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The S-R Inventory of Anxiousness has a reliability of .95 but shows only 5% of its variance due to persons (traits). This strange combination of results is explored logically and empirically. A distinction is made between the Inventory as a test and as an experimental design. Some characteristics and problems of the Inventory as an experimental design are examined. These problems suggest that it is unwarranted to include variance from situations and modes of response in the total variance against which the component of variance due to individual differences is evaluated. It is such inclusions that have yielded the result of 5% of variance due to persons. It is concluded that results from the Inventory, when generalized to other omnibus inventories of anxiety, do not have the drastic implications that have been previously claimed.

Three sets of experiments lend support to the hypothesis that there are at least three processes of imagery: (1) figural, in which a quasi-visual or other sensory representation of an object is made; (2) symbolic in which an abstract concepts is illustrated or symbolized by some imaginal representation; and (3) mimetic, in which a human experience is given a complex imaginal representation involving both envisionment and enactment or miming. Two types of scales for measuring stylistic differences in these three, processes are presented in detail. One type of scale is drawn from subjects' ratings of the ease and speed with which images are aroused by concrete, abstract, or personal words respectively. The other type of scale is drawn from subjects' ratings of the vividness of images aroused by various phrases specifically written to tap one or other of the hypothesized imagery processes. Two experiments are described in which the three processes are differentially activated by instructions as well as by type of stimulus material. In both experiments the expected interaction effects (between instructions and type of material) are found with p <.001.

A sample of gang members and a comparison group of club boys are compared on eleven factors from the Objective-Analytic Personality Factor Battery. It is found that gang and club boys differ significantly on five of the personality factors, with club boys being more assertive, more exuberant, and more realistic. The gang boys show more manic smartness and less self-realization. Possible relationships between these variables and type of delinquent behavior are examined. Three factors (assertiveness, alertness, and stolidness) do show significant differences between gang boys engaged in different types of delinquent behavior. However, no simple linear relationships are found between personality factors and delinquent behaviors in gangs. The findings are examined in the light of several hypotheses drawn from theories of personality and of gang delinquency.

A sample of gang members and a Comparison Group of club boys are com- pared with reference to national norms for age, height and weight of juveniles. Possible relationships between these variables and five Behavior Factor Scores are examined. It is found that the gang boys are shorter than club boys at the sub-groups as well as the aggregate level. It is also found that gangs differ among themselves on age, height and weight. These differences are related to differences in behaviors. Furthermore, gangs differ sharply among themselves in regard to the within-gang connections between age, height and weight and behavior. Discussion centers upon group process effects.

In continuity with delinquency area research, the study examined the neighborhood characteristics of 16 delinquent gangs in Chicago, 1960. Compared with city norms, gang neighborhoods were lower on Borgatta-Hadden census tract factors of Sodo-Economic Status and Stable Family; higher on Disorganization-deprivation; not different on the Suburb factor. Measures of gang behavior were taken from the Short-Tennyson-Howard rated behavior factors: Conflict, Stable Corner-Boy, Mature Sex, Retreatist, and Authority Protest. Significant positive correlations were found between the Suburb and the Stable Corner-Boy factors; and between the Socio-Economic Status and Authority Protest factors. These results seem to support two major parts of A. Cohen's theory of delinquent boys.

Measures of structural and dynamic properties of gangs are developed: size, differentiation, primary pattern strength, competing pattern strength, and territorial dispersion; and cohesiveness, uniformity of attitude, and felt effectiveness. Except for size and dispersion, all measures are derived from applications of cluster and factor analysis. Evidence of construct validity is provided. The measurements are then related to mean scores on five factors of behavior for sixteen gangs. It is found that less differentiated gangs engage in more property offenses; gangs with stronger primary pattern engage in more conflict and stable sex behaviors; gangs with greater cohesion engage in less property offenses and conflict behaviors. Discussion centers upon a distinction between behavioral and attitudinal cohesiveness.

Interest strength in 36 attitudes was measured on 89 public school students by means of four indirect behavioral tests. Standard scores on Word Association and Information were combined to give the Integrated (conscious) scores, and those on Selective Memory and Autism were combined to give the Unintegrated (unconscious) scores. Eighteen hypothesized drive factors and four device factors were extracted. The centroid was partitioned, and the Unintegrated portion was rotated by Procrustes for pure drive factors. This portion was projected upon the Integrated realm by reassembling the centroid matrix, and rotating the whole to the Procrustes position obtained for the part. Overall results appeared to support the "structural" rather than the "topographic" approaches t o psychoanalytic theory.