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249 results on '"Carvalho, Eugenia"'

1. Association between COVID-19 and the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Portugal – a registry study

Author

Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Da Silva, Jessica, Diogo, Rui, Claro, Ana Raquel, Ferro, Inês, Romana, Andreia, Rocha, Patrícia, Sá, Beatriz, Lobarinhas, Goreti, Rolim, Sara, Juhl, Claus Bogh, Højlund, Kurt, Fernandes, Isabel, Antunes, Sónia, Félix Calha, Maria Manuela, Gama, Guida, Amálio, Sofia, Figueiras, Mariana, Silva, Teresa, Rosado, Margarida, Ferrão, Estela, Arez, Luísa, Baptista, Ana, Martins Ferreira, Adriana, Alba, Diana, Godinho, Carlos, Leite, Ana Luísa, Afonso Lopes, Maria de Lurdes, Sampaio, Maria Lurdes, Serra-Caetano, Joana, and Carvalho, Eugenia

Published
2024
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4. Neonatal diet impacts liver mitochondrial bioenergetics in piglets fed formula or human milk

Author

Carvalho, Eugenia, Adams, Sean H, Børsheim, Elisabet, Blackburn, Michael L, Ono-Moore, Kikumi D, Cotter, Matthew, Bowlin, Anne K, and Yeruva, Laxmi

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Digestive Diseases, Liver Disease, Nutrition, Pediatric, Generic health relevance, Oral and gastrointestinal, Good Health and Well Being, Human milk, Formula diet, Mitochondria, Liver, Gastrointestinal tract, Nutrition and dietetics
Abstract

BackgroundNeonatal diet impacts many physiological systems and can modify risk for developing metabolic disease and obesity later in life. Less well studied is the effect of postnatal diet (e.g., comparing human milk (HM) or milk formula (MF) feeding) on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Such effects may be most profound in splanchnic tissues that would have early exposure to diet-associated or gut microbe-derived factors.MethodsTo address this question, we measured ileal and liver mitochondrial bioenergetics phenotypes in male piglets fed with HM or MF from day 2 to day 21 age. Ileal and liver tissue were processed for mitochondrial respiration (substrate only [pyruvate, malate, glutamate], substrate + ADP, and proton "leak" post-oligomycin; measured by Oroboros methods), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and metabolically-relevant gene expression analyses.ResultsNo differences between the diet groups were observed in mitochondrial bioenergetics indices in ileal tissue. In contrast, ADP-dependent liver Complex I-linked OXPHOS capacity and Complex I + II-linked OXPHOS capacity were significantly higher in MF animals relative to HM fed piglets. Interestingly, p53, Trap1, and Pparβ transcript abundances were higher in MF-fed relative to HM-fed piglets in the liver. Mitochondrial DNA copy numbers (normalized to nuclear DNA) were similar within-tissue regardless of postnatal diet, and were ~ 2-3 times higher in liver vs. ileal tissue.ConclusionWhile mechanisms remain to be identified, the data indicate that neonatal diet can significantly impact liver mitochondrial bioenergetics phenotypes, even in the absence of a change in mtDNA abundance. Since permeabilized liver mitochondrial respiration was increased in MF piglets only in the presence of ADP, it suggests that formula feeding led to a higher ATP turnover. Specific mechanisms and signals involved with neonatal diet-associated differences in liver bioenergetics remain to be elucidated.

Published
2020

6. List of contributors

Author

Abrantes, Margarida, primary, Alves, Raquel, additional, Anugula, Sharath, additional, Aran, Veronica, additional, Badimon, Lina, additional, Barreto, Jorge N., additional, Bartosz, Grzegorz, additional, Borges, Fernanda, additional, Borrás, Consuelo, additional, Botelho, Maria Filomena, additional, Bousquet, Jean, additional, Brehm, António M.D., additional, Brito, Gerly A.C., additional, Bultje, Daan, additional, Cabral, Ana Cristina, additional, Caetano, André, additional, Canhão, Helena, additional, Carreira, Isabel Marques, additional, Carriazo, Ana Maria, additional, Carvalho, Cristina, additional, Carvalho, Eugenia, additional, Castel-Branco, Margarida, additional, Chen, Yaohua, additional, Coelho-Filho, João M., additional, Constâncio, Vera, additional, Correia e Silva, António, additional, Costa, Deiziane V.S., additional, Costa, Elísio, additional, Costa, Inês, additional, Cunha-Oliveira, Teresa, additional, de Carvalho, Paulo, additional, De Luca, Vicenzo, additional, de Natale, Edoardo R., additional, Dias, Jorge, additional, Dias, Ronaldo P., additional, Duarte, Ana I., additional, Farrel, John, additional, Fernandez-Llimos, Fernando, additional, Ferreira, Lino, additional, Ferrucci, Luigi, additional, Figueiredo, Isabel Vitoria, additional, Ford, Jamie K., additional, Franceschi, Claudio, additional, Freitas, Alex A., additional, Furlan de Brito, Maja, additional, Giacomin, Karla C., additional, Girao, Henrique, additional, Gkikas, Ilias, additional, Gomes, Bárbara, additional, Gomes, Rodrigo M., additional, Gonçalves, Ana Cristina, additional, Goulden, Peter, additional, Grant, Marcus, additional, Grilo, Luís F., additional, Guldemond, Nick, additional, Henriques, Jorge, additional, Heringer, Manoela, additional, Illario, Maddalena, additional, Jerónimo, Carmen, additional, Jones, John G., additional, Jorge, Joana, additional, Kabiri, Yaschar, additional, Karkucinska-Wieckowska, Agnieszka, additional, Kelly, George, additional, Kirkland, James L., additional, Kitaeva, Kristina, additional, Kiyasov, Andrey, additional, Korolchuk, Viktor I., additional, Laranjo, Mafalda, additional, LaRocca, Thomas J., additional, Lavrador, Marta, additional, Lebiedzinska-Arciszewska, Magdalena, additional, Li, Zhiquan, additional, Liu, Yuezhong, additional, Lourenço, Alexandre, additional, Ma, Lina, additional, Malva, João O., additional, Martens, Christopher R., additional, Mas-Bargues, Cristina, additional, Matafome, Paulo, additional, Melo, Joana Barbosa, additional, Mendonça, Maria L. Lima, additional, Metaxakis, Athanasios, additional, Middleton, Lefkos T., additional, Moreira, Paula I., additional, Nascimento, Judite M., additional, Neto, Vivaldo M., additional, Oliveira, Paulo J., additional, Ori, Alessandro, additional, Oriá, Reinaldo B., additional, Ozanne, Susan E., additional, Padeiro, Miguel, additional, Padro, Teresa, additional, Palmeira, Carlos M., additional, Pan, Yiming, additional, Paredes, Simão, additional, Passos, João F., additional, Pereira, Edith, additional, Pereira, Francisco B., additional, Pereira, Susana P., additional, Pinton, Paolo, additional, Pires, Joana F., additional, Pires, Salomé, additional, Polidori, M. Cristina, additional, Politis, Marios, additional, Raimundo, Nuno, additional, Ramalho-Santos, João, additional, Rasmussen, Lene Juel, additional, Regateiro, Fernando J., additional, Reis, Dario D., additional, Ribeiro, Caio, additional, Ribeiro, Ilda Patrícia, additional, Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Teresa M., additional, Rizvanov, Albert, additional, Rocha, Teresa, additional, Röhr, Susanne, additional, Rolo, Anabela P., additional, Román-Domínguez, Aurora, additional, Romero-Ortuno, Roman, additional, Rosa, Manuel Santos, additional, Rutland, Catrin, additional, Sadowska-Bartosz, Izabela, additional, Santana, Paula, additional, Santinha, Deolinda, additional, Santos, Marcos, additional, Sarmento Ribeiro, Ana Bela, additional, Semedo, Deisa S.R.C., additional, Sequeira, João, additional, Sierra, Felipe, additional, Silva, Maria Natalina L., additional, Solana, Rafael, additional, Solovyeva, Valeriya, additional, Spínola, Hélder, additional, Tavares, Renata S., additional, Tavernarakis, Nektarios, additional, Tchkonia, Tamar, additional, Theng, Yin-Leng, additional, Traver-Salcedo, Vicente, additional, Udeh-Momoh, Chi, additional, Verma, Rakhi, additional, Victorelli, Stella, additional, Vilaça, Andreia, additional, Vilahur, Gemma, additional, Viña, José, additional, von Zglinicki, Thomas, additional, Wahl, Devin, additional, Werle, Berenice Maria, additional, Wieckowski, Mariusz R., additional, Wilson, Heather, additional, Wissler Gerdes, Erin O., additional, Wozniak, Lucyna A., additional, Zavan, Barbara, additional, Zhu, Yi, additional, and Zischka, Hans, additional

Published
2023
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13. CD8+Treg cells play a role in the obesity-associated insulin resistance

Author

Barbosa, Pedro, Pinho, Aryane, Lazaro, Andre, Rosendo-Silva, Daniela, Paula, Diogo, Campos, Jose, Tralhao, Jose G., Pereira, Maria J., Paiva, Artur, Laranjeira, Paula, Carvalho, Eugenia, Barbosa, Pedro, Pinho, Aryane, Lazaro, Andre, Rosendo-Silva, Daniela, Paula, Diogo, Campos, Jose, Tralhao, Jose G., Pereira, Maria J., Paiva, Artur, Laranjeira, Paula, and Carvalho, Eugenia

Abstract

Obesity-related chronic low-grade inflammation may trigger insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) development. Cells with regulatory phenotype have been shown to be reduced during obesity, especially CD4+ Treg cells. However, little is known about the CD8+ Treg cells. Therefore, we aim to characterize the CD8+ Treg cells in human peripheral blood and adipose tissue, specifically, to address the effect of obesity and insulin resistance in this regulatory immune cell population. A group of 42 participants with obesity (OB group) were recruited. Fourteen of them were evaluated pre-and post-bariatric surgery. A group of age-and sex-matched healthy volunteers (n = 12) was also recruited (nOB group). CD8+ Treg cell quantification and phenotype were evaluated by flow cytometry, in peripheral blood (PB), subcutaneous (SAT), and visceral adipose tissues (VAT). The OB group displayed a higher percentage of CD8+ Treg cells in PB, compared to the nOB. In addition, they were preferentially polarized into Tc1-and Tc1/17-like CD8+ Treg cells, compared to nOB. Moreover, SAT displayed the highest content of CD8+ Tregs infiltrated, compared to PB or VAT, while CD8+ Tregs infiltrating VAT displayed a higher percentage of cells with Tc1-like phenotype. Participants with pre-diabetes displayed a reduced percentage of TIM-3+CD8+ Tregs in circulation, and PD-1+CD8+ Tregs infiltrated in the VAT. An in-crease in the percentage of circulating Tc1-like CD8+ Treg cells expressing PD-1 was observed post-surgery. In conclusion, obesity induces significant alterations in CD8+ Treg cells, affecting their percentage and phenotype, as well as the expression of important immune regulatory molecules.

Published
2024
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14. Bariatric Surgery Induces Alterations in the Immune Profile of Peripheral Blood T Cells

Author

Barbosa, Pedro, Pinho, Aryane, Lazaro, Andre, Paula, Diogo, Tralhao, Jose G., Paiva, Artur, Pereira, Maria J., Carvalho, Eugenia, Laranjeira, Paula, Barbosa, Pedro, Pinho, Aryane, Lazaro, Andre, Paula, Diogo, Tralhao, Jose G., Paiva, Artur, Pereira, Maria J., Carvalho, Eugenia, and Laranjeira, Paula

Abstract

Low-grade inflammation is closely linked to obesity and obesity-related comorbidities; therefore, immune cells have become an important topic in obesity research. Here, we performed a deep phenotypic characterization of circulating T cells in people with obesity, using flow cytometry. Forty-one individuals with obesity (OB) and clinical criteria for bariatric surgery were enrolled in this study. We identified and quantified 44 different circulating T cell subsets and assessed their activation status and the expression of immune-checkpoint molecules, immediately before (T1) and 7-18 months after (T2) the bariatric surgery. Twelve age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (nOB) were also recruited. The OB participants showed higher leukocyte counts and a higher percentage of neutrophils. The percentage of circulating Th1 cells were negatively correlated to HbA1c and insulin levels. OB Th1 cells displayed a higher activation status and lower PD-1 expression. The percentage of Th17 and Th1/17 cells were increased in OB, whereas the CD4+ Tregs' percentage was decreased. Interestingly, a higher proportion of OB CD4+ Tregs were polarized toward Th1- and Th1/17-like cells and expressed higher levels of CCR5. Bariatric surgery induced the recovery of CD4+ Treg cell levels and the expansion and activation of Tfh and B cells. Our results show alterations in the distribution and phenotype of circulating T cells from OB people, including activation markers and immune-checkpoint proteins, demonstrating that different metabolic profiles are associated to distinct immune profiles, and both are modulated by bariatric surgery.

Published
2024
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18. The role of CD20+T cells: Insights in human peripheral blood

Author

Pinho, Aryane Cruz Oliveira, Barbosa, Pedro, Pereira, Maria João, Paiva, Artur, Carvalho, Eugenia, and Laranjeira, Paula

Abstract

CD20+T cells constitute a small subset of T cells. These are found among CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD8+, CD4−CD8−T, and TCRγδ+T cells, and have been poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to characterize peripheral blood (PB) CD20+T cells and compare them to their PB CD20−T cell counterparts. PB from 17 healthy individuals was collected. The distribution of CD20+T cells among maturation‐associated T cells compartments (naïve, central memory, transitional memory, effector memory, and effector T cells), their polarization, activation status, and expression of immune‐regulatory proteins were evaluated by flow cytometry. Their function was also assessed, by measuring IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐17 production. Compared with CD20−T cells, CD20+T cells represent a higher proportion of transitional memory cells. Furthermore, CD20+T cells display a proinflammatory phenotype, characterized by the expansion of Th1, Th1/17, and Tc1 cell subsets , associated to a high expression of activation (CD25) and exhaustion (PD‐1) markers. In addition, the simultaneous production of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐17 was also detected in CD4+CD20+T cells. Our results show that CD20+T cells are phenotypically and functionally different from CD20−T cells, suggesting that these cells are a distinct subset of T cells.

Published
2024
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20. Role of CD20+ T cells in cancer, autoimmunity and obesity.

Author

Oliveira Pinho, Aryane Cruz, Laranjeira, Paula, and Carvalho, Eugenia

Subjects
T cells, CANCER cells, TYPE 2 diabetes
Abstract

Despite the known link between obesity and insulin resistance (IR) to chronic low-grade inflammation, new markers capable of early IR detection are needed. Immune cells are components of adipose tissue's (AT) stromal vascular fraction (SVF) that regulate AT homeostasis. The altered phenotype and function of AT-infiltrating immune cells may contribute to the development and maintenance of local AT inflammation observed under obesity-induced IR conditions. Impaired AT-specific immunometabolic function may influence the whole organism. Therefore, AT-infiltrating immune cells may be important players in the development of obesity-related metabolic complications, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). B and T cells, particularly CD20+ T cells, play important roles in human pathology, such as autoimmune disease and cancer. However, the question remains as to whether CD20+ T cells have an important contribution to the development of obesity-related IR. While circulating CD20+ T cells are mostly of the central memory phenotype (i.e. antigen-experienced T cells with the ability to home to secondary lymphoid organs), tissues-infiltrated CD20+ T cells are predominantly of the effector memory phenotype (i.e. antigen-experienced T cells that preferentially infiltrate peripheral tissues). The latter produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and IL-17, which play a role in obesity-related IR development. This review describes the CD20 molecule and its presence in both B and T cells, shedding light on its ontogeny and function, in health and disease, with emphasis on AT. The link between CD20+ T cell dysregulation, obesity, and IR development supports the role of CD20+ T cells as markers of adipose tissue dysmetabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Real‐time OXPHOS capacity analysis in wounded skin from diabetic mice: A pilot study.

Author

Pinho, Aryane Cruz Oliveira, Santos, Diana, Oliveira, Paulo J., Leal, Ermelindo Carreira, and Carvalho, Eugenia

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) impairs wound healing. The aim was to determine whether DM influences mitochondrial respiration in wounded skin (WS) and non‐wounded skin (NWS), in a pre‐clinical wound healing model of streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes. Methods: Six weeks after diabetes induction, two wounds were created in the back of C57BL/J6 mice. Using high‐resolution respirometry (HRR), oxygen flux was measured, in WS and NWS, using two substrate‐uncoupler‐inhibitor titration protocols, at baseline (day 0), day 3 and 10 post‐wounding, in STZ‐DM and non‐diabetic (NDM) mice. Flux control ratios for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity were calculated. Results: A significant increase in mitochondrial respiration was observed in STZ‐DM skin compared to control skin at baseline. The OXPHOS capacity was decreased in WS under diabetes at day 3 post‐wounding (inflammation phase). However, at day 10 post‐wounding (remodeling phase), the OXPHOS capacity was higher in WS from STZ‐DM compared to NDM mice, and compared to NWS from STZ‐DM mice. A significant relative contribution of pyruvate, malate and glutamate (PMG) oxidation to the OXPHOS capacity was observed in WS compared to NWS from STZ‐DM mice, at day 10, while the relative contribution of fatty acid oxidation to the OXPHOS capacity was higher in NWS. The OXPHOS capacity is altered in WS from STZ‐DM compared to NDM mice across the healing process, and so is the substrate contribution in WS and NWS from STZ‐DM mice, at each time point. Conclusion: HRR may be a sensitive tool to evaluate the underlying mechanisms of tissue repair during wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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41. Drug-induced metabolic alterations in adipose tissue - with an emphasis in epicardial adipose tissue

Author

PINHO,ARYANE C.O., BURGEIRO,ANA, PEREIRA,MARIA JOÃO, and CARVALHO,EUGENIA

Subjects
pharmacological drugs, epicardial adipose tissue, cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic modulation
Abstract

Currently, research on understanding adipose tissue (AT) metabolism has increased significantly. AT is an endocrine organ, that releases proteins, specific metabolites, hormones, micro-RNAs and signaling lipids, all involved in a network of inter-organ communication. Among other effects, AT dysfunction contributes to a proinflammatory and diabetogenic state, from an early stage in the disease development. Overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, which has been linked to the development and progression of high-comorbidity and diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, therapeutic strategies have been devised to modulate the composition of fat stores, including changes in lifestyle and/or pharmacological treatment for weight management or attenuation of cardiometabolic risk factors. As a result, life expectancy has been increasing. However, the population is being overmedicated and secondary adverse effects due to drug usage can be serious. Commonly prescribed drugs for immunosuppression and psychiatric disorders, such as severe depression and anxiety, are known to alter metabolism, particularly, in AT depots. In this review, we discuss important molecular mechanisms in AT, especially in epicardial AT (EAT), that are highly modulated by these drugs, and put forth EAT as a potential therapeutic target for CVD.

Published
2022

49. Mitochondrial physiology: Gnaiger Erich et al ― MitoEAGLE Task Group

Author

Gnaiger, Erich, Aasander Frostner, Eleonor, Abdul Karim, Norwahidah, Abdel-Rahman, Engy Ali, Abumrad, Nada A, Acuna-Castroviejo, Dario, Adiele, Reginald C, Ahn, Bumsoo, Alencar, MB, Ali, Sameh S, Almeida, Angeles, Alton, Lesley, Alves, Marco G, Amati, Francesca, Amoedo, Nivea Dias, Amorim, Ricardo, Anderson, Ethan J, Andreadou, Ioanna, Antunes, Diana, Arago, Marc, Aral, Cenk, Arandarcikaite, Odeta, Arias-Reyes, Christian, Armand, Anne-Sophie, Arnould, Thierry, Avram, Vlad Florian, Axelrod, Christopher L, Bairam, Aida, Bailey, Damian M, Bajpeyi, Sudip, Bajzikova, Martina, Bakker, Barbara M, Barlow, Jonathan, Bardal, Tora, Banni, A, Bastos Sant'Anna Silva, Ana Carolina, Batterson, Philip, Battino, Maurizio, Bazil, Jason, Beard, Daniel A, Beleza, Jorge, Bednarczyk, Piotr, Bello, Fiona, Ben-Shachar, Dorit, Bento Guida, Jose Freitas, Bergdahl, Andreas, Berge, Rolf K, Bergmeister, Lisa, Bernardi, Paolo, Berridge, Michael V, Bettinazzi, Stefano, Bishop, David, Blier, Pierre U, Blindheim, Dan Filip, Boardman, Neoma T, Boetker, Hans Erik, Borchard, Sabine, Boros, Mihaly, Borsheim, Elisabet, Borras, Consuelo, Borutaite, Vilma, Botella, Javier, Bouillaud, Frederic, Bouitbir, Jamal, Boushel, Robert C, Bovard, Josh, Bravo-Sagua, Roberto, Breton, Sophie, Brown, David A, Brown, Guy C, Brown, Robert A, Brozinick, Joseph T, Buettner, Garry R, Burtscher, Johannes, Bustos, Matilde, Calabria, Elisa, Calbet, Jose A, Calzia, Enrico, Cannon, Daniel T, Cano Sanchez, Maria, Canto Alvarez, Carles, Cardinale, D, Cardoso, Luiza Helena Daltro, Carvalho, Eugenia, Casado Pinna, Marta, Cassar, Samantha, Castelo, Maria P, Castilho, Roger F, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque, Joao Paulo, Cecatto, Cristiane, Celen, Murat C, Cervinkova, Zuzana, Chabi, Beatrice, Chakrabarti, Lisa, Chakrabarti, Sasanka, Chaurasia, Bhagirath, Chen, Quan, Chicco, Adam J, Chinopoulos, Christos, Chowdhury, Subir K, Cizmarova, Beata, Clementi, Emilio, Coen, Paul M, Cohen, Bruce H, Coker, Robert H, Collin-Chenot, Anne, Coughlan, Melinda T, Coxito, Petro, Crisostomo, Luis, Crispim, Marcell, Crossland, Hannah, Dahdah, Norma, Dalgaard, Louise T, Dambrova, Maija, Danhelovska, Tereza, Darveau, Charles A, Darwin, Paula M, Das, Anibh M, Dash, Ranjan K, Davidova, Eliska, Davis, Michael S, Dayanidhi, Sudarshan, De Bem, Andreza Fabro, De Goede, Paul, De Palma, Clara, De Pinto, Vito, Dela, F, Dembinska-Kiec, Aldona, Detraux, Damien, Devaux, Yvan, Di Marcello, Marco, Di Paola, Floriana Jessica, Dias, Candida, Dias, Tania R, Diederich, Marc, Distefano, Giovanna, Djafarzadeh, Siamak, Doermann, Niklas, Doerrier, Carolina, Dong, Lan-Feng, Donnelly, Chris, Drahota, Zdenek, Duarte, Filipe Valente, Dubouchaud, Herve, Duchen, Michael R, Dumas, Jean-Francois, Durham, William J, Dymkowska, Dorota, Dyrstad, Sissel E, Dyson, Alex, Dzialowski, Edward M, Eaton, Simon, Ehinger, Johannes, Elmer, Eskil, Endlicher, Rene, Engin, Ayse B, Escames, Germaine, Evinova, Andrea, Ezrova, Zuzana, Falk, Marni Joy, Fell, David A, Ferdinandy, Peter, Ferko, Miroslav, Fernandez-Ortiz, Marisol, Erika, Fernandez-Vizarra, Ferreira, Julio Cesar Batista, Ferreira, Rita, Ferri, Alessandra, Festuccia, WT, Fessel, Joshua P, Filipovska, Aleksandra, Fisar, Zdenek, Fischer, Christine, Fischer, Michael, Fisher, Gordon, Fisher, Joshua J, Fontanesi, Flavia, Forbes-Hernandez, Tamara Y, Ford, Ellen, Fornaro, Mara, Fuertes Agudo, Marina, Fulton, Montana, Galina, Antonio, Galkin, Alexander, Gallee, Leon, Galli, Gina L, Gama Perez, Pau, Gan, Zhenji, Ganetzky, Rebecca, Gao, Yun, Garcia, Geovana S, Garcia-Rivas, Gerardo, Garcia-Roves, Pablo Miguel, Garcia-Souza, Luiz Felipe, Garlid, Keith D, Garrabou, Gloria, Garten, Antje, Gastaldelli, Amalia, Gayen, Jiaur, Genders, Amanda J, Genova, Maria Luisa, Giampieri, Francesca, Glatz, Jan FC, Giovarelli, Matteo, Goikoetxea Usandizaga, Naroa, Goncalo Teixeira da Silva, Rui, Goncalves, Debora Farina, Gonzalez-Armenta, Jenny L, Gonzalez-Francesqua, A, Gonzalez-Freire, Marta, Gonzalo, Hugo, Goodpaster, Bret H, Gorr, Thomas A, Gourlay, Campbell W, Grams, Bente, Granata, Cesare, Grefte, Sander, Grilo, Luis, Guarch, Meritxell Espino, Gueguen, Naig, Gumeni, Sentiljana, Haas, Clarissa B, Haavik, Jan, Hachmo, Yafit, Haendeler, Judith, Haider, Markus, Hajrulahovic, Anesa, Hamann, Andrea, Han, Jin, Han, Woo Hyun, Hancock, Chad R, Hand, Steven C, Handl, Jiri, Hansikova, Hana, Hardee, Justin P, Hargreaves, Ian P, Harper, Mary Ellen, Harrison, David K, Hassan, Hazirah, Hatakova, Zuzana, Hausenloy, Derek J, Heales, Simon JR, Heiestad, Christina, Hellgren, Kim T, Henrique, Alexandrino, Hepple, Russell T, Hernansanz-Agustin, Pablo, Hewakapuge, Sudinna, Hickey, Anthony J, Ho, Dieu Hien, Hoehn, Kyle L, Hoel, Frederik, Holland, Olivia J, Holloway, Graham P, Holzner, Lorenz, Hoppel, Charles L, Hoppeler, H, Hoppel, Florian, Houstek, Josef, Huete-Ortega, Maria, Hyrossova, Petra, Iglesias-Gonzalez, Javier, Indiveri, Cesare, Irving, Brian A, Isola, Raffaella, Iyer, Shilpa, Jackson, Christophe B, Jadiya, Pooja, Jana, Prado Fabian, Jandeleit-Dahm, K, Jang, David H, Jang, Young C, Janowska, Joanna, Jansen, Kirsten, Jansen-Duerr, Pidder, Jansone, Baiba, Jarmuszkiewicz, Wieslawa, Jaskiewicz, Anna, Jaspers, Richard T, Jedlicka, Jan, Jerome, Estaquier, Jespersen, Nichlas R, Jha, Rajan K, Joseph, Vincent, Juhasz, Laszlo, Jurczak, Michael J, Jurk, Diana, Kaambre, Tuuli, Kaczor, Jan J, Kainulainen, Heikki, Kampa, Rafal Pawel, Kandel, Sunil M, Kane, Daniel A, Kapferer, Werner, Kapnick, Senta, Kappler, Lisa, Karabatsiakis, Alexander, Karavaeva, Iuliia, Karkucinska-Wieckowska, Agnieszka, Kaur, Sarbjot, Keijer, Jaap, Keller, Markus A, Keppner, Gloria, Khamoui, Andy V, Kidere, Dita, Kilbaugh, Todd, Kim, Hyoung Kyu, Kim, Julian KS, Kimoloi, Sammy, Klepinin, Aleksandr, Klepinina, Lyudmila, Klingenspor, Martin, Klocker, Helmut, Komlódi, Timea, Kolasa, Iris, Koopman, Werner JH, Kopitar-Jerala, Natasa, Kowaltowski, Alicia J, Kozlov, Andrey V, Krajcova, Adela, Krako Jakovljevic, Nina, Kristal, Bruce S, Krycer, Jamer R, Kuang, Jujiao, Kucera, Otto, Kuka, Janis, Kwak, Hyo Bum, Kwast, Kurt, Kwon, Oh Sung, Laasmaa, Martin, Labieniec-Watala, Magdalena, Lai, Nicola, Lalic, Nebojsa M, Land, John M, Lane, Nick, Laner, Verena, Lanza, Ian R, Laouafa, Sofien, Larsen, Steen, Larsen, Terje S, Lavery, Gareth G, Lazou, Antigone, Ledo, Ana Margarida, Lee, Hong Kyu, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Lehti, Maarit, Lemieux, Helene, Lenaz, Giorgio, Lerfall, Jorgen, Li, Pingan A, Li Puma, Lance, Liang, Liping, Liepins, Edgars, Lin, Chien-Te, Liu, Jiankang, Lopez, Luis C, Lucchinetti, Eliana, Ma, Tao, Macedo, Maria P, Machado, Ivo F, Maciej, Sarah, MacMillan-Crow, Lee Ann, Magalhaes, Jose, Magri, Andrea, Majtnerova, Pavlina, Makarova, Elina, Makrecka-Kuka, Marina, Malik, Afshan N, Marcouiller, Francois, Marechal, Amandine, Markova, Michaela, Markovic, Ivanka, Martin, Daniel S, Martins, Ana Dias, Martins, Joao D, Maseko, Tumisang Edward, Maull, Felicia, Mazat, Jean Pierre, McKenna, Helen T, McKenzie, Matthew, McMillan, Duncan 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Zikova, Alena, Zischka, Hans, Zorzano, Antonio, Zujovic, Tijana, Zurmanova, Jitka, Zvejniece, Liga, Lagarrigue, Sylviane, Munro, Daniel, Pereira, Susana, Laranjinha, Joäo, Hecker, Matthias, Jusic, Amela, Prigione, Alessandro, Sommer, Natascha, Weissig, Volkmar, Guida, Bento, G, John G, Jones, JG, AMS - Tissue Function & Regeneration, AMS - Rehabilitation & Development, Physiology, Mito-Eagle - Evolution-Age-Gender-Lifestyle-Environment (Mito-Eagle), Oroboros Instruments, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Gnaiger Erich, Aasander Frostner Eleonor, Abdul Karim Norwahidah, Abdel-Rahman Engy Ali, Abumrad Nada A, Acuna-Castroviejo Dario, Adiele Reginald C, Ahn Bumsoo, Alencar Mayke Bezerra, Ali Sameh S, Almeida Angeles, Alton Lesley, Alves Marco G, Amati Francesca, Amoedo Nivea Dias, Amorim Ricardo, Anderson Ethan J, Andreadou Ioanna, Antunes Diana, Arago 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Jamie, Wickert Anika, Wieckowski Mariusz R, Wiesner Rudolf J, Williams Caroline M, Winwood-Smith Hugh, Wohlgemuth Stephanie E, Wohlwend Martin, Wolff Jonci Nikolai, Wrutniak-Cabello Chantal, Wuest Rob CI, Yokota Takashi, Zablocki Krzysztof, Zanon Alessandra, Zanou Nadege, Zaugg Kathrin, Zaugg Michael, Zdrazilova Lucie, Zhang Yong, Zhang Yizhu, Zikova Alena, Zischka Hans, Zorzano Antonio, Zujovic Tijana, Zurmanova Jitka, Zvejniece Liga

Subjects
uncoupling, MitoPedia: Respiratory states, SI - The International System of Units, IUPAC, Coupling control, Mitochondrial preparations, Protonmotive force, Uncoupling, Oxidative phosphorylation, Phosphorylation efficiency, Electron transfer-pathway, LEAK-respiration, Residual oxygen consumption, Normalization of rate, Flow, Flux, Flux control ratio, Mitochondrial marker, Cell count, Oxygen, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], coupling control, protonmotive force, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial respiratory control, State 4, electron transfer, State 2, State 3, Mitochondrial physiology, residual oxygen consumption, flux, normalization, ion leak and slip compensatory state, efficiency, electron transfer system, flow, mitochondrial physiology, oxygen, mitochondrial preparations, proton leak
Abstract

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and diseaseexpands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminologyconcerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. Thechemiosmotic theoryestablishes the mechanism of energy transformationandcoupling in oxidative phosphorylation. Theunifying concept of the protonmotive force providestheframeworkfordeveloping a consistent theoretical foundation ofmitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics.We followthe latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC)onterminology inphysical chemistry, extended by considerationsofopen systems and thermodynamicsof irreversible processes.Theconcept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and alignsconcepts and symbols withthe nomenclature of classicalbioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view ofmitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes.Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimatelycontribute BEC 2020.1 doi:10.26124/bec:2020-0001.v1www.bioenergetics-communications.org3of 44to reproducibility between laboratories and thussupport the development of datarepositoriesof mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells.Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery.

Published
2020
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