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Marine macroalgae produce abundant and diverse polysaccharides, which contribute substantially to the organic matter exported to the deep ocean. Microbial degradation of these polysaccharides plays an important role in the turnover of macroalgal biomass. Various members of the Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydia (PVC) superphylum are degraders of polysaccharides in widespread anoxic environments. In this study, we isolated a novel anaerobic bacterial strain NLcol2T from microbial mats on the surface of marine sediments offshore Santa Barbara, CA, USA. Based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and phylogenomic analyses, strain NLcol2T represents a novel species within the Pontiella genus in the Kiritimatiellota phylum (within the PVC superphylum). Strain NLcol2T is able to utilize various monosaccharides, disaccharides, and macroalgal polysaccharides such as agar and ɩ-carrageenan. A near-complete genome also revealed an extensive metabolic capacity for anaerobic degradation of sulfated polysaccharides, as evidenced by 202 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and 165 sulfatases. Additionally, its ability of nitrogen fixation was confirmed by nitrogenase activity detected during growth on nitrogen-free medium, and the presence of nitrogenases (nifDKH) encoded in the genome. Based on the physiological and genomic analyses, this strain represents a new species of bacteria that may play an important role in the degradation of macroalgal polysaccharides and with relevance to the biogeochemical cycling of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen in marine environments. Strain NLcol2T (= DSM 113125T = MCCC 1K08672T) is proposed to be the type strain of a novel species in the Pontiella genus, and the name Pontiella agarivorans sp. nov. is proposed.IMPORTANCEGrowth and intentional burial of marine macroalgae is being considered as a carbon dioxide reduction strategy but elicits concerns as to the fate and impacts of this macroalgal carbon in the ocean. Diverse heterotrophic microbial communities in the ocean specialize in these complex polymers such as carrageenan and fucoidan, for example, members of the Kiritimatiellota phylum. However, only four type strains within the phylum have been cultivated and characterized to date, and there is limited knowledge about the metabolic capabilities and functional roles of related organisms in the environment. The new isolate strain NLcol2T expands the known substrate range of this phylum and further reveals the ability to fix nitrogen during anaerobic growth on macroalgal polysaccharides, thereby informing the issue of macroalgal carbon disposal.

Background: Pain and inflammation are the major medical condition commonly addressed with traditional remedies. Acacia seyal is a traditional herb widely used in Ethiopian folk medicine for pain management. However, its effectiveness has yet to be validated through scientific or experimental research. Therefore, the current study aims at evaluating the in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of 80% methanolic stem bark extract of Acacia seyal in rodent models. Methods: After successful extractions of the stem barks of Acacia seyal with 80% methanol, the pain relieving effects of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg extract were evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing test and hot plate method whereas the anti-inflammatory profile was determined by carrageenan induced paw-edema model and cotton pellet induced granuloma technique. Results: The 80% methanol Acacia seyal stem bark extract exhibited substantial (p < 0.001) analgesic effect in acetic acid induced writing test (p < 0.001). The plant extract also witnessed significant central analgesic effect in hot plate method beginning at 30 min with maximum % elongation time occurred at 120 min. Furthermore, the acacia stem bark extract produced anti-inflammatory effect against carrageenan induced paw-edema model. In cotton pellet induced granuloma model, the 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of the current plant material appeared to inhibit granuloma mass formation and exudate reduction significantly (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The collective findings of the current study revealed that 80% methanol extracts of Acacia seyal exhibited considerable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the plant's traditional use for management of pain and inflammatory disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limeum indicum (LI), a plant from the Aizoaceae family, has garnered interest due to its potential health benefits. In this study, we explore the antidiabetic, antioxidant, antinociceptive, and anti‐inflammatory properties of a chemically characterized whole extract from LI. In vitro assays included DPPH and reducing power tests to assess antioxidant activity. For in vivo investigations, adult Wistar rats were used. Alloxan‐induced diabetic rats received oral doses of LI whole extract (ethanol (LI‐EE), DCM (LI‐DE), and n‐Hexane (LI‐HE)) or glimepiride for 21 days. Carrageenan‐induced inflammation and nociceptive effects were also evaluated. Molecular docking studies aided in identifying potential targets for the extract's bioactivity. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and fixed oils in the extract. Both DPPH and reducing power assays demonstrated substantial total phenolic and flavonoid content, indicative of strong antioxidant activity. The extracts dose‐dependently reduced blood glucose levels in alloxan‐induced diabetic rats and mitigated inflammation and nociception. Furthermore, the significant antidiabetic and anti‐inflammatory activities of n‐hexane extract, suggested to identify the potential components by employing molecular docking studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of suitable polymeric materials to fabricate microneedles (MNs) for the collection of interstitial fluid (ISF) is a challenge. Here, characterization of different carrageenan‐biopolymer composites for MN patch fabrication intended for ISF collection is reported. Systematic oscillatory rheological studies of composites containing iota‐carrageenan mixed with alginate, gelatin, or pectin are performed to determine the linear viscoelastic region, gel point, tan delta, complex viscosity, and flow transition index. A polynomial equation is derived by relating flow transition index of biopolymer composites and compression strength of fabricated MNs. The biopolymer composite of iota‐carrageenan and gelatin at 2% and 14%, respectively, and CaCl2 crosslinker (80 mm) shows the greatest compression strength sufficient for MNs insertion into the excised porcine skin. MNs swell up on application in an agarose gel model and the ex vivo excised porcine skin model to collect 36 ± 5 and 14 ± 1 µL of fluid within 10 min, respectively. Taken together, it is demonstrated that rheological analysis can be performed to select suitable polymer composites that possess sufficient strength for the skin insertion and swellability for ISF collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a red seaweed (Solieria robusta) containing ι‐carrageenan (Carr) was used for nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis using silver (Ag) ions. Initially, the ι‐Carr was extracted from S. robusta using the alkali method. The Carr extracted was fractionated into 3 fractions and > 14 kDa fraction showing high yield with maximum sulfate content characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) as ι‐Carr was used for AgNPs synthesis. The synthesized CarrAgNPs were again used for curcumin (Cur) encapsulation. The cytotoxicity of Carr, Cur, CarrAgNPs, and CurCarrAgNPs was evaluated using HeLa cell lines by MTT assay. The CarrAgNPs and CurCarrAgNPs were characterized using UV‐visible spectroscopy, as well as FT‐IR and XRD analysis. The UV‐visible spectrum confirms the CarrAgNPs showing characteristic SPR bands recorded between 344 and 490 nm with broad peak at 430 nm. The shape of the NPs is spherical, arranged in order of seven per chain. The XRD and FT‐IR characteristics confirm the orthorhombic crystal structure of these NPs. Remarkably, Cur‐loaded CarrAgNPs demonstrate potent anticancer properties by maximum reduction of HeLa cell viability after 24 h at 200 μg/mL in pH 7.4 in an MTT assay medium. A significant increase in the cancer cell viability was recorded at high concentrations of CurCarrAgNPs, confirming its less diffusion and dissolution properties and bioavailability due to lipophilic Cur encapsulation, whereas cytotoxicity was increased proportionately by increasing concentrations of Cur, Carr, and CarrAgNPs that confirm a direct relation with size, dissolution, and bioavailability recorded on the basis of cell death in 24 h of introduction at pH 7.4. The cytotoxicity results suggest the potential of Cur, Carr, CarrAgNPs, and CurCarrAgNPs for drug delivery in selective biomedical product developments. This study highlights the versatility and effectiveness of CurCarrAgNPs in cancer therapy by enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions and targeted drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is a physiological condition that when unattended causes serious health concerns over the long term. Several phytocompounds have emerged as promising sources of anti-inflammatory agents. Thottea siliquosa is a traditional medicine for inflammatory and toxicity insults; however, this has not been scientifically confirmed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of T. siliquosa methanol leaf extract in a mouse model. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory activities of a plant extract obtained from leaves of T. siliquosa (TSE) with a focus on carrageenan- and formalin-induced paw oedema in mice. The extract's efficacy was assessed using well-established inflammation models, and the results showed a considerable reduction in paw edema in both cases. In the case of carrageenan model TSE at 50 mg/kg showed a 53.0 ± 2.5% reduction in edema, while those treated with TSM at 100 mg/kg exhibited a 60.0 ± 1.8% reduction (p < 0.01). In the case of a formalin model when a higher dose of TSE (100 mg/kg) was given, paw thickness decreased by 47.04 ± 1.9% on the fifth day and by 64.72 ± 2.2% on the tenth day. LC-MS analysis reported the presence of gallic acid, quinic acid, quercetin, clitorin, myricitrin, retronecine, batatasin II, gingerol, and coumaric acid in the extract. Overall, this study confirms that T. siliquosa extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects in animals and is possibly mediated through the combined effects of these phytochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reproductive health concerns like Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser (MRKH) syndrome are prevalent in today's society. MRKH syndrome is a condition that severely affects women's sexual life, fertility, and mental health and has a high prevalence of one out of 5000 female births. Vaginoplasty is the primary method to regain patients' reproductive health. However, conventional vaginoplasty faces various challenges, including complex and non‐customized treatment procedures causing intense pains and complications. To bring new advances to vaginoplasty, a 3D‐printed hydrogel scaffold is developed to provide satisfactory mechanical support and bioactivity for accelerating defect repair after surgery. The hydrogel scaffold consisting of gelatin methacryloyl (gelMA) and carrageenan (Car) is custom 3D‐printed using an ambient temperature printing system. Furthermore, the scaffold undergoes dual‐crosslinking through chemical crosslinking of gelMA and ionic crosslinking of Car with magnesium ions (Mg2+). This dual‐crosslinking strategy substantially improves the overall mechanical properties of the scaffold and introduces bioactive Mg2+. The sustained release of Mg2+ plus the extracts from the dual‐crosslinked scaffold significantly promotes cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. In a preclinical rat model with penetrating genital tract defects mimicking vaginoplasty, the implantation of dual‐crosslinked scaffold repairs the penetrating wounds to near‐normal levels within one week, showing potential as an alternative for better regaining reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) are now essential reference objects for quality control, development and training in all medical imaging modalities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of materials used in the fabrication of TMMs for MRI phantoms, focusing on their composition, fabrication methods, and relaxation properties (T1 and T2). A systematic review was conducted, covering articles published between 1980 and 2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies involving physical MRI phantoms with measured T1 and T2 relaxation times. Exclusion criteria filtered out non-MRI studies, and digital/computational models. The review identifies and categorizes TMMs based on their primary gelling agents: agar, carrageenan, gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and other less common gels. Agar emerged as the most frequently used gelling agent due to its versatility and favorable MRI signal properties. Carrageenans, noted for their strength and minimal impact on T2 values, are often used in combination with agar. Gelatin, PVA, and other materials like Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and PolyvinylPyrrolidone (PVP) also demonstrate unique advantages for specific applications. The review also highlights the challenges in phantom stability and the impact of various additives on the relaxation properties. This synthesis provides a valuable guide for the fabrication of MRI phantoms tailored to desired T1 and T2 relaxation times, facilitating the development of more accurate and reliable imaging tools. Understanding the detailed properties of TMMs is fundamental to improve the quality control and educational applications of MRI technologies, especially with the advent of new magnetic field strengths and parametric imaging techniques. As experts in MRI systems, radiographers, educators, and researchers need to understand TMM compositions and methods of fabrications to develop MRI phantoms for educational tools and research purposes. This review serves as a valuable resource to guide them in these efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, gum-injected meat appeared in the market, which has seriously damaged the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. Therefore, a method for the determination of carrageenan and konjac gum in livestock meat and meat products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was established. The samples were hydrolyzed by hydrogen nitrate. After centrifugation and dilution, the supernatants were detected by the UPLC-MS/MS and the concentration of target compounds in samples were calibrated by the matrix calibration curves. A good linear relationship was observed in the concentration range of 5–100 μg/mL with correlation coefficients of more than 0.995. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were found to be 20 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries at three spiked levels (50, 100 and 500 mg/kg) in blank matrix were in the range of 84.8–108.6% with the relative standard deviations between 1.5% and 6.4%. The method has the advantages of convenient, accurate and efficient, and can be used as an effective method for detecting carrageenan and konjac gum in the different kinds of livestock meat and meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, synthetic petroleum-based packaging materials have increased, and the production of plastics has surpassed all other man-made materials due to their versatility. However, the excessive usage of synthetic packaging materials has led to severe environmental and health-related issues due to their nonbiodegradability and their accumulation in the environment. Therefore, bio-based packages are considered alternatives to substitute synthetic petroleum-based packaging material. Furthermore, the choice of packing material in the food industry is a perplexing process as it depends on various factors, such as the type of food product, its sustainability, and environmental conditions. Interestingly, due to proven mechanical, gas, and water vapor barrier properties and biological activity, polysaccharide-based bioplastics show the potential to expand the trends in food packaging, including edible films or coatings and intelligent and active food packaging. Various chemical modifications, network designs, and processing techniques have transformed polysaccharide materials into valuable final products, particularly for large-scale or high-value applications. Transitioning from petroleum-based resources to abundant bio-based polysaccharides presents an opportunity to create a sustainable circular economy. The economic viability of polysaccharide-based bioplastics is determined by several factors, including raw material costs, production technologies, market demand, and scalability. Despite their potential advantages over traditional plastics, their economic feasibility is affected by continuous technological advancements and evolving market dynamics and regulations. This review discusses the structure, properties, and recent developments in polysaccharide-based bioplastics as green and sustainable food packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of present investigation was to find out anti-inflammatory potential of Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochr. bark extracts using experimental animal models. Different extracts of Ougeinia oojeinensis bark was screened using Carrageenan induced paw edema and Cotton pellet granuloma models for anti-inflammatory effect. Effect was observed by measurement of paw oedema percent inhibition and granuloma weight inhibition. The pro-inflammatory marker (TNF-α, IL-6 and PGE2) was accessed after treatment with different extracts. Results of present study were confirmed that ethanol extract (200 & 300 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant oedema percent inhibition up to 4 hrs in Carrageenan induced paw edema model and comparable to the Diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory effect was also confirmed by significant (p < 0.05) reduction in pro-inflammatory markers in the cotton pellet granuloma model. This effect may be due to presence of flavonoids and glycosides components in the ethanol extract of Ougeinia oojeinensis bark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop contact lenses with improved drug-release duration time by layer-by-layer (LBL) coating with natural polymers on contact lenses containing the drug gatifloxacin. LBL coating was performed in single and double layers on contact lenses containing gatifloxaxin using natural polymers carrageenan and polylysine. The performance of contact lenses was evaluated based on various physical properties and antibacterial properties. As a result, contact lenses containing gatifloxacin have reduced physical properties compared to lenses without gatifloxacin. As the concentration of gatifloxacin increased, oxygen permeability and wettability decreased, and antibacterial properties increased. LBL coating improved the wettability and antibacterial properties of contact lenses and increased the drug-release duration. Double-layers coated lenses increased the duration of drug release more than single-coated lenses. Double layer-coating with poly-L-lysine and carrageenan on contact lenses [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Houttuynia cordata Thunb., a member of the Saururaceae family, has been demonstrated to have potential in the treatment of different diseases. For the first time, aristolactam BII was isolated from the aerial part of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract and aristolactam BII was evaluated. Methods: After using chromatography to separate and obtain the compound, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance was used to identify the compound. An in vivo model of carrageenan-induced paw edema on mice was performed to test the anti-inflammation of the extract and compound. Furthermore, a ligand docking experiment was performed to determine the binding free energy of aristolactam to inflammatory proteins including COX-1, COX-2. Results: The findings showed that aristolactam BII effectively reduced the severity of the edema, similar to diclofenac, whereas the methanol extract showed low effectiveness. Particularly, the swelling rate of 50 mg/kg aristolactam BII treated mice was only 26.2 ± 7.1% (p < 0.01) after 5 h treatment. The in silico results described that aristolactam BII might inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 via creating h-bonds at the sites of Ser 530 residues. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the potential anti-inflammatory activity of aristolactam BII. This study would provide more fundamental knowledge about the bioactivities of aristolactam BII isolated from Houttuynia cordata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Chicken liver pate is a smooth and spreadable product made from chicken meat, chicken livers, fat, seasoning and other optional ingredients (such as hydrocolloids). Hydrocolloids (polysaccharides or proteins) are commonly used in spreadable meat/poultry products (such as chicken liver pâté) to improve texture, stability and moisture retention, resulting in a product with desired functional and organoleptic properties. In general, the chicken liver pâté samples showed their highest hardness and viscoelastic moduli values when κ-carrageenan and furcellaran were used. Suggestions for producing a softer chicken liver pâté consistency involve utilizing ι-carrageenan at a level between 0.25% and 0.75% (w/w) or furcellaran at a 0.25% w/w concentration. We can conclude that the use of hydrocolloids in the manufacturing of chicken liver pâté could be an effective solution leading to the development of products with desired techno-functional properties. Hydrocolloids are used in spreadable meat or poultry products to improve consistency, emulsion stability and water retention, resulting in products with desired functional and organoleptic properties. The scope of the work was to evaluate the addition of three divergent algal hydrocolloids (κ-carrageenan, ι-carrageenan, furcellaran) at four different concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00% w/w) on the physicochemical, textural, rheological and organoleptic properties of model chicken liver pâté (CLP) samples. Overall, the highest hardness and viscoelastic moduli values of the CLP samples were reported when κ-carrageenan and furcellaran were utilized at a concentration of 0.75% w/w (p < 0.05). Furthermore, increasing the concentrations of the utilized hydrocolloids led to increase in the viscoelastic moduli and hardness values of CLP. Compared to the control sample, an increase in spreadability was reported in the CLP samples with the addition of hydrocolloids. Finally, the use of algal hydrocolloids proved to be an effective way to modify the techno-functional properties of CLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The treatment of second-degree burn wounds presents a significant clinical challenge, often characterized by prolonged healing times and risk of complications. In this study, the wound healing potential of bioactive marine sulfated polysaccharides ulvan and carrageenan formulated in gels at concentrations of 1.5%, 5.0%, and 10% w/w was evaluated. Hairless female SKH-hr2 mice (n = 7 per treatment) with burn-inflamed skin were treated with the polysaccharide-based gels, and the therapeutic efficacy was assessed using a comprehensive array of evaluation methods, including a histopathological analysis, clinical observation, photo-documentation, an image analysis, an evaluation of biophysical skin parameters, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Our findings indicate that the 10% w/w carrageenan gel exhibited significant enhancement in wound healing, particularly in the early stages of the healing process. This was evidenced by the restoration of the α-helix structure of collagen and the configuration of glycosaminoglycans, as demonstrated by FT-IR absorption bands of the skin both in vivo and ex vivo. Furthermore, the 5% w/w ulvan gel also demonstrated notable efficacy in promoting wound healing, particularly in the later stages of the healing process. These results suggest that carrageenan and ulvan gels hold promise for improving the efficiency of wound healing in second-degree burn wounds. Our study contributes to the understanding of the therapeutic potential of marine polysaccharides and provides insights into their mechanism of action in promoting wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nori is a sheet-shaped snack generally made from Porpyra red seaweed, which is not found in Indonesia. Meanwhile; the binahong plants (Anredera codifolia) are spread through out Indonesia. Binahong leaves are consumed without further processing. Binahong leaves are potential functional food, as they are rich in nutrient. They are high in vitamin A, and vitamin C. They also contain some protein, and fat. However, binahong leaves have bitter taste and unfavored flavor. In this study, binahong leaves were processed into nori with various concentrations of carrageenan. The concentrations of added carrageenan were 1, 2, and 3 %. The psychochemical properties of the resulting products were tested by proximate analysis and sensory tests. The result showed that the addition of carrageenan had no significant effect on water, protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents. However, it had significant difference on ash content. Sensory testing showed that there was no significant difference between treatments in terms of appearance, taste, aroma, texture, and overall assessment.

Background. Developing new effective plant protection methods against viruses is a vital task for seed potato production. The use of virus inhibitors (mainly synthetic ones) is the most common method in potato virus control. Products of natural origin might be a way to reduce the dependence on synthetic inhibitors. Among the former, extracts from seaweeds have high potential, producing a low or no negative impact on the environment or human health. Materials and methods. The materials of the research included potato cvs. ‘Poseidon’ and ‘Orion’ developed at the Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaika, the commercial antiviral product Ribavirin, and the sulfated polysaccharide – carrageenan – obtained from red algae at the G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. A highly sensitive PCR method was employed to detect viral infections in plant samples. Results. The efficacy of chemotherapy with Ribavirin (0.03%) was established at 79.8% against PVY, 77.0% against PLRV, 80.3% against PVM, and 84.5% against PVS. The most successfully eliminated viruses were PVY, PVM, and PVS. Carrageenan as an antiviral substance eliminated potato viruses at the following rates: PLRV in 74.7% of the explants, PVM in 70.2%, PVS in 69.2%, and PVY in 16.9%. Conclusion. Analyzing the antiviral activity of natural and synthetic virus inhibitors in the case study of carrageenan and Ribavirin demonstrated their high efficacy against potato viruses. Natural polysaccharides – carrageenans – were observed to have a significant antiviral effect, so their use in agricultural biotechnology might be promising for new experiments. Our approach successfully eliminated viruses in two new promising potato cultivars, ‘Poseidon’ and ‘Orion’, which were included in the system of virus-free seed production. These cultivars were submitted for patenting and official testing under the State Variety Trials.

Objective: The study aimed to identify a film sensitive to microbial decomposition to select an appropriate coating for delivering drugs to the colon. Methods & Materials: Different polysaccharides, including xanthan, inulin, carrageenan, and alginate, were made with Eudragit FS 30 D (EFS) by film formation method. The films were screened by performing mechanical tests, swelling percentage, the reduction of dry film mass, the passage of water vapor through (WVT) of the films, and the permeability of the films to the drug in different media similar to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Additionally, the films' characteristics were evaluated based on shape (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results: The film evaluation results revealed that the inulin film had the highest work of failure (WF), % of elongation at break (%E), Tensile strength (TS), and elastic modulus (EM). Also, this film exhibited the highest TS/EM ratio. In contrast, other polysaccharide films exhibited the opposite behavior. The results of the dry film swelling and mass reduction tests in media with 1.2, 6.5, and 6.8 pH, as well as in the SCF medium, showed that in an acidic medium, films containing inulin and alginate have very low swelling and less degraded. In contrast, film containing xanthan showed very high swelling and high dry mass at different pHs. However, the alginate film showed lower swelling and dry mass than the xanthan film at all investigated pHs. The results of evaluating the WVT of the films showed that the highest and lowest WVT related to the films prepared from inulin and alginate, respectively. In addition, the highest ratio of the swelling index in the SCF medium compared to the buffered phosphate medium with pH 6.8 was observed in the film containing inulin. The results of the evaluation of the permeability of the films to the drug in different media similar to the GIT showed that the permeability of the inulin film to the drug in a gastric medium is very low. In contrast, the permeability of this film in the SCF medium significantly increased compared to the buffered medium with pH 6.8. The SEM studies showed that films containing xanthan and carrageenan degraded more than other polysaccharide films at pH 1.2. The evaluation and comparison of films in SCF-containing and non-SCF media showed that the degradation of films in SCF media was more significant. Evaluation of DSC and FTIR showed that the formed film containing EFS polymer lack of interaction with other polysaccharides. Conclusion: This study showed that inulin film is a suitable polysaccharide for colonic drug delivery systems due to its suitable mechanical properties, low swelling compared to the liquids of the upper parts of the GIT, and sensitivity to the enzymes in the colon. In other words, film coatings consisting of pH-dependent polymers such as EFS in combination with inulin can deliver drugs targeted to the end parts of the GIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To further develop a protein-polysaccharide composite fat replacer in low-fat meat products, this used pumpkin seed protein (PSP) and carrageenan to prepare a composite emulsion fat replacer, and added it to myofibrillar protein (MP) to form heat induced gel. The effects of the composite emulsion formed by PSP and carrageenan at various additive amounts on the properties of MP gels were investigated through the determination of gel moisture distribution, textural properties, microstructure, rheological properties, and other indexes. The results showed that when PSP and carrageenan composite emulsion was added at 50%, the water-holding properties and strength of the gel significantly improved (P

Indonesia is the second country with the highest number of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world and the first in Southeast Asia, according to WHO Global Report 2020. Quercetin has been tried as an alternative therapy and was found effective. This study aims to optimize quercetin pulmospheres using combination polymers and study its characteristics as an inhalation delivery system. Combination polymers provide the advantages of safe, mucoadhesive, and compact pulmospheres. Pulmospheres were made as formula F1, F2, and F3 (polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), respectively. Pulmospheres were made with quercetin 0.2%, alginate-carrageenan (total concentration of 1.8%), and CaCl2 0.5 M. Characterization of particle size, morphology, moisture content (MC), yield, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency (EE) were conducted. The yield range was from 83.89 to 86.30% ± 4.59%. MC range was from 4.23 to 5.12% ± 0.05%. Particle size was

The study determined the growth and yield response of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to varying concentrations and frequencies of Carrageenan Plant Growth Promoter (CPGP). The study was set-up in a split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications. The three varying application frequencies were designated as main-plots, and the four concentrations of CPGP, as sub-plots. Peppers applied with 120 ppm and two to three times application of CPGP significantly matured earlier based on number of days to flowering and number of days to first priming. The same treatment combination resulted in significantly taller plants and higher number of lateral shoots. In terms of yield, however, CPGP at 120 ppm applied three times gave significantly higher number and heavier weight of fruits. The concentration of 120 ppm CPGP applied thrice in growing pepper is shown in the study to be the best treatment combination, thus, is recommended to improve the growth and increase the yield of pepper.

Objective: To assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of standardized extract of Cotinus coggygria (C. coggygria) in different animal models. Methods: C. coggygria extracts (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) were administered to rats and mice (n=6) during hot plate, tail-flick, acetic acid-induced writhing, and formalin tests to determine its analgesic efficacy. The anti-inflammatory activity of C. coggygria extracts was evaluated by histamine and carrageenan-induced paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma, and acetic acid-induced peritoneal capillary dye leakage tests. Results: C. coggygria extracts (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly alleviated thermal and chemical-induced pain in rodents (P

为促进花椒精油和菜籽蛋白的开发利用，采用热诱导法制备了菜籽分离蛋白（RPI）-卡拉胶轭合物纳米颗粒，并以此为乳化剂制备Pickering乳液负载花椒精油。通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化了RPI-卡拉胶轭合物-花椒精油Pickering乳液的制备条件。对制备的RPI-卡拉胶轭合物-花椒精油Pickering乳液的类型、微观结构、热稳定性、贮藏稳定性进行了表征，并考察了其抑菌活性。结果表明：RPI-卡拉胶轭合物-花椒精油Pickering乳液最佳制备条件为RPI-卡拉胶轭合物纳米颗粒添加量0.95%、花椒精油与大豆油混合物（体积比2∶ 3）添加量50.6%、水相pH 9.8，在此条件下包封率为92.34%。制备的RPI-卡拉胶轭合物-花椒精油Pickering乳液为水包油型，其在20~60 ℃范围内具有较好的稳定性，但在60 ℃以上不稳定。经过30 d贮藏，乳液乳滴粒径变化较小。乳液具有良好的乳滴特征，为稳定性提供了物理基础。与花椒精油和大豆油的混合物相比，RPI-卡拉胶轭合物-花椒精油Pickering乳液在作用受试菌42 h前具有相似的抑菌效果，但在42 h后表现出更强的抑菌效果。综上，RPI-卡拉胶轭合物-花椒精油Pickering乳液包封率较高，且具备优越的热稳定性、贮藏稳定性和抑菌活性。In order to promote the development and utilization of pepper essential oil and rapeseed protein, rapeseed protein isolate (RPI)-carrageenan conjugate nanoparticle was prepared by thermal induction method, and Pickering emulsion was prepared to load pepper essential oil from this material. The preparation conditions of RPI-carrageenan conjugate-pepper essential oil Pickering emulsion were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology. The type, microstructure, thermal stability and storage stability of the prepared RPI-carrageenan conjugate-pepper essential oil Pickering emulsion were characterized, and its antibacterial activities were investigated. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the preparation of RPI-carrageenan conjugate-pepper essential oil Pickering emulsion were obtained as follows: dosage of RPI-carrageenan conjugate nanoparticle 0.95%, dosage of pepper essential oil-soybean oil mixture (volume ratio 2∶ 3) 50.6%, and aqueous phase pH 9.8. Under these conditions, the encapsulation rate was 92.34%. The prepared RPI-carrageenan conjugate-pepper essential oil Pickering emulsion was oil-in-water type, which had good stability at 20-60 ℃, but was not stable above 60 ℃. After 30 d storage, the average particle size of the emulsion changed little. The emulsions had good milk droplet characteristics, which provided a physical basis for stability. Compared with the blend of pepper essential oil and soybean oil, the RPI-carrageenan conjugate-pepper essential oil Pickering emulsion showed similar antibacterial effect within 42 h of action on the subject bacteria, but showed stronger antibacterial effect after 42 h. In conclusion, RPI-carrageenan conjugate-pepper essential oil Pickering emulsion has higher encapsulation rate and superior thermal stability, storage stability and antibacterial activity.

To elucidate the influence of different concentrations of carrageenan (CA, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6%, 2.0%, w/w) on the gelation properties and structure of hemp protein isolate (HPI), with the hemp protein isolate without adding CA as the control, the water-holding capacity, texture, rheological properties of the composite gels were determined. Meanwhile, the effect of CA addition on the water distribution, protein structure and intermolecular forces in the composite gels was also investigated. The results showed that the addition of CA significantly (P

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In this work, physically crosslinked injectable hydrogels based on carrageenan, locust bean gum, and gelatin, and mechanically nano-reinforced with green graphene oxide (GO), were developed to address the challenge of finding materials with a good balance between injectability and mechanical properties. The effect of GO content on the rheological and mechanical properties, injectability, swelling behavior, and biocompatibility of the nanocomposite hydrogels was studied. The hydrogels' morphology, assessed by FE-SEM, showed a homogeneous porous architecture separated by thin walls for all the GO loadings investigated. The rheology measurements evidence that G′ > G″ over the whole frequency range, indicating the dominant elastic nature of the hydrogels and the difference between G′ over G″ depends on the GO content. The GO incorporation into the biopolymer network enhanced the mechanical properties (ca. 20%) without appreciable change in the injectability of the nanocomposite hydrogels, demonstrating the success of the approach described in this work. In addition, the injectable hydrogels with GO loadings ≤0.05% w/v exhibit negligible toxicity for 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. However, it is noted that loadings over 0.25% w/v may affect the cell proliferation rate. Therefore, the nano-reinforced injectable hybrid hydrogels reported here, developed with a fully sustainable approach, have a promising future as potential materials for use in tissue repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To further develop a protein-polysaccharide composite fat replacer in low-fat meat products, this used pumpkin seed protein (PSP) and carrageenan to prepare a composite emulsion fat replacer, and added it to myofibrillar protein (MP) to form heat induced gel. The effects of the composite emulsion formed by PSP and carrageenan at various additive amounts on the properties of MP gels were investigated through the determination of gel moisture distribution, textural properties, microstructure, rheological properties, and other indexes. The results showed that when PSP and carrageenan composite emulsion was added at 50%, the water-holding properties and strength of the gel significantly improved (P<0.05), textural properties improved, and cooking loss and freeze-thaw stability significantly reduced (P<0.05). The rheological properties showed that the G' of the gel was always higher than the G". Therefore, a gel structure with elasticity and a denser and homogeneous microstructure was formed. Collectively, the gel properties of MP improved with the addition of 50% PSP and carrageenan composite emulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bougainvillea flower is recognized as food coloring agent due to the presence of betacyanin compounds. The extraction of these compounds is followed by a subsequent process for encapsulation. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effect of maltodextrin and carrageenan on encapsulation characteristics of bougainvillea flower dye extract and obtain the best ratio. Encapsulation was carried out with the ratio of maltodextrin and carrageenan, namely 10:0 (MC1), 9.5:0.5 (MC2), 9:1 (MC3), 8.5:1.5 (MC4), 8:2 (MC5) and 7.5:2.5 (MC6). The results showed that maltodextrin and carrageenan ratio significantly affected the amendment, moisture content, solubility, brightness level (L*), redness level (a*), yellowness level (b*), total betacyanin, surface betacyanin and encapsulation efficiency. Based on the test, the effectiveness index to produce the best treatment was MC3 with characteristics of amendment, moisture content, solubility, brightness level (L*), redness level (a*), yellowness level (b*), total betacyanin, surface betacyanin and encapsulation efficiency at 91.61 ± 0.34, 6.53 ± 0.22, 87.35 ± 1.90 %, 80.43 ± 1.37, 20.37 ± 0.49, 20.73 ± 0.40, 246.99 ± 2.70, 35.76 ± 0.46 mg/100 g and 85.52 ± 0.09 %, respectively. The encapsulated formulation of bougainvillea flower extract with maltodextrin and carrageenan in a balanced ratio can be used as an alternative to provide natural coloring in food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrageenans were widely utilized as thickening and gelling agents in the food and cosmetic industries, and their oligosaccharides have been proven to possess enhanced physicochemical and biological properties. In this study, Shewanella sp. LE8 was utilized for the depolymerization of κ-, ι-, and λ-carrageenan under conditions of fermentation. During a 24-h fermentation at 28 °C, the apparent viscosity of κ-, ι-, and λ-carrageenan decreased by 53.12%, 84.10%, and 59.33%, respectively, accompanied by a decrease in storage modulus, and loss modulus. After a 72-h fermentation, the analysis of methylene blue and molecular weight distribution revealed that ι-carrageenan was extensively depolymerized into smaller polysaccharides by Shewanella sp. LE8, while exhibiting partial degradation on κ- and λ-carrageenan. However, the impact of Shewanella sp. LE8 on total sugars was found to be limited; nevertheless, a significant increase in reduced sugar content was observed. The ESIMS analysis results revealed that the purified components obtained through ι-carrageenan fermentation for 72 h were identified as tetrasaccharides, while the two purified components derived from λ-carrageenan fermentation consisted of a hexasaccharide and a tetrasaccharide, respectively. Overall, the present study first reported the depolymerization of ι-and λ-carrageenan by Shewanella and suggested that the Shewanella could be used to depolymerize multiple carrageenans, as well as complex polysaccharides derived from red algae, to further obtain their oligosaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, renewable and biodegradable polysaccharide-based hydrogels have enjoyed wide applicability among them also as adsorbents for heavy metal removal from wastewaters. Herein we prepared hydrogel beads from iota and kappa carrageenans using a variety of salts as crosslinkers, that were tested for the first time in europium ion (Eu3+) sorption from an aqueous solution as representative lanthanide. The type of the salt, and especially the valance and the hydrated radius of the cation, were found to dictate hydrogel bead formation and structure and, therefore, the Eu3+ sorption yield. The results of ATR-FTIR, SEM and TGA analyses to characterize the iota carrageenan hydrogel beads that were prepared with alkali cations, before and after interaction with Eu3+, indicate that the adsorbent prepared with LiCl was much stiffer and more stable than those prepared with NaCl or KCl. The iota carrageenan beads that were prepared with LiCl were also reused 5 times while exhibiting high adsorption capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of macroalgae for food has been extensive in Asia historically. However, there has been a renewed interest at present in macroalgae due to its recognition as a potential carbon capture agent and a blue carbon donor besides their utility in biofuel production. Bioplastics is an umbrella term for a wide variety of polymers that can be either biobased or biodegradable, or both. Macroalgal polysaccharides and their inherent film‐forming capacity are exploited in the bioplastics industry and macroalgal polysaccharide‐based biofilms are extensively used in food packaging due to their compatibility and ease of production. Commercial macroalgae‐based bioplastics production is ongoing, with research dedicated to the development of biodegradable/compostable biofilms suitable for the food packing and biomedicine sector. This review aims to provide an overview of the polysaccharides of macroalgae that can be used to form biofilms and bioplastics. Different methods for biofilm formation are discussed along with summarizing the effect of plasticizers, the method of film formation, and biodegradability. The major source of marine macroalgal polysaccharaides are agar, alginate, carrageenan, laminarin, fucoidan, and ulvan. Different groups of macroalgae are utilized for the production of polysaccharide derived bioplatics, namely, brown algae (Padina pavonica, Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria japonica, Rugulopteryx okamurae, Sargassum natans, Sargassum siliquosum, Jolyna laminarioides, Gracilaria salicornia), green algae (Ulva fasciata, Halimeda opuntia, Codium fragile, Ulva intestinalis, Ulva lactuca, Ulva rigida), and red algae (Eucheuma cottonii, Porphyra sp., Kappaphycus alvarezii, Gracilaria corticata). The outcome of the review reveals that there is a vast scope for macroalgal polysaccharide‐derived bioplastics for a sustainable environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. (MEC) in male Wistar rats. The efficacy of MEC at a dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg was evaluated in animals treated with 1% carrageenan solution against indomethacin (50 mg/kg). Paw thickness, paw volume, and body weight were measured before the start of the study i.e. at t=0 and thereafter at t=3, 6, and 24h. The level of inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-β) were accessed at t= 24h. MEC exhibited a statistically significant decrease in paw thickness (22.71%) and paw volume (63.89%) and an increase in body weight (100.7%) in a dose-dependent manner (p< 0.001). Pre-treatment with MEC is effective in reducing inflammation by suppressing levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-β and IL-6 and results were found to be extremely significant compared with carrageenan-controlled animals. Furthermore, results suggested that E. conferta Roxb. significantly decreased inflammation, which may be attributed primarily to the presence of quercetin and ascorbic acid. Therefore, it can be explored for the management of inflammation-mediated disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocolloids are widely used in meat products as common food additives. However, research has indicated that excessive consumption of these hydrocolloids may have potential health implications. Currently, consumers mainly rely on sensory evaluation to identify hydrocolloid adulteration in meat products. Although many studies on quantitative detection of hydrocolloids have been conducted by biochemical methods in laboratory environments, there is currently a lack of effective tools for consumers and regulators to obtain real‐time and reliable information on hydrocolloid adulteration. To address this challenge, a smartphone‐based computer vision method was developed to quantitatively detect carrageenan adulteration in beef in this work. Specifically, Swin Transformer models, along with pre‐training and fine‐tuning techniques, were used to successfully automate the classification of beef into nine different levels of carrageenan adulteration, ranging from 0% to 20%. Among the tested models, Swin‐Tiny (Swin‐T) achieved the highest trade‐off performance, with a Top‐1 accuracy of 0.997, a detection speed of 3.2 ms, and a model size of 103.45 Mb. Compared to computer vision, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy achieved a lower accuracy of 0.792 and required a constant temperature environment and a waiting time of around 30 min for data stabilization. In addition, Swin‐T model was also capable of distinguishing between different types of hydrocolloids with a Top‐1 accuracy of 0.975. This study provides consumers and regulators with a valuable tool to obtain real‐time quantitative information about meat adulteration anytime, anywhere. Practical Application: This research provides a practical solution for regulators and consumers to non‐destructively and quantitatively detect the content and type of hydrocolloids in beef in real‐time using smartphones. This innovation has the potential to significantly reduce the costs associated with meat quality testing, such as the use of chemical reagents and expensive instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine bacteria contribute substantially to cycle macroalgae polysaccharides in marine environments. Carrageenans are the primary cell wall polysaccharides of red macroalgae. The carrageenan catabolism mechanism and pathways are still largely unclear. Pseudoalteromonas is a representative bacterial genus that can utilize carrageenan. We previously isolated the strain Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis LL1 that could grow on ι-carrageenan but produce no ι-carrageenase. Here, through a combination of bioinformatic, biochemical, and genetic analyses, we determined that P. haloplanktis LL1 processed a desulfurization-depolymerization sequential pathway for ι-carrageenan utilization, which was initiated by key sulfatases PhSulf1 and PhSulf2. PhSulf2 acted as an endo/exo-G4S (4-O-sulfation-ß-D-galactopyranose) sulfatase, while PhSulf1 was identified as a novel endo-DA2S sulfatase that could function extracellularly. Because of the unique activity of PhSulf1 toward ι-carrageenan rather than oligosaccharides, P. haloplanktis LL1 was considered to have a distinct ι-carrageenan catabolic pathway compared to other known ι-carrageenan-degrading bacteria, which mainly employ multifunctional G4S sulfatases and exo-DA2S (2-O-sulfation-3,6-anhydro-a-D-galactopyranose) sulfatase for sulfate removal. Furthermore, we detected widespread occurrence of PhSulf1-encoding gene homologs in the global ocean, indicating the prevalence of such endo-acting DA2S sulfatases as well as the related ι-carrageenan catabolism pathway. This research provides valuable insights into the enzymatic processes involved in carrageenan catabolism within marine ecological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zywnosc is the property of Polish Society of Food Technologists - Scientific Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The emptying rate of specific nutrients in enteral formulas is poorly understood, despite the importance of controlling the emptying rate in tube-fed patients. Because of their viscosity, thickened formulas are widely used to avoid gastric reflux and reduce the burden on caregivers. This study examined how thickeners in enteral formulas affected the gastric emptying rates of proteins and carbohydrates. A semi-dynamic gastric model was used to prepare and digest test enteral formulas that contained either no thickeners or agar (0.2%). The amounts of protein and carbohydrates in each emptied aliquot were determined, and the emptying rate was calculated. We found that agar accelerated protein emptying, and an exploratory experiment with agar (0.5%) suggested the possibility of concentration dependence. Additionally, experiments using gellan gum (0.08%), guar gum (0.2%), or carrageenan (0.08%, 0.2%) suggested that protein emptying could vary depending on the thickener type and that carrageenan might slow it. These results could help with the appropriate selection of thickeners added to liquid foods based on the patient’s metabolic profile to manage nutrition, not only for tube-fed patients but also for those with oropharyngeal dysphagia or diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the enormous potential of hydrogels in regenerative medicine, new biocompatible gelatin-based hybrid hydrogels were developed through a green process using poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether as a cross-linking agent, adding carrageenan and chitosan polysaccharides to the network to better mimic the hybrid composition of native extracellular matrix. Overall, the hydrogels show suitable structural stability, high porosity and pore interconnectivity, good swellability, and finally, biocompatibility. Their mechanical behavior, investigated by tensile and compression tests, appears to be characterized by nonlinear elasticity with high compliance values, fast stress-relaxation, and good strain reversibility with no sign of mechanical failure for compressive loading–unloading cycles at relatively high deformation levels of 50%. Degradation tests confirm the hydrogel bioresorbability by gradual hydrolysis, during which the structural integrity of both materials is maintained, while their mechanical behavior becomes more and more compliant. Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUC-MSCs) were used to test the hydrogels as potential carriers for cell delivery in tissue engineering. hUC-MSCs cultured inside the hydrogels show a homogenous distribution and maintain their growth and viability for at least 21 days of culture, with an increasing proliferation trend. Hence, this study contributes to a further understanding of the potential use of hybrid hydrogels and hUC-MSCs for a wide range of biomedical applications, particularly in soft tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

K+ ions crosslinked (KC/MB) Methylene blue photosensitizer loaded composite film is prepared for photodynamic therapy (PDT) application as Photosensitizer released by composite film can conveniently be controlled by using different quantities of K+ ions and this application is based on dynamic interaction between light with suitable wavelength, photosensitizer and molecular oxygen, promoting the death of the target tissue or bacterial cells. In this work, the Methylene Blue (MB) loaded Carrageenan polymeric film was prepared by the method of direct addition of MB into pre-polymerization solution of Carrageenan (KC). This composite film and plain KC film were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. The characteristic peaks of MB photosensitizer were obtained in FTIR spectrum of composite film. The composite film KC/MB shows prominence of amorphous nature may be due to MB is present in very small quantity. The SEM analysis reveals that the composite film (KC/MB) having much more smooth surface texture throughout the film. Finally, the result of effect of variation in degree of crosslinking on amount of MB release is, as the amount of K+ ions used to crosslink the film increases, MB release decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been utilised to treat a wide range of illnesses. Research on the therapeutic effects of various plant parts has a lot of promise. The biological activity of Calotropis procera roots, stem, leaves, and fruits are well-known. The plant Calotropis procera exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties, including hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-diabetic effects. The current study demonstrated the sub-acute toxicity, phytochemical screening, and anti-inflammatory properties of a hydro-ethanolic extract of Calotropis procera leaves. For 14 days, the extract's acute toxicity (2000 mg/kg) was studied in Wistar rats. The established test procedure described in the literature was used to determine the quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids as well as the qualitative analysis of different phytochemical constituents. The Folins Ciocalteau reagent and the aluminium chloride method were used for the quantitative measurement of flavonoids and phenolics, respectively. Alkaloids, glycosides, sugars, tannins, flavonoids, and steroids were all found by phytochemical study. The extract of Calotropis procera has a total phenolic content of 0.475 mg/100 mg, which was followed by flavonoids (0.689 mg/100 mg). Up to 2000 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract did not have any harmful effects. In a dosedependent way, the hydroalcoholic extract of Calotropis procera (100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the inflammation in rats caused by formalin and carrageenan. Calotropis procera hydroalcoholic extract has potent anti-inflammatory properties and could be a promising source of anti-inflammatory chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iota carrageenan is characterized as a hydrocolloid, with the limitations of hygroscopicity and hydrophilicity. Here, each of these factors is addressed to enhance the stability, and hydrophobicity through the protection of highly reactive primary alcohol and the formation of stable, improved hydrophobic, and conductive gel for the loading of lipophilic drugs. The functionalized polymer is evaluated through the microscopic and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the compounds, which confirm the confined nature of the functionalized polymer. Moreover, the values changed from compound 1 (iota carrageenan) to compound 2 (benzoyl liked iota carrageenan) included Log P (partition coefficient) from −0.97 to 0.90, calculated partition coefficient (cLog P) from −2.50 to 0.12, and total polar surface area (TPSA) from 214.1 to 208.57, which strongly suggest the enhanced hydrophobic character of functionalized polymers. The enhancement is further concluded by the loading of the lipophilic drug inside the core of functionalized polymer‐based gel. The enhanced loading of the drug clearly shows the improved hydrophobicity (56–86%) of the gel core of the functionalized compounds. In summary, a polymer with enhanced stability, hydrophobicity, conductivity, and capacity to make a more stable gel, with enhanced drug‐loading capability of water‐insoluble drugs, will be the best way to resolve the low bioavailability issue of the water‐insoluble drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Oral hydrogel dressings are required to speed up the healing of oral mucosal wounds by reducing plaque and bacterial infection of the wound. Hydrogel dressing is able to maintain wound moisture and act as an extracellular matrix. Red algae contain carrageenan, which is a polysaccharide of the hydrogel. This study aimed to analyse hydrogel dressing based on red algae carrageenan on the viability of fibroblast culture cells. Materials and methods: The study used human gingival primary culture, treated with hydrogel dressing. There were five treatment groups: base composition hydrogel dressing (group 1), base composition plus carrageenan kappa (group 2), base composition plus carrageenan iota (group 3), base composition + carrageenan kappa without carbomer (group 4) and base composition plus carrageenan iota without carbomer, each divided into four groups of 0.5% concentration. 1%, 2% and 3%. Viability was analysed using an MTT assay. Results: In this study, all groups showed a high percentage of viability. The administration of carrageenan showed that the viability percentage decreased due to changes in gel elasticity. The high elasticity of the gel inhibits cell differentiation and proliferation. Cell viability in iota carrageenan hydrogel was higher than in kappa-carrageenan hydrogel. The group's overall survival exceeded 70%, indicating that the hydrogel was not toxic but supported differentiation and proliferation. Conclusion: It was concluded that the hydrogel dressing in all treatments showed a high percentage of cell viability and did not cause cell toxicity. The carrageenan in the hydrogel causes the hydrogel film layer to become stiffer and stronger, thus affecting its viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Humulus lupulus L. extract reduces carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. • Humulus lupulus L. extract modulate inflammation via increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes. • Humulus lupulus L. extract reduces the lipid peroxidation. Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are widely utilized worldwide as a raw material for various medical applications due to their numerous beneficial health effects. This study aimed to assess the potential neuroprotective effects of hop extract on cerebral oxidative markers and pain using rat models. In the experimental study, rats were divided into five groups and administered varying doses of Humulus lupulus L. extract (HLE) for a period of 15 days prior to the administration of carrageenan. To induce acute inflammation in rats, carrageenan (1 %) was injected into the sub-plantar region of the left paw. Subsequently, analgesic responses, the antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in the cerebral cortex were assessed. In the investigation of pain tolerance caused by inflammation in the hot plate test, the HLE treatment groups as exhibited a significant increase (P < 0.001) in delay time for removing the paw from the hot plate compared to the carrageenan group. The results demonstrate that HLE treatment significantly increased the activity of CAT (P < 0.001) and SOD (P < 0.01) enzymes, while decreasing the level of MDA (P < 0.01). It can be concluded that the consumption of hops may alleviate pain caused by inflammation and mitigate cerebral oxidative stress in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the potential medicinal properties of the ethanolic extract of the root of Bruckenthalia spiculifolia. It quantifies the content of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids in the extract and evaluates its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The results show significant antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting that the extract could be used as a natural source in the pharmaceutical industry. The document provides valuable information for researchers interested in the medicinal properties of Bruckenthalia spiculifolia. Additionally, the list of references related to the European Pharmacopoeia provides resources for library patrons conducting research on natural remedies, herbal medicine, and the pharmacological properties of plants. [Extracted from the article]

Polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan (ChTS) with κ-carrageenan (CARR) have been obtained and characterized as potential adsorbents of fluorescein (FLC) nanomarker in aqueous media at different pH values. The binding of FLC to ChTS and the κ-CARR–ChTS complex has been studied by spectroscopic methods. The efficiency and mechanism of fluorone dye adsorption on the synthesized complexes have been investigated by analyzing equilibrium adsorption isotherms. The isotherm of FLC adsorption on particles of the polyelectrolyte complex has been adequately described within the framework of the Freundlich model. Data on fluorescence quenching have been used to determine the effective Stern–Volmer constants of FLC with ChTS and the κ-CARR–ChTS complex and to show that the nanomarker is bound to biopolymers via different interaction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthritis is a debilitating condition impacting the quality of life for millions worldwide, characterized by pain and inflammation. Understanding the mechanisms of arthritis and developing effective treatments are crucial. This study investigated the hydroethanolic extract of Artemisia herba-alba for its protective potential against arthritis hallmarks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in vitro. It also assessed its in vivo anti-arthritic activity. The phytochemical analysis identified various compounds within the extract, with high concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids. These compounds are associated with numerous health benefits, making A. herba-alba a potential source of valuable phytochemicals. A. herba-alba demonstrated a notable effect in body weight loss, paw edema, and arthritic severity. Histopathological examination revealed structural improvements in bone and muscle tissues, emphasizing its therapeutic potential in managing chronic arthritis. Furthermore, while these findings are promising, further studies are necessary to delve deeper into the mechanisms underlying the observed hematological changes and to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the in vivo results. This research sets the stage for continued exploration, ultimately aiming to unlock the full potential of A. herba-alba in addressing chronic arthritis and enhancing the lives of those affected by this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]