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International audience; IntroductionSeveral authors have proposed combined omalizumab and allergen immunotherapy (AIT) in patients suffering from severe allergic asthma to both increase disease control and decrease the severity through targeting the main allergen responsible for the respiratory symptoms.ObservationIn a female pediatric patient suffering from severe asthma, followed-up at the University Hospital of Montpellier (France), we prescribed an AIT to Alternaria after obtaining symptom control with omalizumab. The patient showed an overall improvement in symptoms after AIT was administered and the disease remained controlled long after cessation of omalizumab.ConclusionsThere are only a few publications evaluating the efficacy of the association of these two biotherapies in the management of severe allergic asthma. In addition there is, as yet, no common protocol for the administration of the two prescriptions. This approach to treatment would benefit from standardization in order to optimize the management of severe allergic asthma.; IntroductionPlusieurs auteurs ont proposé d’associer l’omalizumab et l’immunothérapie allergénique (ITA) chez les patients asthmatiques allergiques sévères pour améliorer le contrôle et réduire la sévérité de l’asthme en ciblant l’allergène majeur responsable des symptômes respiratoires.ObservationChez une patiente pédiatrique avec un asthme sévère, suivie au CHU de Montpellier, une ITA à Alternaria a été démarrée après avoir contrôlé les symptômes par omalizumab. La patiente a montré une amélioration globale des symptômes depuis la mise en place de l’ITA et une persistance du contrôle de la maladie après l’arrêt de l’omalizumab.ConclusionsPeu de publications ont évalué l’efficacité de l’association de ces deux biothérapies pour la gestion des patients présentant un asthme sévère. En outre, il n’y a pas de protocole uniforme parmi les différentes publications. Une telle approche devrait pouvoir bénéficier d’une standardisation afin d’optimiser le traitement de l’asthme allergique sévère.

Much evidence indicates that recognition memory involves two separable processes, recollection and familiarity discrimination, with familiarity discrimination being dependent on the perirhinal cortex of the temporal lobe. Here, we describe a new neural network model designed to mimic the response patterns of perirhinal neurons that signal information concerning the novelty or familiarity of stimuli. The model achieves very fast and accurate familiarity discrimination while employing biologically plausible parameters and Hebbian learning rules. The fact that the activity patterns of the model's simulated neurons are closely similar to those of neurons recorded from the primate perirhinal cortex indicates that this brain region could discriminate familiarity using principles akin to those of the model. If so, the capacity of the model establishes that the perirhinal cortex alone may discriminate the familiarity of many more stimuli than current neural network models indicate could be recalled (recollected) by all the remaining areas of the cerebral cortex. This efficiency and speed of detecting novelty provides an evolutionary advantage, thereby providing a reason for the existence of a familiarity discrimination network in addition to networks used for recollection.

Machine learning algorithms have been investigated in several scenarios, one of them is the data classification. The predictive performance of the models induced by these algorithms is usually strongly affected by the values used for their hyper-parameters. Different approaches to define these values have been proposed, like the use of default values and optimization techniques. Although default values can result in models with good predictive performance, different implementations of the same machine learning algorithms use different default values, leading to models with clearly different predictive performance for the same dataset. Optimization techniques have been used to search for hyper-parameter values able to maximize the predictive performance of induced models for a given dataset, but with the drawback of a high computational cost. A compromise is to use an optimization technique to search for values that are suitable for a wide spectrum of datasets. This paper investigates the use of meta-learning to recommend default values for the induction of Support Vector Machine models for a new classification dataset. We compare the default values suggested by the Weka and LibSVM tools with default values optimized by meta-heuristics on a large range of datasets. This study covers only classification task, but we believe that similar ideas could be used in other related tasks. According to the experimental results, meta-models can accurately predict whether tool suggested or optimized default values should be used. Keywords: Meta-learning. Hyper-parameter tuning. Default Values. Support Vector Machines.

Identifying the best machine learning algorithm for a given problem continues to be an active area of research. In this paper we present a new method which exploits both meta-level information acquired in past experiments and active testing, an algorithm selection strategy. Active testing attempts to iteratively identify an algorithm whose performance will most likely exceed the performance of previously tried algorithms. The novel method described in this paper uses tests on smaller data sample to rank the most promising candidates, thus optimizing the schedule of experiments to be carried out. The experimental results show that this approach leads to considerably faster algorithm selection. Keywords: Algorithm selection, Meta-learning, Active testing, Algorithm Ranking

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International audience