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Abstract Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP) is a surface-based bone lesion belonging to the group of benign chondrogenic tumors. The aim of this review is to familiarize the readers with imaging features and differential diagnosis of BPOP, also addressing pathological presentation and treatment options. The peak of incidence of BPOP is in the third and fourth decades of life, although it can occur at any age. Hands are the most common location of BPOP (55%), followed by feet (15%) and long bones (25%). On imaging, BPOP appears as a well-marginated mass of heterotopic mineralization arising from the periosteal aspect of the bone. Typical features of BPOP are contiguity with the underlying bone and lack of cortico-medullary continuity, although cortical interruption and medullary involvement have been rarely reported. Histologically, BPOP is a benign bone surface lesion characterized by osteocartilaginous proliferation with disorganized admixture of cartilage with bizarre features, bone and spindle cells. Differential diagnosis includes both benign—such as florid reactive periostitis, osteochondroma, subungual exostosis, periosteal chondroma and myositis ossificans—and malignant lesions—such as periosteal chondrosarcoma and surface-based osteosarcoma. Treatment consists of surgical resection. Local recurrences are common and treated with re-excision. Critical relevance statement Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation is a benign mineralized mass arising from the periosteal aspect of bone cortex. Multi-modality imaging characteristics, pathology features and differential diagnosis are here highlighted to familiarize the readers with this entity and offer optimal patient care.

Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP) is a surface-based bone lesion belonging to the group of benign chondrogenic tumors. The aim of this review is to familiarize the readers with imaging features and differential diagnosis of BPOP, also addressing pathological presentation and treatment options. The peak of incidence of BPOP is in the third and fourth decades of life, although it can occur at any age. Hands are the most common location of BPOP (55%), followed by feet (15%) and long bones (25%). On imaging, BPOP appears as a well-marginated mass of heterotopic mineralization arising from the periosteal aspect of the bone. Typical features of BPOP are contiguity with the underlying bone and lack of cortico-medullary continuity, although cortical interruption and medullary involvement have been rarely reported. Histologically, BPOP is a benign bone surface lesion characterized by osteocartilaginous proliferation with disorganized admixture of cartilage with bizarre features, bone and spindle cells. Differential diagnosis includes both benign—such as florid reactive periostitis, osteochondroma, subungual exostosis, periosteal chondroma and myositis ossificans—and malignant lesions—such as periosteal chondrosarcoma and surface-based osteosarcoma. Treatment consists of surgical resection. Local recurrences are common and treated with re-excision. Critical relevance statement Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation is a benign mineralized mass arising from the periosteal aspect of bone cortex. Multi-modality imaging characteristics, pathology features and differential diagnosis are here highlighted to familiarize the readers with this entity and offer optimal patient care. Key points: Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP) is a benign surface-based bone lesion. Hands are the most common location, followed by long bones and feet. BPOP is a mineralized mass arising from the periosteal aspect of bones. Histologically, it is composed of a mixture of cartilage, bone, fibrous tissue. Treatment consists of surgical resection, but local recurrences are common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the association between clinical and radiological features as well as of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH 1,2) mutations with outcome in head and neck chondrosarcomas.Study Design: Retrospective study.Setting: Tertiary referral center.Methods: Clinical, histological, and molecular data of patients with head and neck chondrosarcomas treated by surgery were collected.Results: Forty-six patients were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 56 years (range, 17-78). The tumor originated from the skull base (52.2%), facial bones (28.2%), or laryngotracheal area (19.6%). At last follow-up (median 52.5 months), 38 patients were alive, 30 of which were disease free, whereas 8 had died, 4 of disease progression and 4 of other causes. Fourteen (30.4%) had local recurrence and 2 (4.3%) had lung metastasis. All cases were negative for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, brachyury, and IDH1 at immunohistochemistry, while Sanger sequencing identified IDH1/2 point mutations, typically IDH1 R132C, in 9 (37.5%) tumors arising from the skull base. Margin infiltration on the surgical specimen negatively affected the outcome, whereas no correlation was identified with IDH mutation status.Conclusions: An adequate margin positively affects survival. IDH mutation status does not affect patient outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraskeletal chondroma is defined as a rare, benign, cartilaginous tumor arising from soft tissues such as tendons, tendon sheath synovia, and joint capsules with no continuity to the periosteum or bone cortex. In histopathologic findings, the tumor exhibits many lobular structures and some parts similar to hyaline cartilage. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate this tumor from low-grade chondrosarcoma because of their similar histopathologic findings. In order to prevent recurrence, it is necessary to remove the tumor as a whole, including the capsule, so as not to leave any remnants of the tumor. In this article, we report our treatment experience with a case of extraskeletal chondroma in the index finger of a 63-year-old patient.

Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a benign cartilaginous tumour which involves mainly the long bones and proximal tibia being common. CMF of foot and phalanx is very rare. Various treatment options are available for this tumour and recurrences have been reported following surgery. 24 year old male was treated with curettage and bone grafting for chondromyxoid fibroma of great toe 8 years back. 6 years later, he presented with local recurrence of tumour with extensive soft tissue involvement. He was treated with amputation of great toe. After two years follow up, patient was symptom free.

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MC) is a rare malignant tumor that represents <3% of all chondrosarcomas. Herein, we describe extraskeletal MC involving the mediastinum in a 24-year-old gentleman with a rare phenomenon of adrenal metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondrosarcoma is a rare malignant cartilaginous tumor of the head and neck region. It is a slow-growing tumor and is mostly detected in the anterior maxilla and the base of the skull. We report a case of "Grade II Chondrosarcoma" of the posterior right side of the palate invading maxillary sinus and perforating the floor of the orbit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the case of a 60-year-old man with a 12-day history of vomiting whenever he had a meal. Computed tomography revealed a calcified mass in the right cricoid cartilage with intraluminal and extraluminal extension. The patient underwent surgical resection of the trachea with end-to-end anastomosis. Pathological examination of the surgical specimen showed a low-grade chondrosarcoma. Eighteen months after surgery, the patient is alive and disease-free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraskeletal chondroma is defined as a rare, benign, cartilaginous tumor arising from soft tissues such as tendons, tendon sheath synovia, and joint capsules with no continuity to the periosteum or bone cortex. In histopathologic findings, the tumor exhibits many lobular structures and some parts similar to hyaline cartilage. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate this tumor from low-grade chondrosarcoma because of their similar histopathologic findings. In order to prevent recurrence, it is necessary to remove the tumor as a whole, including the capsule, so as not to leave any remnants of the tumor. In this article, we report our treatment experience with a case of extraskeletal chondroma in the index finger of a 63- year-old patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives/hypothesis: Laryngeal chondrosarcomas are rare entities that arise from the cartilaginous structures of the larynx, including the cricoid, thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages. These tumors represent a minority of malignancies involving the larynx and can be mistaken for benign pathologies. The treatment has historically been surgical excision, often by total laryngectomy. This review investigates treatment modalities and patient outcomes.Study Design: Systematic review using PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE database.Methods: The databases were used to identify articles reporting cases of chondrosarcomas occurring exclusively in the larynx. Variables analyzed included patient demographics, presenting symptoms, grade, therapeutic approach, patient outcomes, and follow-up.Results: Five hundred and ninety-two cases were identified. The average age reported was 62.5 years. There was a 3:1 male to female ratio. The most common surgical approach was local excision in 178 cases, followed by total laryngectomy in 174 cases. Nonsurgical treatment such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy was only used in 0.8% and 0.2%, respectively. Disease-specific survival rates for 1, 5, 10, and 20 years were 97.7%, 91.4%, 81.8%, and 68.0%, respectively, with no differences when comparing 5-year survival rates for location, grade, and therapy.Conclusion: Laryngeal chondrosarcomas are rare with a good prognosis. Various surgical approaches exist, with no difference noted in 5-year survival outcomes. Nonsurgical approaches were rarely used for these lesions.Level Of Evidence: N/A. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:430-439, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a benign cartilaginous tumour which involves mainly the long bones and proximal tibia being common. CMF of foot and phalanx is very rare. Various treatment options are available for this tumour and recurrences have been reported following surgery. 24 year old male was treated with curettage and bone grafting for chondromyxoid fibroma of great toe 8 years back. 6 years later, he presented with local recurrence of tumour with extensive soft tissue involvement. He was treated with amputation of great toe. After two years follow up, patient was symptom free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postcurettage void augmentation in the management of hand enchondroma is a debated practice. The objectives of this study are to present the outcomes of hand enchondroma treatment by curettage without void augmentation at the authors' institution and to systematically review the literature pertinent to this aspect of management. Methods: Initially, a retrospective case series of patients treated for hand enchondroma at the authors' institution was conducted to assess postoperative complications and radiographic consolidation. All patients were treated by curettage without void augmentation. Next, a systematic review was conducted. Postcurettage void management was categorized into four groups: (1) curettage alone, (2) curettage followed by augmentation with cancellous autograft, (3) curettage followed by augmentation with bioactive and osteoconductive materials other than autograft, and (4) curettage followed by augmentation with bone cements. Complication and recurrence rates were compared. Results: The authors' series was composed of 24 patients with 26 lesions. The mean age was 38.9 years (range 14-61), and the mean follow-up was 26 months (range 3-120). There was one recurrence but no postoperative fractures or nonunions. As for the systematic review, a total of 22 studies involving 591 patients and 609 lesions were assessed. Complications occurred at an incidence of 0.7 % following curettage alone, 3.5 % following autograft, 0 % following augmentation with bioactive/osteoconductive materials, and 2.0 % following cement augmentation. No statistical differences were noted for complication or recurrence rates. Conclusions: Simple curettage is an effective and inexpensive technique that does not lead to increased complication rates in the treatment of most hand enchondromas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondrosarcoma represents approximately 11 % of all primary malignant bone tumors. It is the second most common sarcoma arising in bone after osteosarcoma. Chondrosarcomas of the head and neck are rare and may involve the sinonasal tract, jaws, larynx or skull base. Depending on the anatomical location, the tumor can produce a variety of symptoms. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the preferred imaging modalities. The histology of conventional chondrosarcoma is relatively straightforward; major challenges are the distinction between grade I chondrosarcomas and chondromas, and the differential diagnosis with chondroblastic osteosarcoma and chondroid chordoma. Surgery alone or followed by adjuvant radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. Radiotherapy alone has also been reported to be effective and can be considered if mutilating radical surgery is the only curative alternative. The 5-year survival for chondrosarcoma reaches 80 %; distant metastases and/or local recurrences significantly worsen prognosis. The present review aims to summarize the current state of information about the biology, diagnosis and management of these rare tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlabelled: Introduction: Intracranial chondromas are rare benign tumors with an incidence of 0.2% to 0.3% of all intracranial tumors. This is the first case of an intracranial chondroma reported from Pakistan.Case Presentation: We report a case of a 23-year-old Asian man presenting with intracerebral chondroma of the left frontal lobe, which was eroding the dura matter. The intracranial chondroma was completely removed by surgery.Conclusion: Intracranial chondromas are rare benign cartilaginous tumors. Through this case presentation we have discussed the diagnostic procedures, radiological and pathological findings. The purpose of presenting such a rare case is to develop awareness among clinicians and medical students and to highlight the requirement of immediate actions to ensure proper management of such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare cartilaginous malignant tumor that shows very fast progression clinically and has very high local recurrence and distant metastasis rates. The most common locations are the bladder, brain, meninges, mediastinum, and thigh. In this case report, we present the clinical features and treatment of a thigh-localized slow-growing, painful tumor diagnosed as extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma in a 22-year-old male, and we discuss the general characteristics of the tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracheal chondrosarcomas are rare, with only 14 cases previously documented. We report a case of chondrosarcoma of the trachea and review other published cases. Our patient was a 34-year-old man who began to feel shortness of breath 8 months after initial hemoptysis. Transverse and coronal computed tomography demonstrated a tumor that was obstructing nearly 80% of the tracheal lumen at the thoracic inlet. A bronchoscopic biopsy specimen led to an initial diagnosis of chondroma. Five tracheal rings from the third to the seventh including the tumor were completely resected, and an end-to-end anastomosis was performed. The histological diagnosis of the surgical specimen showed it to be a chondrosarcoma. The patient was alive without recurrence at 6 years 4 months after surgery. Because recurrence after incomplete resection and malignant transformation can occur with chondromas, radical resection of the trachea is recommended for all cartilaginous tumors of the trachea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondromyxoid fibroma is an uncommon benign cartilaginous tumor accounting for less than 1% of all bone tumors. The classic site of involvement is the metaphyseal region of long tubular bones, usually presenting in the second to third decades of life with nonspecific pain and swelling of the affected part. This case is an interesting incidental finding in a juvenile hallux abductovalgus deformity with no prodrome, eccentrically located in the diaphysis of the first metatarsal. Early detection and complete surgical resection are valuable in preventing recurrence in the affected bone. ACFAS Level of Clinical Evidence: 4. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Condroblastoma benigno é tumor ósseo raro, tendo como origem células cartilagíneas. Classicamente este tumor acomete regiões epifisárias de ossos longos, sendo incomum o envolvimento de ossos do crânio, principalmente o osso occipital. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com 16 anos de idade, com o diagnóstico de condroblastoma benigno do osso occipital e discutimos os principais aspectos deste tumor.Benign chondroblastoma is a rare bone tumor of immature cartilage cell derivation. This lesion classically occur at the ends of long bones in young persons. Chondroblastoma arising from the occipital bone is extremely rare. We report the case of a 16 year old girl with a benign condroblastoma in the occipital bone, and discuss the clinical, radiological and treatment aspects of this tumor.

Introduction: Chondrosarcoma of the talus is one of the rare causes of ankle pain. Often this pain is neglected by the patients. Hence, the presentation is late. A rare occurrence, lack of clinical familiarity, and resemblance to enchondroma make the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma difficult., Case Report: We present a case of chondrosarcoma of talus in a 42-year-old female, which is an uncommon site of occurrence. In the presence of non-classical radiologic and histologic findings, the patient was treated with below-knee amputation. At present, the patient is disease-free and walking with a prosthesis., Conclusion: Talus is an infrequent site for chondrosarcoma. When affected, it presents as vague ankle pain. A patient can be underdiagnosed as there are no clear radiological and histological guidelines to differentiate between benign and low-grade cartilaginous tumors such as enchondroma and low-grade chondrosarcoma. Histologically proven benign lesions must be followed for a long time in suspicion of malignancy. The treatment of chondrosarcoma of the talus can vary from local wide excision to below-knee amputation, depending on the grade of malignancy., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: Nil, (Copyright: © Indian Orthopaedic Research Group.)

A cartilaginous tumor derived from a human osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible has been maintained by serial passage to nude mice. Tumor growth was multi-lobular. Radiopaque spots were seen scattered throughout the tumor at three months after transplantation. Both light and electron microscopic examination at three months revealed that the tumor contained cartilaginous cells at various stages of differentiation. There was metachromasia throughout tumor lobules except in the marginal region. Von Kossa staining was positive in the central region. Ultrastructural study identified four subtypes of chondrocytic cells of a neoplastic nature. In the extracellular matrix around hypertrophic cells, matrix vesicles were observed with mineral deposits. Alkaline phosphatase was found on the plasma membrane and Golgi complexes of hypertrophic cells, and on matrix vesicles. Thus cell lineage and the manner of calcification of the transplanted tumor were similar to those of epiphyseal growth cartilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of machine learning for discrimination between low-grade and high-grade cartilaginous bone tumors based on radiomic parameters extracted from unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 58 patients with histologically-proven low-grade/atypical cartilaginous tumor of the appendicular skeleton (n = 26) or higher-grade chondrosarcoma (n = 32, including 16 appendicular and 16 axial lesions). They were randomly divided into training (n = 42) and test (n = 16) groups for model tuning and testing, respectively. All tumors were manually segmented on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images by drawing bidimensional regions of interest, which were used for first order and texture feature extraction. A Random Forest wrapper was employed for feature selection. The resulting dataset was used to train a locally weighted ensemble classifier (AdaboostM1). Its performance was assessed via 10-fold cross-validation on the training data and then on the previously unseen test set. Thereafter, an experienced musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to histological and radiomic data qualitatively evaluated the cartilaginous tumors in the test group.Results: After feature selection, the dataset was reduced to 4 features extracted from T1-weighted images. AdaboostM1 correctly classified 85.7 % and 75 % of the lesions in the training and test groups, respectively. The corresponding areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.85 and 0.78. The radiologist correctly graded 81.3 % of the lesions. There was no significant difference in performance between the radiologist and machine learning classifier (P = 0.453).Conclusions: Our machine learning approach showed good diagnostic performance for classification of low-to-high grade cartilaginous bone tumors and could prove a valuable aid in preoperative tumor characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]