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Objective To develop a method to assess the cost of extending the duration of maternity leave for formally-employed women at the national level and apply it in Brazil, Ghana and Mexico. Methods We adapted a World Bank costing method into a five-step method to estimate the costs of extending the length of maternity leave mandates. Our method used the unit cost of maternity leave based on working women's weekly wages; the number of additional weeks of maternity leave to be analysed for a given year; and the weighted population of women of reproductive and legal working age in a given country in that year. We weighted the population by the probability of having a baby that year among women in formal employment, according to individual characteristics. We applied nationally representative cross-sectional data from fertility, employment and population surveys to estimate the costs of maternity leave for mothers employed in the formal sector in Brazil, Ghana and Mexico for periods from 12 weeks up to 26 weeks, the WHO target for exclusive breastfeeding. Findings We estimated that 640 742 women in Brazil, 33 869 in Ghana and 288 655 in Mexico would require formal maternity leave annually. The median weekly cost of extending maternity leave for formally working women was purchasing power parity international dollars (PPP$) 195.07 per woman in Brazil, PPP$ 109.68 in Ghana and PPP$ 168.83 in Mexico. Conclusion Our costing method could facilitate evidence-based policy decisions across countries to improve maternity protection benefits and support breastfeeding. [phrase omitted] [phrase omitted] Objectif Developper une methode permettant de calculer le cout d'une prolongation du conge de maternite pour les femmes officiellement employees au niveau national et l'appliquer au Bresil, au Ghana et au Mexique. Methodes Nous avons adapte une methode de calcul des couts empruntee a la Banque mondiale et l'avons divisee en cinq etapes afin d'estimer le cout d'un allongement de la duree du conge de maternite. Notre methode a utilise le prix unitaire d'un conge de maternite en s'appuyant sur le revenu hebdomadaire moyen des femmes; le nombre de semaines de conge supplementaires a analyser pour une annee donnee; et la population ponderee de femmes en age de travailler et de procreer dans un pays donne durant cette annee. Nous avons pondere la population en fonction de la probabilite d'avoir un enfant cette annee-la chez les femmes occupant un emploi officiel, selon des caracteristiques individuelles. Nous avons eu recours a des donnees transversales representatives a l'echelle nationale issues d'enquetes sur la fertilite, l'emploi et la population afin de determiner le cout du conge de maternite des meres travaillant dans le secteur officiel au Bresil, au Ghana et au Mexique. Et ce, sur des periodes comprises entre 12 et 26 semaines, qui correspondent a la duree d'allaitement exclusif recommandee par l'OMS. Resultats Nous estimons que chaque annee, 640 742 femmes au Bresil, 33 869 femmes au Ghana et 288 655 au Mexique auraient besoin d'un conge de maternite officiel. Le cout hebdomadaire moyen d'un allongement du conge de maternite pour les femmes officiellement employees, exprime en dollars internationaux a parite de pouvoir d'achat ($PPA), est de 195,07 $PPA par femme au Bresil, 109,68 $PPA au Ghana et 168,83 $PPA au Mexique. Conclusion Notre methode de calcul des couts pourrait faciliter les decisions politiques fondees sur des donnees probantes dans les differents pays, afin d'ameliorer les avantages lies a la protection de la maternite et de favoriser l'allaitement. [phrase omitted] Objetivo Elaborar un metodo para evaluar el costo que supone ampliar la duracion de la licencia de maternidad de las mujeres empleadas oficialmente a nivel nacional con el fin de aplicarlo en Brasil, Ghana y Mexico. Metodos Se adapto un metodo de calculo de costos del Banco Mundial a un metodo de cinco pasos para estimar los costos relacionados con la ampliacion de la duracion de los mandatos de licencia de maternidad. El metodo utilizo el costo unitario de la licencia de maternidad basado en los salarios semanales de las trabajadoras; el numero de semanas adicionales de licencia de maternidad que se debian analizar para un ano determinado; y la poblacion ponderada de mujeres en edad de procrear y de trabajar legalmente en un pais determinado en ese ano. Se pondero la poblacion por la probabilidad de tener un hijo ese ano entre las mujeres con empleo formal, segun las caracteristicas individuales. Ademas, se aplicaron datos transversales representativos a nivel nacional que se obtuvieron de las encuestas de fertilidad, empleo y poblacion para estimar los costos de la licencia de maternidad de las madres empleadas en el sector formal de Brasil, Ghana y Mexico por periodos de 12 a 26 semanas, que es el objetivo de la OMS para la lactancia materna exclusiva. Resultados Se estimo que 640 742 mujeres en Brasil, 33 869 en Ghana y 288 655 en Mexico requeririan anualmente una licencia de maternidad formal. El costo semanal medio de la ampliacion de la licencia de maternidad para las mujeres que trabajan oficialmente fue de 195, 07 dolares internacionales de paridad del poder adquisitivo ($PPA) por mujer en Brasil, 109,68 $PPA en Ghana y 168,83 $PPA en Mexico. Conclusion Este metodo de calculo de costos podria facilitar la toma de decisiones sobre politica basadas en pruebas para mejorar las prestaciones de proteccion de la maternidad y apoyar la lactancia materna en todos los paises., Introduction Creating an enabling environment for women to successfully breastfeed has wide-reaching health, economic and environmental benefits. (1, 2) Improving breastfeeding outcomes globally could prevent an estimated 823 000 child [...]

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Operationalizes the definition of co-construction in college-community partnerships, reviewing literature on related constructs and presenting a rationalization in order to maximize the schooling experience and outcomes for all key stakeholders. Presents challenges to co-construction and strategies for successful implementation outcomes, offering a paradigm of key leverage areas for co-construction with examples from field sites. (SM)

Examines data from University of California Berkeley minority alumni who considered themselves affirmative action students, investigating themes from alumni interviews that addressed their academic experiences, factors influencing success, and perceptions of affirmative action's impact. Respondents believed that affirmative action worked, and its eradication would deplete the ethnic richness of campus communities, their knowledge bases, and their sense of reality. (SM)

Objective: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric condition characterised by a pervasive pattern of impulsivity, low self-image, and interpersonal conflicts. Previous findings indicate a mixed relationship between BPD and social cognition; little research as investigated whether BPD traits influence performance on specific elements of social cognitive tasks, i.e., positive/negative valence. Method: Community-based typical controls (n = 151; 51% female) were recruited through an online survey. Participants completed aspects of the Personality Assessment Inventory pertaining to BPD traits, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and measures of both emotion recognition and mentalising. Results: Following group stratification into high/low BPD traits, participants with high BPD traits were observed to perform significantly better when identifying negative valence stimuli. Furthermore, high levels of affect instability was found to significantly influence negative valence recognition. Conclusion: This research highlights previous research which shows a paradox between higher performance on measures of social cognition, with a group of individuals who report significant interpersonal and relational difficulties. This research supports the assessment of social cognitive processes for people with BPD and/or high BPD traits to support clinical formulation of strengths and difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]