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Objective: The aim of the study was to develop an app to improve patients' adherence to therapy for osteoporosis and to test its usability., Methods: In Phase I, the app functions needed to improve medication adherence were identified through a focus group with six patients with osteoporosis and a joint interview with two bone specialists. The app prototype was then developed (Phase II) and refined after its feasibility testing (Phase III) for 13-25 days by eight patients. Finally, the app underwent usability testing (Phase IV) for 6 months by nine other patients. The mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) was used to collect the assessment of the app by the 17 patients., Results: The final version of the app provided information on osteoporosis, allowed patients to contact the bone specialist for an additional consultation, and generated a reminder for taking medications accompanied by feedback on adherence. The assessment of the app was positive but evaluations differed between the feasibility and usability testing, with the former displaying a significantly ( p  ≤ .05) better assessment across all MAUQ items., Conclusions: In this study, we tested an app for improving adherence to medical therapies in patients with osteoporosis. The usability testing revealed a lower "patient-centered" performance of the app as compared to that observed during the feasibility phase. Future developments of the study include increasing the testing cohort and adding a technical support during the usability testing., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, teleconsultations (TCs) have become common practice for many chronic conditions, including osteoporosis. While satisfaction with TCs among patients increases in times of emergency, we have little knowledge of whether the acceptability of TCs persists once in-person visits return to being a feasible and safe option. In this study, we assess the acceptability of TCs across five dimensions for osteoporosis care among patients who started or continued with TCs after the COVID-19 pandemic had waned. We then explore the patient characteristics associated with these perceptions., Methods: Between January and April 2022, 80 osteoporotic patients treated at the Humanitas Hospital in Milan, Italy, were recruited to answer an online questionnaire about the acceptability of TCs for their care. The acceptability of TCs was measured using a modified version of the Service User Technology Acceptability Questionnaire (SUTAQ), which identifies five domains of acceptability: perceived benefits, satisfaction, substitution, privacy and discomfort, and care personnel concerns. Multivariable ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression analysis was performed to assess which patient characteristics in terms of demographics, socio-economic conditions, digital skills, social support, clinical characteristics and pattern of TC use were correlated with the five domains of acceptability measured through the SUTAQ., Results: The degree of acceptability of TCs was overall good across the 80 respondents and the five domains. Some heterogeneity in perceptions emerged with respect to TCs substituting for in-person visits, negatively impacting continuity of care and reducing the length of consultations. For the most part, acceptability was not affected by patient characteristics with a few exceptions related to treatment time and familiarity with the TC service modality (i.e., length of osteoporosis treatment and number of TCs experienced by the patient)., Conclusions: TCs appear to be an acceptable option for osteoporosis care in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study suggests that other characteristics besides age, digital skills and social support, which are traditionally relevant to TC acceptability, should be taken into account in order to better target this care delivery modality., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Bone-active drugs are recommended to protect the skeleton from detrimental actions of aromatase inhibitors (AIs). However, most of literature data are focused on bone mineral density (BMD), whereas data on fractures are scant. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the real-life effectiveness of denosumab, oral bisphosphonates (BPs) and intravenous zoledronate on risk of vertebral fractures (VFs) induced by AIs. 567 consecutive women (median age 62 years, range 28-83) with early breast cancer undergoing treatment with AIs were evaluated for morphometric VFs and BMD at baseline and after 18-24 months of follow-up. After enrollment, 268 women (47.3%) started denosumab 60 mg subcutaneously every 6 months, 115 (20.3%) BPs (59 with oral BPs and, 56 with intravenous zoledronate 5 mg/12 months), whereas 184 women (32.5%) were not treated with bone-active drugs for several reasons. During follow-up, 54 women (9.5%) developed incident VFs in association with age of subjects (P < 0.001), baseline FRAX scores for major fractures (P < 0.001) and hip fractures (P = 0.003), pre-existing VFs (P < 0.001), change in BMD at lumbar spine (P = 0.015), femoral neck (P = 0.003) and total hip (P < 0.001). Risk of VFs was higher in subjects who were untreated as compared to those treated with bone-active drugs (32/184 vs. 22/383; P < 0.001). Specifically, fracture risk was significantly decreased by denosumab [odds ratio (OR) 0.22; P < 0.001] and zoledronate (OR 0.27; P = 0.035), but not by oral BPs (P = 0.317). These data suggest that in real-world clinical practice, denosumab and zoledronate can reduce AI-related risk of VFs after only 24 months of treatment., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Derangement of pituitary hormone axes can induce changes in bone remodeling and metabolism with possible alterations in bone microarchitectural structure and increased susceptibility to fractures. Vertebral fractures (VFs), which are a hallmark of skeletal fragility, have been described in a very large number of patients with pituitary diseases. These fractures are clinically relevant, since they predispose to further fractures and may negatively impact on patients' quality of life. However, the management of skeletal fragility and VFs in the specific setting of pituitary diseases is a challenge, since the awareness for this disease is still low, prediction of VFs is uncertain, the diagnosis of VFs cannot be solely based on a clinical approach and also needs a radiological and morphometric approach, the risk of fractures may not be decreased via treatment of pituitary hormone disorders, and the effectiveness of bone-active drugs in this setting is not always evidence-based. This review is an update on skeletal fragility in patients with pituitary diseases, with a focus on clinical and therapeutic aspects concerning the management of VFs., (© 2021. Hellenic Endocrine Society.)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown occurred in Italy from March 9th to May 18th, 2020 on anthropometric parameters and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)., Methods: One hundred twenty-eight consecutive patients with T2DM (median age 70 years, 74 males) were retrospectively evaluated at the end of the lockdown period. Data on metabolic control were collected at different time: within three months before the lockdown (visit 0) and within the first six weeks after it (visit 1)., Results: During the lockdown, a significant increase in body weight (from 79.7 ± 18.7 kg to 81.4 ± 19.4 kg, p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI, from 29.5 ± 6 kg/m 2 to 30.1 ± 6.3 kg/m 2 , p < 0.001), waist circumference (from 103.8 ± 13 cm to 105 ± 13.6 cm, p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (FPG; from 138.1 ± 29.4 mg/dL to 146.6 ± 36.4 mg/dL) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; from 7 ± 0.8 to 7.3 ± 0.9%, p < 0.001) was observed. Weight gain was directly associated with HbA1c increase (β 0.085, C.I. 95% 0.05-0.121; p < 0.001) while insulin therapy resulted to be the only significant independent predictor of HbA1c worsening at the multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR 2.40, C.I. 1.06-5.45; p = 0.035)., Conclusions: The lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on body weight and glucose control in T2DM patients, in particular in those on insulin treatment. This finding provides a further rationale to optimize the diabetes management during eventually new period of home confinement.

Objective: Diabetes may unfavorably influence the outcome of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), but the determinants of this effect are still poorly understood. In this monocentric study, we aimed at evaluating the impact of type 2 diabetes, comorbidities, plasma glucose levels, and antidiabetes medications on the survival of COVID-19 patients., Research Design and Methods: This was a case series involving 387 COVID-19 patients admitted to a single center in the region of Lombardy, the epicenter of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic in Italy, between 20 February and 9 April 2020. Medical history, pharmacological treatments, laboratory findings, and clinical outcomes of patients without diabetes and patients with type 2 diabetes were compared. Cox proportional hazards analysis was applied to investigate risk factors associated with mortality., Results: Our samples included 90 patients (23.3%) with type 2 diabetes, who displayed double the mortality rate of subjects without diabetes (42.3% vs. 21.7%, P < 0.001). In spite of this, after correction for age and sex, risk of mortality was significantly associated with a history of hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.84, 95% CI 1.15-2.95; P = 0.011), coronary artery disease (aHR 1.56, 95% CI 1.04-2.35; P = 0.031), chronic kidney disease (aHR 2.07, 95% CI 1.27-3.38; P = 0.003), stroke (aHR 2.09, 95% CI 1.23-3.55; P = 0.006), and cancer (aHR 1.57, 95% CI 1.08-2.42; P = 0.04) but not with type 2 diabetes ( P = 0.170). In patients with diabetes, elevated plasma glucose (aHR 1.22, 95% CI 1.04-1.44, per mmol/L; P = 0.015) and IL-6 levels at admission (aHR 2.47, 95% CI 1.28-4.78, per 1-SD increase; P = 0.007) as well as treatment with insulin (aHR 3.05, 95% CI 1.57-5.95; P = 0.001) and β-blockers (aHR 3.20, 95% CI 1.50-6.60; P = 0.001) were independently associated with increased mortality, whereas the use of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors was significantly and independently associated with a lower risk of mortality (aHR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02-0.92; P = 0.042)., Conclusions: Plasma glucose levels at admission and antidiabetes drugs may influence the survival of COVID-19 patients affected by type 2 diabetes., (© 2020 by the American Diabetes Association.)

TNM 8th edition introduces changes in the staging of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). This study aims at assessing the value of TNM 8th edition in predicting response to therapy and structural recurrence of DTC. Four hundred and eighty DTC patients were retrospectively evaluated by 7th and 8th editions of TNM staging system in relationship with risk stratification, response to therapy and recurrence of disease as defined by 2015 ATA guidelines. As compared to the 7th edition, TNM 8th led to downstage 136 patients (28.3%), with 97.5% of patients falling into lower stages (I-II) and only 2.5% remaining in higher stages (III-IV) (P < 0.001). Patients who were downstaged in stages I-II by TNM 8th were classified more frequently at intermediate-high risk (P < 0.001), had more frequently structural incomplete response to therapy (P = 0.009) and had higher risk of structural recurrence (P = 0.002) as compared to patients who were in the same TNM stages but were not downstaged. Specifically, the risk of structural recurrence was significantly higher in patients in whom the downstaging was induced by changes in tumour classification (hazard ratio (HR) 6.18, 95% CI 2.20-17.40; P = 0.001) but not in those who were downstaged for the increase in age cut-off (HR 2.80, 95% CI 0.86-9.19; P = 0.09). In conclusion, TNM 8th edition did not show reliability in predicting aggressiveness of DTC. In fact, the downstaging of DTC patients especially when performed due to changes in tumour classification may overlook patients predisposed to structural recurrence, potentially causing uncertainty in the therapeutic decision-making at the time of disease's diagnosis.