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Additional file 9. Values of Fop plotted against copy number for TE families in the S. rosetta genome. A) All TE families, B) copia-like families, C) chromoviral families and D) DNA transposon families. The linear line of best fit is shown in red.

© 2017 The International Society of Protistologists.Recent advances in molecular technology have revolutionized research on all aspects of the biology of organisms, including ciliates, and created unprecedented opportunities for pursuing a more integrative approach to investigations of biodiversity. However, this goal is complicated by large gaps and inconsistencies that still exist in the foundation of basic information about biodiversity of ciliates. The present paper reviews issues relating to the taxonomy of ciliates and presents specific recommendations for best practice in the observation and documentation of their biodiversity. This effort stems from a workshop that explored ways to implement six Grand Challenges proposed by the International Research Coordination Network for Biodiversity of Ciliates (IRCN-BC). As part of its commitment to strengthening the knowledge base that supports research on biodiversity of ciliates, the IRCN-BC proposes to populate The Ciliate Guide, an online database, with biodiversity-related data and metadata to create a resource that will facilitate accurate taxonomic identifications and promote sharing of data.

Recent advances in molecular technology have revolutionized research on all aspects of the biology of organisms, including ciliates, and created unprecedented opportunities for pursuing a more integrative approach to investigations of biodiversity. However, this goal is complicated by large gaps and inconsistencies that still exist in the foundation of basic information about biodiversity of ciliates. The present paper reviews issues relating to the taxonomy of ciliates and presents specific recommendations for best practice in the observation and documentation of their biodiversity. This effort stems from a workshop that explored ways to implement six Grand Challenges proposed by the International Research Coordination Network for Biodiversity of Ciliates (IRCN-BC). As part of its commitment to strengthening the knowledge base that supports research on biodiversity of ciliates, the IRCN-BC proposes to populate The Ciliate Guide, an online database, with biodiversity-related data and metadata to create a resource that will facilitate accurate taxonomic identifications and promote sharing of data.

Földvári, Mihály, Pomiankowski, Andrew, Cotton, Samuel, Carr, Martin (2007): A morphological and molecular description of a new Te l e o p s i s species (Diptera: Diopsidae) from Thailand. Zootaxa 1620: 37-51, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179161

Teleopsis thaii F��ldv��ri & Carr, new species (Figs 1���5) Teleopsis sp. n.: Carr et al. 2006 b, Carr 2007 Teleopsis sp. n. 1: Papp et al. 2006 Diagnosis: Inner vertical bristle (IVB) only 3���4 times as long as the width of eye stalks in the middle. Thorax shiny in general, scutellar spines up to 5 times as long as scutellum (longest among this four species group). Epandrium in dorsal view narrower than hypandrium. Only few hairs (8���10) at the base of hypandrium. Hypandrial bridge broad, widest at the middle. Type material: Holotype, male (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest). Paratypes 4 males, 5 females (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest), 5 males, 5 females (Natural History Museum, London). All type specimens (dried, double mounted, excellent condition) taken from a laboratory culture housed at University College, London in July 2006. Parent specimens were collected at Doi Suthep National Park, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Label data: over and along a brook, above and below a small waterfall, Nov 9, 2004, leg. L. Papp & M. F��ldv��ri, No. 27. Head: Yellowish red, with minute, whitish hairs, up to 1.5 times the width of eye stalks in the middle. No facial teeth, edges rounded. Outer vertical bristle (OVB) narrow, 1.5 times the width of eye stalks in the middle. IVB on a small tubercle black, 3���4 times the width of eye stalks in the middle. Thorax: Generally shiny, Intra���alar spine (IAS) yellow, slightly curved posteriorly in dorsal view, flattened dorsoventrally. Scutellar spine up to 5 times longer than scutellum, yellow���brown, with hairs on the spine as long as the diameter of the spine. Wing: Four dark bands, proximal band pale, only a dark spot visible above cell cup. Legs: Covered with hairs (shorter than those on the head). Coxae and femora yellow, tibiae and tarsi brown, front femora with rows of peg-like black tubercles; mid femora slightly swollen in posterior view. Praeabdomen: Tergites 1 and 2 completely yellow, first half of tergite 3 yellow, otherwise brown. Tergites 1 and 2 with brown spots dorsally in the middle; tergite 3 with grey pollinose spots on the sides. Hairs on the abdomen (as well as all over the body) moderately long, up to �� of the length of the first coxa Genitalia: The epandrium and the cerci have long, dispersed setae along their surface. There are two hairs and four minute setae at the base of the hypandrium, the tip of the surstyli have numerous short, distinct hairs (Fig. 2). In lateral view the aedeagal apodeme is slightly curved, longest among the four species discussed here, not broadening towards tip (Fig. 3). The parameres in ventral view have two long and two minute hairs (Fig. 4). The hypandrium is connected to the aedeagal apodeme and the membranous tip of the hypandrium (hypandrial bridge) is continuous, not divided into two lobes anteriorly (Fig. 5). The genitalia in ventral view are broader at the membranous part of the hypandrium than at the surstyli, i.e. the epandrium (Fig. 4). Etymology: The name refers to Thailand where the type locality can be found., Published as part of F��ldv��ri, Mih��ly, Pomiankowski, Andrew, Cotton, Samuel & Carr, Martin, 2007, A morphological and molecular description of a new Te l e o p s i s species (Diptera: Diopsidae) from Thailand, pp. 37-51 in Zootaxa 1620 on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179161, {"references":["Carr, M., Cotton, S., Rogers, D. W., Pomiankowski, A., Smith, H. & Fowler, K. (2006 b) Assigning sex to pre-adult stalkeyed flies using genital disc morphology and X chromosome zygosity. BMC Developmental Biology, 6, 29.","Carr, M. (2007) Multiple subfamilies of mariner transposable elements are present in stalk-eyed flies (Diptera: Diopsidae). Genetica, in press (DOI: 10.1007 / s 10709 - 007 - 9157 - 2.).","Papp, L., Merz, M. & Foldvari, M. (2006) Diptera of Thailand. A summary of the families and genera with references to the species representations. Acta zoologica Academiae Scientiarum hungaricae, 52, 97 - 269."]}

Allometry of Teleopsis thaii Male T. thaii were significantly larger than females for both eyespan and body length (Fig. 18; Table 2; �� 2 = 25.02, d.f. = 1, P P = 0.006, respectively). There was significant difference in the slope of eyespan allometry between male and female T. thaii, with males having a steeper scaling relationship (Fig. 18; SEX �� BODY LENGTH interaction term in Table 3). Male T. thaii have the largest mean eyespan of all the species available for phylogenetic and morphological comparisons (Table 2). In addition, the slope of male eyespan allometry and the degree of sexual dimorphism observed in T. thaii is greater than that of all other recorded species except T. breviscopium (Table 2). TABLE 2. Mean trait size (mm) for eyespan (ES), body length (BL) and allometric slope (�� S.E.) of male and female T. thaii (N = sample size). Allometric slope is the least-squares regression coefficient of eyespan on body length. Sexual dimorphism is computed as the difference between male and female slopes. For comparison, the same metrics are given for other members of the Teleopsis genus (data from Baker & Wilkinson 2001). TABLE 3. General Linear Model of body length and sex effects on eyespan in T. thaii., Published as part of F��ldv��ri, Mih��ly, Pomiankowski, Andrew, Cotton, Samuel & Carr, Martin, 2007, A morphological and molecular description of a new Te l e o p s i s species (Diptera: Diopsidae) from Thailand, pp. 37-51 in Zootaxa 1620 on pages 45-47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179161

Teleopsis currani (Shillito, 1940) (Figs 14���17) Cyrtodiopsis currani Shillito 1940: 159. Diagnosis: IVB on large protuberance, that is up to �� of the width of eye stalk in the middle, length of IVB 4��� 5 times as long as eye stalk in the middle. OVB: 3���4 times the width of eye stalks in the middle (much longer than in other species), IAS not flattened (unlike in other three species). Scutellar spines 3���3.5 times as long as length of scutellum. Epandrium in dorsal view as wide as hypandrium. Only few hairs (8���10) at the base of hypandrium. Hypandrial bridge narrow. Material examined: 2 males, 2 females, Thailand, Bangkok, 1-7 March 1971, [leg.] P. & P. Spangler (National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.) Head: Yellow-brown, covered with minute whitish hairs up to �� of the width of eye stalk in the middle. No facial teeth, edge rounded. OVB black, 3���4 times as long as width of eye stalk in the middle. IVB on large protuberance, that is up to �� of the width of eye stalk in the middle, length of IVB 4���5 times as long as eye stalk in the middle. Thorax: Shiny yellow-brown, pollinosity only on the sides, posteriorly. IAS yellow-brown, not flattened. Scutellar spines 3���3.5 times as long as length of scutellum, darker towards tip. Wing; Four dark bands (appearing as a dark wing with 3 white bands). The second dark band is continuous with the third, 3 white spots in the middle of the wing (border of the two dark bands). Legs: Covered with hairs (shorter than those on the head). Coxae and femora yellow, tibiae and tarsi brown, front femora with rows of peg-like black tubercles. Front femora similar to those of T. whitei, but shorter. Praeabdomen: Tergites 1 and 2 yellow, otherwise brown, anterior part of tergite 2 brown, tergite 4 grayish pollinose. Hairs dispersed, short, the longest up to 1 / 3 of the length of first coxa. Genitalia: The epandrium and the cerci have long, dispersed setae along their surface. There are two hairs (as long as T. whitei) and 6���8 minute setae at the base of the hypandrium, the tip of the surstyli have numerous longer hairs, more dispersed than T. thaii and T. whitei), i.e. not restricted to the tip. Surstyli slightly broadened in apical part (Fig. 14). In lateral view the aedeagal apodeme is curved (as in T. thaii), broadest in the middle (Fig. 15). The parameres in ventral view have two long and 2���4 minute hairs (Fig. 16). The hypandrium is connected to the aedeagal apodeme and there is no membranous part of the hypandrium, the hypandrial bridge is narrow (Fig. 17). The genitalia in ventral view are as broad at the membranous part of the hypandrium as at the surstyli, i.e. the epandrium, comparable to T. whitei (Fig. 17)., Published as part of F��ldv��ri, Mih��ly, Pomiankowski, Andrew, Cotton, Samuel & Carr, Martin, 2007, A morphological and molecular description of a new Te l e o p s i s species (Diptera: Diopsidae) from Thailand, pp. 37-51 in Zootaxa 1620 on page 45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179161, {"references":["Shillito, J. F. (1940) Studies on Diopsidae (Diptera) Novitates Zoologicae, 42, 147 - 163."]}

Teleopsis whitei (Curran, 1936) (Figs 6���9) Diopsis whitei Curran 1936: 1. Diagnosis: IVB length up to 4.5 times as long as width of eye stalk in the middle. Thorax pollinose on posterior part, scutellar spines up to 3.5 times as long as length of scutellum. Epandrium in dorsal view as wide as hypandrium. Only few hairs (4���6) at the base of hypandrium. Hypandrial bridge broad, slightly narrowed at the middle. Material examined: 5 males, 5 females taken from a laboratory culture housed at University College, London in July, 2006. This culture was founded from individuals caught in Ulu Gombak, Malaysia by Andrew Pomiankowski and Samuel Cotton in April 2005. The dried, double���mounted specimens are deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. Head: Yellow-brown, covered with white hairs up to as long as width of eye-stalk in the middle. No facial teeth, face rounded at the edges. OVB black, slightly larger than width of eye-stalk in the middle. IVB on a small tubercle in the middle of eye stalk. IVB length up to 4.5 times as long as width of eye-stalk in the middle. Thorax: Shiny yellow-brown on sides, anepimeron and posterior half of meron grayish pollinose. Scutum somewhat golden pollinose. IAS yellow, flattened dorsoventrally. Scutellar spines up to 3.5 times as long as length of scutellum. Wing: Hyaline with 4 bands; proximal and distal bands are narrow and pale, 2 nd band includes distal part of cell dm and R-M cross vein; 3 rd band attaches to the 2 nd along vein M. Legs: Covered with hairs (shorter than those on the head). Coxae and femora yellow, tibiae and tarsi brown, front femora with rows of peg-like black tubercles. Praeabdomen: Covered with hairs (shorter than those on the head). Tergites generally brown with yellow stripe on front half of T 3 and sides of T 1���3. Genitalia: The epandrium and the cerci have long, dispersed setae along their surface. There are two hairs (longer than T. thaii) and two minute setae at the base of the hypandrium, the tip of the surstyli have numerous short, distinct hairs, surstyli broadened at tip (Fig. 6). In lateral view the aedeagal apodeme is curved (more than that of T. thaii), broad at distal one third (Fig. 7). The parameres in ventral view have two long and 4���6 minute hairs (Fig. 8). The hypandrium is connected to the aedeagal apodeme and the membranous tip of the hypandrium (hypandrial bridge) is slightly divided into two parts anteriorly (Fig. 9). The genitalia in ventral view are as broad at the membranous part of the hypandrium as at the surstyli, i.e. the epandrium (Fig. 9)., Published as part of F��ldv��ri, Mih��ly, Pomiankowski, Andrew, Cotton, Samuel & Carr, Martin, 2007, A morphological and molecular description of a new Te l e o p s i s species (Diptera: Diopsidae) from Thailand, pp. 37-51 in Zootaxa 1620 on pages 40-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179161, {"references":["Curran, C. H. (1936) A new Diopsis from India, with notes on others (Diptera). American Museum Novitates, 833, 1 - 2."]}