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Abstract: The herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted infection prevalent in the world; in spite of despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances. According to estimates in 2012, it was calculated that there were 417 million people infected worldwide. The objective of this project was to detect HSV-2 in indigenous women of the Zulia state, for that 100 women of the Wayúu and Añú ethnic groups, were selected without discriminating age and/or parity. The physician proceeded to sample with an alginate swab, for the processing of the same was used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect HSV-2 in samples of cervical-uterine origin, and cytological diagnosis was made through staining with hematoxylin-eosin. 22% of HSV-2 positive samples were obtained, the results show that a considerable percentage of patients present HSV-2 infection, which is extremely important because it can contribute to the progression of processes inflammatory agents. Resumen: El virus herpes simple tipo 2 (VHS-2), es una infección de transmisión sexual prevalente en el mundo a pesar de los avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Según estimaciones en el 2012, se calculaba que existían 417 millones de personas infectadas en todo el mundo. El objetivo de este proyecto fue detectar el VHS-2 en mujeres indígenas del estado Zulia, para ello se seleccionaron 100 mujeres de las etnias wayúu y añú sin discriminar edad y/o paridad. El médico procedió a realizar la toma de muestras con un hisopo de alginato, para el procesamiento de las mismas se utilizó el método de Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) para detectar el VHS-2, en muestras de origen cérvico-uterino, y el diagnostico citológico se realizó a través de la coloración con hematoxilina- eosina. Se obtuvo un 22% de muestras positivas para VHS-2, los hallazgos obtenidos, demuestran que un porcentaje considerable de las pacientes presentan infección por el VHS- 2, siendo este de suma importancia debido a que el mismo puede contribuir a la progresión de procesos inflamatorios persistentes.

Introduction. Patterns of use of antipsychotics are not well described in emergency units. The objective of this study was to describe the effectiveness and safety of use of olanzapine in patients with acute psychosis and agitation in the emergency rooms. Methods. In this prospective observational study 278 patients with acute psychosis and agitation were consecutively admitted in 16 psychiatric emergency wards and treated with any oral psychopharmacology treatment, including olanzapine, according to investigators clinical criteria. Data were collected prospectively including demographics, diagnosis, concomitant medications, utilization of mechanical restraints, and severity of agitation. Clinical evolution during emergency room stay was assessed with PANSS-Excitement Component, CGI-S, and Agitation and Calmness Evaluation Scale (ACES) at baseline, before any re-intervention (if needed) and at discharge from the emergency room. Safety was also evaluated. Results. Olanzapine alone was used in 148 (53.2%) patients. Most of them (77.7 %) were diagnosed of schizophrenia and related psychoses. Up to 38 patients (25.7%) required mechanical restraints. Mean change (confidence interval [CI] 95%) from baseline to discharge was significant in all rating scales; PANSS-EC: -7.46 (-8.2, -6.7); CGI-S: -1.82 (-2, -1.6); ACES: 1.28 (1.1, 1.5). At discharge 70.3% of patients went to inpatient units. Five patients (3.4 %) reported adverse events including: bradycardia, dry mouth, sedation, hypertension, hypotension, and orthostatic hypotension. None of them was serious. Conclusions. The utilization of olanzapine alone decreased agitation in psychotic patients in emergency room settings. Incidence of adverse events was low and it was well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case of severe chronic diarrhea requiring parenteral nutritional support to both cover the nutritional needs and allow for intestinal rest for later adaptation to enteral nutrition, altogether allowing for the etiologic diagnosis and disease healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many different stress signaling pathways converge in a common response: slowdown or arrest cell cycle in the G1 phase. The G1/S transition (called Start in budding yeast) is a key checkpoint controlled by positive and negative regulators. Among them, Whi7 and Whi5 are transcriptional repressors of the G1/S transcriptional program, yeast functional homologs of the Retinoblastoma family proteins in mammalian cells. Under standard conditions, Whi7 plays a lesser role than Whi5 in Start inhibition. However, under cell wall stress, Whi7 is induced and plays a more important role in G1/S control. In this work, we investigated the functional hallmarks of Whi7 and Whi5, which determine their strength as Start inhibitors under cell wall stress., Methods: The response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Calcofluor White was investigated to characterize the regulation and function of Whi7 and Whi5 under cell wall stress. To control their protein levels, we used dose-dependent β-estradiol-induced expression and auxin-induced degron protein fusions. We also performed Chromatin Immunoprecipitation assays to investigate Whi7 and Whi5 association with Start promoters and scored cell cycle arrest and re-entry using cell microscopy assays., Results: We found that cell wall stress promoted the specific upregulation of the Whi7 Start repressor. First, although cell wall stress increases Whi7 protein levels, this is not the only determinant behind the Whi7 function in promoting G1 arrest. Indeed, artificial induction of Whi5 at the same protein level resulted in a lower G1 block. Second, under cell wall stress, Whi7 was specifically recruited to SBF-target promoters, independent of the increase in its protein levels or cell cycle stage. Finally, we found that Whi7 protein instability further increased during cell wall stress and that Whi7 degradation triggered advanced cell cycle re-entry., Conclusions: Here, we show that cell wall stress signaling specifically enhances Whi7 function as a Start transcriptional repressor. Importantly, we identified new Whi7-specific regulatory mechanisms that do not operate in the Whi5 repressor. Our results indicate that cells may benefit from stress-specific repressors to ensure the stress-induced G1 arrest and that Whi7 rapid degradation may be particularly important to resume cell cycle upon adaptation., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Periodic transcriptional waves along the cell cycle ensure the accurate progression of the different cell cycle phases through the timely regulated expression of cell cycle proteins. The G1/S transition (Start) consists in the activation of a transcriptional program by G1 CDKs through the inactivation of Start transcriptional repressors, Whi5 and Whi7 in yeast or Rb in mammals. Here, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the transcriptional regulation of the Start repressor Whi7 in budding yeast. We found that WHI7 is a cell cycle regulated gene that shows periodic expression peaking in G1. Our results demonstrate that the three cell cycle transcriptional programs related to G1 and their corresponding transcription factors are involved in the transcriptional control of WHI7 . Specifically, we identified that the transcriptional regulators Swi5 and Mcm1-Yox1, which are involved in late M and early G1 expression, and the transcription factors MBF and SBF, which are responsible for G1/S expression, are able to associate and regulate the WHI7 gene. In summary, in this work, we provide new mechanisms for the regulation of the Start repressor Whi7, which highlights the precise and complex control of the cell cycle machinery governing the G1/S transition.

Pho85 is a multifunctional CDK that signals to the cell when environmental conditions are favorable. It has been connected to cell cycle control, mainly in Start where it promotes the G1/S transition. Here we describe that the Start repressor Whi7 is a key target of Pho85 in the regulation of cell cycle entry. The phosphorylation of Whi7 by Pho85 inhibits the repressor and explains most of the contribution of the CDK in the activation of Start. Mechanistically, Pho85 downregulates Whi7 protein levels through the control of Whi7 protein stability and WHI7 gene transcription. Whi7 phosphorylation by Pho85 also restrains the intrinsic ability of Whi7 to associate with promoters. Furthermore, although Whi5 is the main Start repressor in normal cycling cells, in the absence of Pho85, Whi7 becomes the major repressor leading to G1 arrest. Overall, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which Pho85 promotes Start through the regulation of the Whi7 repressor at multiple levels, which may confer to Whi7 a functional specialization to connect the response to adverse conditions with the cell cycle control., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a "Green List of Species" (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species' progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species' viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species' recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation has, or will, play a role in improving or maintaining species status for the vast majority of these species. Based on our results, we devised an updated assessment framework that introduces the option of using a dynamic baseline to assess future impacts of conservation over the short term to avoid misleading results which were generated in a small number of cases, and redefines short term as 10 years to better align with conservation planning. These changes are reflected in the IUCN Green Status of Species Standard., (© 2021 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology.)

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has impacted public health systems all over the world. The Delta variant seems to possess enhanced transmissibility, but no clear evidence suggests it has increased virulence. Our data show that pre-exposed individuals had similar neutralizing activity against the authentic COVID-19 strain and the Delta and Epsilon variants. After only one vaccine dose, the neutralization capacity expanded to all tested variants in pre-exposed individuals. Healthy vaccinated individuals showed a limited breadth of neutralization. One vaccine dose did induce similar neutralizing antibodies against the Delta as against the authentic strain. However, even after two doses, this capacity only expanded to the Epsilon variant.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has impacted public health systems all over the world. The Delta variant seems to possess enhanced transmissibility, but no clear evidence suggests it has increased virulence. Our data shows that pre-exposed individuals had similar neutralizing activity against the authentic COVID-19 strain and the Delta and Epsilon variants. After one vaccine dose, the neutralization capacity expands to all tested variants. Healthy vaccinated individuals showed a limited breadth of neutralization. One vaccine dose induced similar neutralizing antibodies against the Delta compared to the authentic strain. However, even after two doses, this capacity only expanded to the Epsilon variant.

Both the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and emergence of variants of concern have highlighted the need for functional antibody assays to monitor the humoral response over time. Antibodies directed against the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 are an important component of the neutralizing antibody response. In this work, we report that in a subset of patients-despite a decline in total S-specific antibodies-neutralizing antibody titers remain at a similar level for an average of 98 days in longitudinal sampling of a cohort of 59 Hispanic/Latino patients exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggest that 100% of seroconverting patients make detectable neutralizing antibody responses which can be quantified by a surrogate viral neutralization test. Examination of sera from ten out of the 59 subjects which received mRNA-based vaccination revealed that both IgG titers and neutralizing activity of sera were higher after vaccination compared to a cohort of 21 SARS-CoV-2 naïve subjects. One dose was sufficient for the induction of a neutralizing antibody, but two doses were necessary to reach 100% surrogate virus neutralization in subjects irrespective of previous SARS-CoV-2 natural infection status. Like the pattern observed after natural infection, the total anti-S antibodies titers declined after the second vaccine dose; however, neutralizing activity remained relatively constant for more than 80 days after the first vaccine dose. Furthermore, our data indicates that-compared with mRNA vaccination-natural infection induces a more robust humoral immune response in unexposed subjects. This work is an important contribution to understanding the natural immune response to the novel coronavirus in a population severely impacted by SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, by comparing the dynamics of the immune response after the natural infection vs. the vaccination, these findings suggest that functional neutralizing antibody tests are more relevant indicators than the presence or absence of binding antibodies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Both the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and emergence of variants of concern have highlighted the need for functional antibody assays to monitor the humoral response over time. Antibodies directed against the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 are an important component of the neutralizing antibody response. In this work, we report that in a subset of patients-despite a decline in total S-specific antibodies-neutralizing antibody titers remain at a similar level for an average of 98 days in longitudinal sampling of a cohort of 59 Hispanic/Latino patients exposed to SARS-CoV-2. We also report that serum neutralization capacity correlates with IgG titers, wherein IgG1 was the predominant isotype (62.71%), followed by IgG4 (15.25%), IgG3 (13.56%), and IgG2 (8.47%) at the earliest tested timepoint. IgA titers were detectable in just 28.81% of subjects, and only 62.71% of subjects had detectable IgM in the first sample despite confirmation of infection by a molecular diagnostic assay. Our data suggests that 100% of seroconverting patients make detectable neutralizing antibody responses which can be quantified by a surrogate viral neutralization test. Examination of sera from 10 out of the 59 subjects which had received an initial first dose of mRNA-based vaccination revealed that both IgG titers and neutralizing activity of sera were higher after vaccination compared to a cohort of 21 SARS-CoV-2 naïve subjects. One dose was sufficient for induction of neutralizing antibody, but two doses were necessary to reach 100% surrogate virus neutralization in subjects irrespective of previous SARS-CoV-2 natural infection status. Like the pattern seen after natural infection, after the second vaccine dose, the total anti-S antibodies titers declined, however, neutralizing activity remained relatively constant for more than 80 days after the first vaccine dose. The decline in anti-S antibody titer, however, was significantly less in pre-exposed individuals, highlighting the potential for natural infection to prime a more robust immune response to the vaccine. Furthermore, our data indicates that-compared with mRNA vaccination-natural infection induces a more robust humoral immune response in unexposed subjects. However, this difference was significant only when neutralizing antibody titers were compared among the two groups. No differences were observed between naturally infected and vaccinated individuals when total anti-S antibodies and IgG titers were measured. This work is an important contribution to understanding the natural immune response to the novel coronavirus in a population severely impacted by SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, by comparing the dynamics of the immune response after the natural infection vs. the vaccination, these findings suggest that a functional neutralizing antibody tests are more relevant indicators than the presence or absence of binding antibodies. In this context, our results also support standardizing methods of assessing the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 when determining vaccine efficacy and describing the immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Athlete's heart results from physiological adaptations to the increased demands of exercise, and left atrial (LA) enlargement (LAE) is a fundamental component. However, LAE occurs in certain pathological conditions and it might represent a diagnostic challenge in athletes. LA volume index (LAVi) by echo is a convenient diagnostic tool for LAE identification. We hypothesized that accumulated lifetime training thousand hours (LTH) would have a main role in LAE. Therefore, our aim was to assess the association between LTH, LAVi and LAE in athletes. Young and middle-aged males with different training levels were included and grouped as recreational (REa, n = 30), competitive (COa, n = 169) and elite (ELa, n = 80) athletes for LTH calculation and echo assessment. LA dimensions resulted greater in ELa when compared to other groups (p < 0.001). LAVi correlated stronger with LTH than with age (p < 0.001). Polynomial regression analysis showed a non-linear, almost triphasic, effect of cumulative training on LA size (p < 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression, including LTH, age, body surface area, systolic blood pressure and other explanatory variables to predict LAE, showed LTH as the sole significant factor [OR 1.45 (CI 1.1-1.92), p < 0.008]. ROC analysis found an optimal cut off point of 3.6 LTH for LAE identification (AUC = 0.84, p < 0.001. RR = 5.65, p < 0.001). We conclude that LAE associates with LTH more than with other clinical parameters, and with less impact at higher amounts of LTH. Lifetime training greater than 3600 hours increases the probability of finding LAE in athletes. Future research should provide more insights and implications of these findings.

Purpose: Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is currently the election method for initial screening of left ventricular papillary muscles (PM). However, diagnosis of borderline PM hypertrophy with TTE is not always feasible due to cumbersome interpretation of different PM diameters and the absence of precise normal ranges in the literature. The objective of this study was to obtain TTE normal cutoff values and to describe convenient indexes of PM dimensions., Methods: Healthy volunteers with normal electrocardiogram were included for TTE assessment. Vertical (Vd) and horizontal (Hd) PM diameters were measured to obtain maximum diameter (Md) and areas of the anterolateral PM (APM) and posteromedial PM (PPM) to obtain PM total area (PMTA)., Results: A total of 82 patients were screened, and 6 (7.3%) with bifid PM were excluded from analysis. APM and PPM had similar Vd (APM: 8.3 ± 1.2, PPM: 7.9 ± 1.1 mm 2 , P = NS) and Hd (APM: 8.2 ± 1.3, PPM: 8.3 ± 1.2 mm 2 , P = NS). Finally, Md (9 ± 1.2 mm; P95 = 11 mm) and PMTA (106.5 ± 24.2 mm 2 ; P95 = 150.8 mm 2 ) were obtained. Correlation between PMTA and Md was positive (P < .001), and out-of-range values for Md and PMTA were similar (2.6% vs 5.3%); there was excellent agreement between both indexes (K = 0.82)., Conclusions: Maximum diameter and PMTA are convenient indexes to describe PM dimensions. However, given the high equivalence between both indexes, we propose the use of Md due to its simplicity and ease of calculation. Our findings suggest that patients with any PM diameter ≥12 mm should be considered abnormal., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Eukaryotic ribonucleotide reductases are iron-dependent enzymes that catalyze the rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. Multiple mechanisms regulate the activity of ribonucleotide reductases in response to genotoxic stresses and iron deficiency. Upon iron starvation, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aft1 transcription factor specifically binds to iron-responsive cis elements within the promoter of a group of genes, known as the iron regulon, activating their transcription. Members of the iron regulon participate in iron acquisition, mobilization and recycling, and trigger a genome-wide metabolic remodeling of iron-dependent pathways. Here, we describe a mechanism that optimizes the activity of yeast ribonucleotide reductase when iron is scarce. We demonstrate that Aft1 and the DNA-binding protein Ixr1 enhance the expression of the gene encoding for its catalytic subunit, RNR1, in response to iron limitation, leading to an increase in both mRNA and protein levels. By mutagenesis of the Aft1-binding sites within RNR1 promoter, we conclude that RNR1 activation by iron depletion is important for Rnr1 protein and deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. Remarkably, Aft1 also activates the expression of IXR1 upon iron scarcity through an iron-responsive element located within its promoter. These results provide a novel mechanism for the direct activation of ribonucleotide reductase function by the iron-regulated Aft1 transcription factor., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Aims: the precise role of parenteral nutrition in the management of oncologic patients with intestinal occlusion is not well defined yet. We aimed to identify the effects of parenteral nutrition in these patients regarding prognosis., Material and Methods: 55 patients with intestinal occlusion and peritoneal carcinomatosis were included. Parenteral nutrition aimed at 20-35 kcal/Kg/day, and 1.0 g/kg/day of amino-acids. Weight, body mass index, type of tumor, type of chemotherapy, and ECOG among others were recorded and analyzed., Results: 69.1% of the patients had gastrointestinal tumors, 18.2% gynecologic and 12.7% others. Age was 60 ± 13y, baseline ECOG 1.5 ± 0.5 and body mass index 21.6 ± 4.3. Malnutrition was present in 85%. Survival from the start of parenteral nutrition was not significant when considering baseline ECOG (log rank = 0.593, p = 0.743), previous lines of chemotherapy (log rank = 2.117, p = 0.548), baseline BMI (log rank = 2.686, p = 0.261), or type of tumor (log rank = 2.066, p = 0.356). Survival in patients who received home parenteral nutrition after hospital discharge was higher than those who stayed in-hospital (log rank = 7.090, p = 0.008). Survival in patients who started chemotherapy during or after parenteral nutrition was higher than those who did not so (log rank = 17.316, p < 0.001). A total of 3.6% of patients presented catheter related infection without affecting survival (log rank = 0.061, p = 0.804)., Conclusions: Parenteral nutrition in patients with advanced cancer and intestinal occlusion is safe, and in tho se who respond to chemotherapy, further administration of home parenteral nutrition together with chemotherapy may enhance prolonged survival., (Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.)

Background: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) has become a common therapy, with tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs) being preferred for its administration. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are not currently recommended for long-term HPN, although evidence to support this statement is scarce. The authors aimed to evaluate the outcomes of HPN, focusing on CVC-related complications., Materials and Methods: All patients attended at the authors' center for HPN from 2007-2011 were prospectively included. HPN composition aimed at 20-35 kcal/kg/d, 3-6 g/kg/d of glucose, 1.0 g/kg/d of amino acids, and <1 g/kg/d of lipids. HPN was infused in an intermittent schedule, mostly at night. Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) were confirmed with positive semi-quantitative or quantitative culture of the catheter or simultaneous differential blood cultures drawn through the CVC and peripheral vein., Results: Seventy-two patients received HPN, with 79 implanted CVCs (48 PICCs, 10 Hickman, and 21 ports). Mean catheter-days were 129.1 for PICCs, 98.5 for Hickman, and 67.7 for ports (P = .685). When analyzing CRBSIs, ports had 44, Hickman had 20, and PICC had 0 episodes per 1000 catheter-days (P = .078). Only PICCs showed less incidence of CRBSIs vs ports (P = .043). Multivariate logistic regression, correcting by catheter-days, patients' age and sex, underlying disease, and type of catheter, showed that only catheter-days (P = .031) was a predictor for CRBSIs (P = .007, Nagelkerke R= = 0.246)., Conclusion: PICCs are similar in terms of catheter-related complications to other CVCs for the administration of HPN, especially for oncology patients with HPN lasting <6 months.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are novel bioelectrochemical devices for spontaneous conversion of biomass into electricity through the metabolic activity of the bacteria. Microbial production of electricity may become an important source of bioenergy in future because MFCs offer the possibility of extracting electric current from a wide range of soluble or dissolved complex organic wastes and renewable biomass. However, the materials used in these devices are still not economic and researchers use different materials as cathode and anode in MFCs. This results in variable performance which is difficult to compare. We tested several commercially available materials for their suitability as anode in an acetate fed MFC. Besides, a novel non-platinized activated carbon (AC) based, gas porous air cathode was also tested. Both the anode and cathode were tested in a half cell configuration. Carbon cloth, graphite cloth and dynamically stable anode (DSA) served as ideal anode material with carbon cloth and graphite mesh reaching the open circuit voltage (OCV) of acetate oxidation (-500 mV vs. Ag/AgCl). The effect of increasing concentration of acetate on anode OCV was also investigated and results showed that on increasing the acetate concentration from 10 mM to 40 mM has no adverse impact on the anodic activity towards electrochemical oxidation of acetate. The AC cathode showed stable current (-1.2 mA/cm2) over a period of 100 days.

Introduction: Patterns of use of antipsychotics are not well described in emergency units. The objective of this study was to describe the effectiveness and safety of use of olanzapine in patients with acute psychosis and agitation in the emergency rooms., Methods: In this prospective observational study 278 patients with acute psychosis and agitation were consecutively admitted in 16 psychiatric emergency wards and treated with any oral psychopharmacology treatment, including olanzapine, according to investigators clinical criteria. Data were collected prospectively including demographics, diagnosis, concomitant medications, utilization of mechanical restraints, and severity of agitation. Clinical evolution during emergency room stay was assessed with PANSS-Excitement Component, CGI-S and Agitation and Calmness Evaluation Scale (ACES) at baseline, before any re-intervention (if needed) and at discharge from the emergency room. Safety was also evaluated., Results: Olanzapine alone was used in 148 (53.2%) patients. Most of them (77.7 %) were diagnosed of Schizophrenia and related psychoses. Up to 38 patients (25.7 %) required mechanical restraints. Mean change (confidence interval [CI] 95 %) from baseline to discharge was significant in all rating scales; PANSS-EC: -7.46 (-8.2, -6.7); CGI-S: -1.82 (-2, -1.6) ACES: 1.28 (1.1, 1.5). At discharge 70.3% of patients went to inpatient units. Five patients (3.4%) reported adverse events including: bradycardia, dry mouth, sedation, hypertension, hypotension, and orthostatic hypotension. None of them was serious., Conclusions: The utilization of olanzapine alone decreased agitation in psychotic patients in emergency room settings. Incidence of adverse events was low and it was well tolerated.