census with susceptibility data to perform k-means multivariate clustering analysis. Although our results show that the most vulnerable to landslides and flooding are non-white, low-income people – confirming common environmental justice claims – they also suggest that spatial extent impinges on statistical patterns. While the clusters are very similar in the metropolitan and municipal scales, pointing to a fractal-like structure, they differ significantly at the borough scale. This smaller scale reveals a different picture, one in which well-to-do white people are just as exposed to hazards (especially flooding) as non-white, middle- to lower-middle-class people. We argue this is a result of elite self-exposure to risk, which is supported by socio-spatially unjust distribution of risk-mitigation infrastructures. Policymakers should pay attention to such scale-dependent complexities in devising ways to cope with the increasing inequities brought about by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is a serious vector-borne disease characterized by periodic episodes of high fever and strong immune responses that are coordinated with the daily synchronized parasite replication cycle inside RBCs. As immune cells harbor an autonomous circadian clock that controls various aspects of the immune response, we sought to determine whether the intensity of the immune response to Plasmodium spp., the parasite causing malaria, depends on time of infection. To do this, we developed a culture model in which mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages are stimulated with RBCs infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (iRBCs). Lysed iRBCs, but not intact iRBCs or uninfected RBCs, triggered an inflammatory immune response in bone marrow-derived macrophages. By stimulating at four different circadian time points (16, 22, 28, or 34 h postsynchronization of the cells' clock), 24-h rhythms in reactive oxygen species and cytokines/chemokines were found. Furthermore, the analysis of the macrophage proteome and phosphoproteome revealed global changes in response to iRBCs that varied according to circadian time. This included many proteins and signaling pathways known to be involved in the response to Plasmodium infection. In summary, our findings show that the circadian clock within macrophages determines the magnitude of the inflammatory response upon stimulation with ruptured iRBCs, along with changes of the cell proteome and phosphoproteome., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors.)

Leishmania spp. parasites use macrophages as a host cell during infection. As a result, macrophages have a dual role: clearing the parasite as well as acting as host cells. Recently, studies have shown that macrophages harbour circadian clocks, which affect many of their functions such as phagocytosis, receptor expression and cytokine release. Interestingly, Leishmania major infection in hosts was also shown to be under circadian control. Therefore, we decided to investigate what underlies the rhythms of L. major infection within macrophages. Using a culture model of infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages with L. major promastigotes, we show that the parasites are internalised into macrophages with a 24-h variation dependent on a functional circadian clock in the cells. This was associated with a variation in the number of parasites per macrophage. The cell surface expression of parasite receptors was not controlled by the cells' circadian clock. In contrast, the expression of the components of the endocytic pathway, EEA1 and LC3b, varied according to the time of infection. This was paralleled by variations in parasite-induced ROS production as well as cytokine tumour necrosis factor α. In summary, we have uncovered a time-dependent regulation of the internalisation of L. major promastigotes in macrophages, controlled by the circadian clock in these cells, as well as subsequent cellular events in the endocytic pathway, intracellular signalling and cytokine production., (© 2024 The Author(s). Parasite Immunology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Malaria is a disease caused by infection with parasite Plasmodium spp. We studied the circadian regulation of host responses to the parasite, in a mouse model of cerebral malaria. The course of the disease was markedly affected by time of infection, with decreased parasitemia and increased inflammation upon infection in the middle of the night. At this time, there were fewer reticulocytes, which are target cells of the parasites. We next investigated the effects of desynchronization of host clocks on the infection: after 10 weeks of recurrent jet lags, mice showed decreased parasite growth and lack of parasite load rhythmicity, paralleled by a loss of glucose rhythm. Accordingly, disrupting host metabolic rhythms impacted parasite load rhythmicity. In summary, our findings of a circadian modulation of malaria parasite growth and infection shed light on aspects of the disease relevant to human malaria and could contribute to new therapeutic or prophylactic measures., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Circadian rhythms are recurring variations of physiology with a period of ~24 h, generated by circadian clocks located throughout the body. Studies have shown a circadian regulation of many aspects of immunity. Immune cells have intrinsic clock mechanisms, and innate and adaptive immune responses - such as leukocyte migration, magnitude of inflammation, cytokine production and cell differentiation - are under circadian control. This circadian regulation has consequences for infections including parasitic infections. In the context of Leishmania infection, the circadian clock within host immune cells modulates the magnitude of the infection and the inflammatory response triggered by the parasite. As for malaria, rhythms within the immune system were shown to impact the developmental cycles of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells. Further, host circadian rhythms impact infections by multicellular parasites; for example, infection with helminth Trichuris muris shows different kinetics of worm expulsion depending on time of day of infection, a variation that depends on the dendritic cell clock. Although the research on the circadian control of immunity in the context of parasitic infections is in its infancy, the research reviewed here suggests a crucial involvement of host circadian rhythms in immunity on the development and progression of parasitic infections., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Parasites have evolved various mechanisms to favor infection of their hosts and enhance the success of the infection. In this respect, time-of-day effects were found during the course of parasitic infections, which can be caused or controlled by circadian rhythms in the physiology of their vertebrate hosts. These include circadian clock-controlled rhythms in metabolism and in immune responses. Conversely, parasites can also modulate their hosts' behavioral and cellular rhythms. Lastly, parasites themselves were in some cases shown to possess their own circadian clock mechanisms, which can influence their capacity to infect their hosts. A better knowledge of the circadian regulation of host-parasite interactions will help in designing new preventive and therapeutic strategies for parasitic diseases., (Copyright © 2019 Carvalho Cabral, Olivier and Cermakian.)