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Aim: Wild bees still face striking shortfalls in knowledge of biodiversity in key regions of the world. This includes Europe, where despite a long tradition of data gathering, the continental scale distribution patterns of wild bees have not been systematically analysed to date. This study aims to characterise large-scale biodiversity patterns to: (i) understand spatial–temporal heterogeneity in large-scale databases, (ii) locate genuine diversity hotspots and their relationship with biogeographical patterns or habitats of interests and (iii) identify understudied species and areas to further design conservation actions for most at risk species in key regions. Location: Europe. Taxon: Bees. Methods: We present a continental and standardised study of bee taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity patterns in Europe, using a large compilation of occurrence records of nearly three million validated occurrence records for 1515 wild bee species. Results: Southern and eastern Europe suffer from the largest gaps in data availability while northern and western regions benefit from better historical coverage. Our models show that higher wild bee diversity in Europe is hosted in xeric, warm areas, as highlighted by a clear latitudinal gradient. However, phylogenetic diversity is predicted to be more homogenous across Europe than taxonomic diversity, suggesting that policies and strategies targeted to protect species richness may differ from those targeting greater phylogenetic diversity. Main conclusions: This study represents a significant advance in the characterisation of wild bee distribution patterns across Europe and is an important stepping stone towards the design of more targeted survey efforts and conservation actions of this key group of pollinators. This, in turn, will provide the data necessary to improve the spatiotemporal coverage in a context of ongoing and future Europe-wide monitoring schemes, to ultimately develop cost-effective, coordinated and evidence-based co, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

La carte „Les fiefs des comtes de Luxembourg au 13ème siècle“ représente l’essai d’une visualisation cartographique des fiefs actifs des comtes de Luxembourg entre 1200 et 1310. La carte a comme but la visualisation de la présence, le nombre et le type de fiefs., Mit dieser Karte wird der Versuch einer kartographischen Darstellung der aktiven Lehen der Grafen von Luxemburg zwischen 1200 und 1310 unternommen. Die Karte soll Präsenz, Häufigkeit und Art von Lehnsgütern der Grafen von Luxemburg visualisieren., This map is an attempt at a cartographic representation of the active fiefs of the Counts of Luxembourg between 1200 and 1310. The map is intended to visualise the presence, frequency and type of feudal estates of the Counts of Luxembourg.

Urban density is central to urban research and planning and can be defined in numer- ous ways. Most measures of urban density however are biased by arbitrary chosen spatial units at their denominator and ignore the relative location of elementary urban objects within those units. We solve these two problems by proposing a new graph-based density index which we apply to the case of buildings in Belgium. The method includes two main steps. First, a graph-based spatial descending hierarchical clustering (SDHC) delineates clusters of buildings with homogeneous inter-building distances. A Moran scatterplot and a maximum Cook’s distance are used to prune the minimum spanning tree at each iteration of the SDHC. Second, within each clus- ter, the ratio of the number of buildings to the sum of inter-building distances is cal- culated. This density of buildings is thus defined independently of the definition of any basic spatial unit and preserves the built-up topology, i.e. the relative position of buildings. The method is parsimonious in parameters and can easily be transferred to other punctual objects or extended to account for additional attributes.

We argue that there is no one-fits-all “smart city” recipe to address the sustainability and socio-economic challenges of our ever-urbanizing world. If smartness is the ability to deliver useful information to citizens and urban actors in order to adapt their behaviors and policies dynamically and interactively in view of a particular social, economic or environmental objectives, we here suggest that each city should not prioritize the same type of information and infrastructure. Because large cities are often seen as centers of innovation and modernity, it is very tempting for urban investors to propose, and for policy makers to follow these investment paths and develop information systems irrespective of the characteristics and size of the city. This potential mismatch may limit the uptake or the most relevant and useful information needed for a city to develop more sustainably and equally. We suggest that smart cities cannot ignore scaling effects nor the evident deviations to these laws. We hence propose to cross tabulate a smart city typology of infrastructure and information with a set of urban archetypes based on key dimensions of cities, including their spatial forms and extents but also their relative positioning within their regional setting, within the urban hierarchy and within their path-dependent trajectories. We see this cross-tabulation as a first step to anchor (big) data realities and smart city practices in geographic knowledge and urban complexity theory. We advocate that tailor-made smart city policies are necessary to monitor and manage cities given their geodiversity.

Mit dieser Karte wird der Versuch einer kartographischen Darstellung der aktiven Lehen der Grafen von Luxemburg zwischen 1200 und 1310 unternommen. Die Karte wurde im Rahmen der Masterarbeit „Lehnsrecht, Lehnspolitik und Lehnshof der Grafen von Luxemburg im 13. Jahrhundert“ erstellt und soll Präsenz, Häufigkeit und Art von Lehnsgütern der Grafen von Luxemburg visualisieren., La carte „Les fiefs des comtes de Luxembourg au 13ème siècle“ représente l’essai d’une visualisation cartographique des fiefs actifs des comtes de Luxembourg entre 1200 et 1310. La carte a été créée dans le cadre du mémoire de Master « Lehnsrecht, Lehnspolitik und Lehnshof der Grafen von Luxemburg im 13. Jahrhundert » et a comme but la visualisation de la présence, le nombre et le type de fiefs., The map "The fiefs of the counts of Luxembourg in the 13th century" represents an attempt at a cartographic visualisation of the active fiefs of the counts of Luxembourg between 1200 and 1310. The map was created within the framework of the Master thesis "Lehnsrecht, Lehnspolitik und Lehnshof der Grafen von Luxemburg im 13. Jahrhundert" and aims to visualise the presence, number and type of fiefs.

We determine the functional form and scaling law of radial artificial land use profiles in 300 European functional urban areas (FUAs). These profiles, starting from a fully artificial surface in the city center, decrease exponentially, the faster the smaller the city. More precisely, the characteristic decrease distance scales like the square root of total population, meaning that the artificial surface of cities is proportional to their population. This also means that the amount of artificial land per capita is independent of city size, and that larger cities are not more or less parsimonious in terms of land use than smaller ones.

Cet article est un extrait du Rapport sur la situation économique et sociale de la Grande Région 2013/2014 pour le Comité économique et social de la Grande Région (CESGR) (IBA/OIE, 2014, p.3-10). Les cartes montrent la densité de population dans la Grande-Région au 1er janvier 2013, la population en âge de travailler au 1er janvier 2012 ainsi que l'évolution de la population totale 2000-2013 en % (zones d'emploi Lorraine 1999-2011), calculés par l'Observatoire Interrégional du marché de l'emploi OIE., This article is an extract from the Report on the Economic and Social Situation of the Greater Region 2013/2014 for the Economic and Social Committee of the Greater Region (CESGR) (IBA/OIE, 2014, p.3-10). The maps show the population density in the Greater Region on 1 January 2013, the population of working age on 1 January 2012 and the evolution of the total population 2000-2013 in % (Lorraine employment areas 1999-2011), calculated by the Interregional Labour Market Observatory IOE., Dieser Artikel ist ein Auszug aus dem Bericht zur wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Lage der Großregion 2013/2014 für den Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss der Großregion (WSAGR) (IBA/OIE, 2014, S.3-10). Die Karten zeigen die Bevölkerungsdichte in der Großregion am 1. Januar 2013, die Bevölkerung im erwerbsfähigen Alter am 1. Januar 2012 sowie die Entwicklung der Gesamtbevölkerung 2000-2013 in % (Beschäftigungszonen Lothringen 1999-2011), die von der Interregionalen Arbeitsmarktbeobachtungsstelle IBA berechnet wurden.

Cette contribution a pour objet les pratiques du quotidien transfrontalières qu'exercent les habitants de Sarre, de Lorraine, du Luxembourg, de Rhénanie-Palatinat et de Wallonie. Elle traitera divers aspects d'activités non remises en cause et pratiquées régulièrement dans un pays autre que celui de résidence. Il conviendra d'intégrer dans cette analyse la dimension de la mobilité physique régulière dans une perspective transnationale dans la mesure où les pratiques du quotidien transfrontalières représentent des activités routinières associées à un mouvement circulaire (pendulaire) qui s'étend au-delà de territoires nationaux voisins. Dans cette optique, il faut souligner que la Grande Région SaarLorLux connaît déjà des phénomènes de mobilité transfrontaliers prononcés : mobilité dans le contexte d'emploi et dans le contexte de migration résidentielle., This contribution deals with the daily cross-border practices of the inhabitants of Saarland, Lorraine, Luxembourg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Wallonia. It will deal with various aspects of unquestioned activities that are regularly carried out in a country other than the country of residence. The dimension of regular physical mobility in a transnational perspective will have to be integrated into this analysis insofar as cross-border everyday practices represent routine activities associated with a circular (pendular) movement that extends beyond neighbouring national territories. From this point of view, it should be emphasised that the Greater Region SaarLorLux is already experiencing pronounced cross-border mobility phenomena: mobility in the context of employment and in the context of residential migration., Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit grenzüberschreitenden Alltagspraktiken, die von den Einwohnern des Saarlandes, Lothringens, Luxemburgs, Rheinland-Pfalz und Walloniens ausgeübt werden. Er wird verschiedene Aspekte von Aktivitäten behandeln, die nicht in Frage gestellt werden und die regelmäßig in einem anderen Land als dem des Wohnsitzes ausgeübt werden. In diese Analyse sollte die Dimension der regelmäßigen physischen Mobilität aus einer transnationalen Perspektive einbezogen werden, da grenzüberschreitende Alltagspraktiken Routinetätigkeiten darstellen, die mit einer kreisförmigen (Pendel-)Bewegung verbunden sind, die sich über benachbarte nationale Gebiete hinaus erstreckt. In dieser Hinsicht ist zu betonen, dass die Großregion SaarLorLux bereits ausgeprägte grenzüberschreitende Mobilitätsphänomene kennt: Mobilität im Kontext der Beschäftigung und im Kontext der Wohnortmigration.