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3. Epidemiology of Human Parvovirus 4 Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa - Volume 16, Number 10—October 2010 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC

Author

Sharp, Colin P, Vermeulen, Marion, Nébié, Yacouba, Djoko, Cyrille F, LeBreton, Matthew, Tamoufe, Ubald, Rimoin, Anne W, Kayembe, Patrick K, Carr, Jean K, Servant-Delmas, Annabelle, Laperche, Syria, Harrison, GL Abby, Pybus, Oliver G, Delwart, Eric, Wolfe, Nathan D, Saville, Andrew, Lefrère, Jean Jacques, and Simmonds, Peter

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Africa South of the Sahara, Aged, Antibodies, Viral, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Capsid Proteins, Child, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parvoviridae Infections, Parvovirus, South Africa, Young Adult, Clinical Sciences, Medical Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services, Microbiology
Abstract

Human parvovirus 4 infections are primarily associated with parenteral exposure in western countries. By ELISA, we demonstrate frequent seropositivity for antibody to parvovirus 4 viral protein 2 among adult populations throughout sub-Saharan Africa (Burkina Faso, 37%; Cameroon, 25%; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 35%; South Africa, 20%), which implies existence of alternative transmission routes.

Published
2010

4. Changing epidemiology of human parvovirus 4 infection in sub-Saharan Africa.

Author

Sharp, Colin P, Vermeulen, Marion, Nébié, Yacouba, Djoko, Cyrille F, LeBreton, Matthew, Tamoufe, Ubald, Rimoin, Anne W, Kayembe, Patrick K, Carr, Jean K, Servant-Delmas, Annabelle, Laperche, Syria, Harrison, GL Abby, Pybus, Oliver G, Delwart, Eric, Wolfe, Nathan D, Saville, Andrew, Lefrère, Jean Jacques, and Simmonds, Peter

Subjects
Humans, Parvovirus, Parvoviridae Infections, Capsid Proteins, Antibodies, Viral, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Child, Africa South of the Sahara, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Burkina Faso, Female, Male, Young Adult, Antibodies, Viral, Microbiology, Clinical Sciences, Medical Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services
Abstract

Human parvovirus 4 infections are primarily associated with parenteral exposure in western countries. By ELISA, we demonstrate frequent seropositivity for antibody to parvovirus 4 viral protein 2 among adult populations throughout sub-Saharan Africa (Burkina Faso, 37%; Cameroon, 25%; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 35%; South Africa, 20%), which implies existence of alternative transmission routes.

Published
2010

5. Exposure to Wild Primates among HIV-infected Persons - Volume 13, Number 10—October 2007 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC

Author

LeBreton, Matthew, Yang, Otto, Tamoufe, Ubald, Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel, Torimiro, Judith N, Djoko, Cyrille F, Carr, Jean K, Prosser, A Tassy, Rimoin, Anne W, Birx, Deborah L, Burke, Donald S, and Wolfe, Nathan D

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Good Health and Well Being, Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Infection, Abattoirs, Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Animals, Wild, Cameroon, Disease Susceptibility, Female, HIV Infections, HIV-1, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure, Occupations, Primates, Rural Population, Surveys and Questionnaires, Zoonoses, Public Health and Health Services, Microbiology, Clinical sciences, Epidemiology, Health services and systems
Abstract

HIV-1 is an immunosuppressive pathogen. Our behavioral data for 191 HIV-1-infected rural Cameroonians show frequent exposure to nonhuman primates through activities such as hunting and butchering. Immunosuppression among persons exposed to body fluids of wild nonhuman primates could favor the process of adaptation and subsequent emergence of zoonotic pathogens.

Published
2007

13. Simian T-lymphotropic virus diversity among nonhuman primates, Cameroon

Author

Sintasath, David M., Wolfe, Nathan D., LeBreton, Matthew, Jia, Hongwei, Garcia, Albert D., Diffo, Joseph Le Doux, Tamoufe, Ubald, Carr, Jean K., Folks, Thomas M., Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel, Burke, Donald S., Heneine, Walid, and Switzer, William M.

Subjects
Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Health aspects, Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Research, Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Genetic aspects
Abstract

Cross-species transmission of retroviruses is common in Cameroon. To determine risk for simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) transmission from nonhuman primates to hunters, we examined 170 hunter-collected dried blood spots [...]

Published
2009

15. Trends in HIV prevalence among white and African-American civilian applicants for United States Military Service, 1985 to 2003

Author

Bautista, Christian T., Sateren, Warren B., Singer, Darrell E., Carr, Jean K., Birx, Deborah L., and Sanchez, Jose L.

Subjects
African Americans -- Health aspects, HIV infection -- Diagnosis, Health
Abstract

Data from 5,699,590 white and African-American civilian applicants who applied for service in the US military between 1985 and 2003 were used to analyze HIV prevalence trends. These data suggest that despite the overall consistent decreases in HIV prevalence from the 1980s to the late 1990s, an increase in HIV prevalence has taken place older African-American and white subgroups in more recent years.

Published
2006

16. Prevalences, genotypes, and risk factors for HIV transmission in South America

Author

Montano, Silvia M.; Sanchez, Jose L.; Laguna-Torres, Alberto; Cuchi, Paloma; Avila, Maria M., Weissenbacher, Mercedes; Serra, Margarita; Vinoles, Jose; Russi, Jose C.; Aguayo, Nicolas; Galeano, Adolfo H.; Gianella, Alberto; Andrade, Ronald, Arredondo, Anabella, Ramirez, Eugenio; Acosta, Maria E.; Alava, Aracely; Montoya, Orlando; Guevara, Angel; Manrique, Hugo; Sanchez, Jorge L.; Lama, Javier R.; Hoz, Fernando de la; Sanchez, Gloria I.; Ayala, Claudia, Pacheco, Maria E.; Carrion, Gladys; Chauca, Gloria; Perez, Juan J., and Negrete, Monica; Russell, Kevin L.; Bautista, Christian T.; Olson, James G.; Watts, Douglas M.; Birx, Deborah L.; Carr, Jean K.

Subjects
South America -- Health aspects, HIV infection -- Development and progression, HIV infection -- Risk factors, HIV infection -- Diagnosis, Health
Abstract

The HIV risk factor information collected by cross-sectional studies and analyses provided a better view of the status of the HIV epidemic in South America. HIV prevalences were highest among men who have sex with men and were found to be associated with multiple partners, no injection drug use, and sexually transmitted infections.

Published
2005

17. Outbreak of a West African recombinant of HIV-1 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Author

Carr, Jean K., Nadai, Yuka, Eyzaguirre, Lindsay, Saad, Magdi D., Khakimov, Mumtaz M., Yakubov, Shavkat K., Birx, Deborah L., Graham, R. Ross, Wolfe, Nathan D., Earhart, Kenneth C., and Sanchez, Jose L.

Subjects
HIV infection -- Genetic aspects, HIV infection -- Risk factors, HIV infection -- Research, Biological diversity -- Analysis, Health
Abstract

The study aims to describe the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in Uzbekistan. A genetic analysis of Uzbek HIV strains demonstrated the predominance of subtype A in the epidemic.

Published
2005

19. Exposure to nonhuman primates in rural Cameroon

Author

Wolfe, Nathan D., Prosser, A. Tassy, Carr, Jean K., Tamoufe, Ubald, Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel, Torimiro, J. Ndongo, LeBreton, Matthew, McCutchan, Francine E., Birx, Deborah L., and Burke, Donald S.

Subjects
Communicable diseases in animals -- Development and progression, Primates -- Risk factors
Abstract

Exposure to nonhuman primates has led to the emergence of important diseases, including Ebola hemorrhagic fever, AIDS, and adult T-cell leukemia. To determine the extent of exposure to nonhuman primates, [...]

Published
2004

21. HIV-1 infection among civilian applicants for US military service, 1985 to 2000: epidemiology and geography

Author

Sateren, Warren B., Renzullo, Philip O., Carr, Jean K., Birx, Deborah L., and McNeil, John G.

Subjects
Epidemiology -- Statistics, Epidemiology -- Research, HIV patients -- Demographic aspects, HIV patients -- Health aspects, HIV patients -- Care and treatment, HIV infection -- Demographic aspects, HIV infection -- Prevention, HIV infection -- Research, HIV infection -- Health aspects, Medical geography -- Analysis, Medical tests -- Analysis, AIDS (Disease) -- Research, Health
Abstract

Research has been conducted on HIV-1 prevalence among civilian applicants for US military service. The demographic and geographic correlates of these people have been examined, and the results suggest that HIV-1 prevalence is higher among African Americans and Hispanics than among white applicants.

Published
2003

23. Two HIV-1 epidemics in Argentina: different genetic subtypes associated with different risk groups

Author

Avila, Maria M., Pando, Maria A., Carrion, Gladys, Martinez Peralta, Liliana, Salomon, Horacio, Gomez Carrillo, Manuel, Sanchez, Jose, Maulen, Sergio, Hierholzer, Jesse, Marinello, Mark, Negrete, Monica, Russell, Kevin L., and Carr, Jean K.

Subjects
HIV infection -- Argentina, Health
Abstract

There are two different HIV epidemics in Argentina, according to researchers who used the envelope heteroduplex mobility assay to test 134 HIV-infected women, 41 of their male sexual partners, and 95 HIV-infected gay men. The gay men were predominantly infected with env subtype B, whereas the heterosexual men and women were predominantly infected with env subtype F.

Published
2002

28. Subtype C/CRF01_AE recombinant HIV-1 found in Thailand

Author

Watanaveeradej, Veerachai, deSouza, Mark S, Benenson, Michael W, Sirisopana, Narongrid, Nitayaphan, Sorachai, Chanbancherd, Penprapa, Brown, Arthur E, Sanders-Buell, Eric, Birx, Deborah L, McCutchan, Francine E, and Carr, Jean K

Published
2003

32. First CRF01_AE/B recombinant of HIV-1 is found in Thailand

Author

Tovanabutra, Sodsai, Polonis, Victoria, De Souza, Mark, Trichavaroj, Rapee, Chanbancherd, Penprapa, Kim, Bohye, Sanders-Buell, Eric, Nitayaphan, Sorachai, Brown, Arthur, Robb, Merlin R., Birx, Deborah L., McCutchan, Francine E., and Carr, Jean K.

Published
2001

33. Emerging genetic diversity of HIV-1 in South America

Author

Russell, Kevin L., Carcamo, Cesar, Watts, Douglas M., Sanchez, Jorge, Gotuzzo, Eduardo, Euler, Alex, Blanco, Julio C., Galeano, Adolfo, Alava, Aracely, Mullins, James I., Holmes, King K., and Carr, Jean K.

Published
2000

36. Detection of HIV-1 dual infections in highly exposed treated patients

Author

Losso Marcelo, Weissenbacher Mercedes C, Fernandez Giuliano Silvia, Bouzas María Belén, Pugliese Dora, Petroni Alejandro, Ambrosioni Juan, Ceballos Ana, Espada Constanza, Andreani Guadalupe, Benetucci Jorge, Carr Jean K, and Martínez Peralta Liliana

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Genetic characterization of HIV-1 in Argentina has shown that BF recombinants predominate among heterosexuals and injecting drug users, while in men who have sex with men the most prevalent form is subtype B. Objectives The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of HIV dual infections in HIV-infected individuals with high probability of reinfection Study design Blood samples were collected from 23 HIV positive patients with the risk of reinfection from Buenos Aires. A fragment of the HIV gene pol was amplified and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Antiretroviral drug resistance patterns of all the sequences were analyzed. Results Five dual infections were detected with four patients coinfected with subtype B and BF recombinants and one patient was coinfected with two BF recombinants presenting different recombination patterns. Prolonged infection with a stable clinical condition was observed in the five individuals. Resistance mutation patterns were different between the predominant and the minority strains. Conclusions Our results show that HIV dual infection can occur with closely related subtypes, and even with different variants of the same recombinant form in certain populations. Clinical observations showed neither aggressive disease progression nor impact on the resistance patterns in the dually-infected patients.

Published
2011
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37. HIV-1 recombinants with multiple parental strains in low-prevalence, remote regions of Cameroon: Evolutionary relics?

Author

Eyzaguirre Lindsay, Tamoufe Ubald, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Torimiro Judith N, Wolfe Nathan D, Carr Jean K, Birx Deborah L, McCutchan Francine E, and Burke Donald S

Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

Abstract Background The HIV pandemic disseminated globally from Central West Africa, beginning in the second half of the twentieth century. To elucidate the virologic origins of the pandemic, a cross-sectional study was conducted of the genetic diversity of HIV-1 strains in villagers in 14 remote locations in Cameroon and in hospitalized and STI patients. DNA extracted from PBMC was PCR amplified from HIV(+) subjects. Partial pol amplicons (N = 164) and nearly full virus genomes (N = 78) were sequenced. Among the 3956 rural villagers studied, the prevalence of HIV infection was 4.9%; among the hospitalized and clinic patients, it was 8.6%. Results Virus genotypes fell into two distinctive groups. A majority of the genotyped strains (109/164) were the circulating recombinant form (CRF) known to be endemic in West Africa and Central West Africa, CRF02_AG. The second most common genetic form (9/164) was the recently described CRF22_01A1, and the rest were a collection of 4 different subtypes (A2, D, F2, G) and 6 different CRFs (-01, -11, -13, -18, -25, -37). Remarkably, 10.4% of HIV-1 genomes detected (17/164) were heretofore undescribed unique recombinant forms (URF) present in only a single person. Nearly full genome sequencing was completed for 78 of the viruses of interest. HIV genetic diversity was commonplace in rural villages: 12 villages each had at least one newly detected URF, and 9 villages had two or more. Conclusions These results show that while CRF02_AG dominated the HIV strains in the rural villages, the remainder of the viruses had tremendous genetic diversity. Between the trans-species transmission of SIVcpz and the dispersal of pandemic HIV-1, there was a time when we hypothesize that nascent HIV-1 was spreading, but only to a limited extent, recombining with other local HIV-1, creating a large variety of recombinants. When one of those recombinants began to spread widely (i.e. became epidemic), it was recognized as a subtype. We hypothesize that the viruses in these remote Cameroon villages may represent that pre-epidemic stage of viral evolution.

Published
2010
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39. High genetic variability of HIV-1 in female sex workers from Argentina

Author

Carr Jean K, Sanchez José L, Montano Silvia M, Carrion Gladys, Eyzaguirre Lindsay M, Pando María A, and Avila María M

Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

Abstract Background A cross-sectional study on 625 Female Sex Workers (FSWs) was conducted between 2000 and 2002 in 6 cities in Argentina. This study describes the genetic diversity and the resistance profile of the HIV-infected subjects. Results Seventeen samples from HIV positive FSWs were genotyped by env HMA, showing the presence of 9 subtype F, 6 subtype B and 2 subtype C. Sequence analysis of the protease/RT region on 16 of these showed that 10 were BF recombinants, three were subtype B, two were subtype C, and one sample presented a dual infection with subtype B and a BF recombinant. Full-length genomes of five of the protease/RT BF recombinants were also sequenced, showing that three of them were CRF12_BF. One FSW had a dual HIV-1 infection with subtype B and a BF recombinant. The B sections of the BF recombinant clustered closely with the pure B sequence isolated from the same patient. Major resistance mutations to antiretroviral drugs were found in 3 of 16 (18.8%) strains. Conclusion The genetic diversity of HIV strains among FSWs in Argentina was extensive; about three-quarters of the samples were infected with diverse BF recombinants, near twenty percent had primary ART resistance and one sample presented a dual infection. Heterosexual transmission of genetically diverse, drug resistant strains among FSWs and their clients represents an important and underestimated threat, in Argentina.

Published
2007
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41. Correlation of genetic and serologic approaches to HIV-1 subtyping in Thailand

Author

Gaywee, Jariyanart, Artenstein, Andrew W., VanCott, Thomas C., Trichavaroj, Rapee, Sukchamnong, Atthaya, Amlee, Patcharin, De Souza, Mark, McCutchan, Francine E., Carr, Jean K., Markowitz, Laurie E., Michael, Rodney, and Nittayaphan, Sorachai

Subjects
HIV (Viruses) -- Identification and classification, Virology -- Identification and classification, Health
Abstract

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) appear to be almost as effective as other assays for subtyping HIV-1. Researchers evaluated three different assay techniques on blood samples from 38 HIV-infected individuals: EIA, PCR and the heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA). PCR correctly identified the viral subtype in 100% of the samples typed by HMA. EIA correctly identified the viral subtype in 95% of the samples typed by HMA. EIA and PCR are simpler and less time-consuming than HMA.

Published
1996

42. Correlates of HIV-1 seropositivity among young men in Thailand

Author

Sirisopana, Narongrid, Torugsa, Kalyanee, Mason, Carl J., Markowitz, Lauri E., Jugsudee, Achara, Supapongse, Thippawan, Chuenchitra, Choedchai, Michael, Rodney A., Burke, Donald S., Singharaj, Pricha, Johnson, Ayah E., McNeil, John G., McCutchan, Francine E., and Carr, Jean K.

Subjects
Military personnel -- Health aspects, Thais -- Health aspects, HIV seropositivity -- Thailand, Health
Abstract

The Northern region of Thailand seems to have the highest rates of HIV infection among the general population. Researchers tested 117,861 soldiers in the Royal Thai Army for HIV between 1991 and 1993. The men came from all regions of Thailand and two-thirds lived in rural areas prior to induction. Overall, 3.5% were HIV-positive, but seropositive rates varied substantially depending on the region from which the soldier originated. Twelve percent of the soldiers from the Upper North were HIV-positive, compared to 4% of those from the Central region, 3.5% from Bangkok province, 2.3% from the Lower North and 2% from the Northeast and South. HIV-positive rates approached 20% in some provinces in the Upper North. Men who were single, older than 21 and city dwellers before induction were more likely to be HIV-positive. Rates of HIV infection increased dramatically in Thailand in 1988.

Published
1996

43. First report of an HIV-1 triple recombinant of subtypes B, C and F in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Author

Weissenbacher Mercedes, Sánchez José L, Montano Silvia M, Marone Rubén, Ceballos Ana, Bautista Christian T, Segura Marcela, Eyzaguirre Lindsay M, Pando María A, Ávila María M, and Carr Jean K

Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

Abstract We describe the genetic diversity of currently transmitted strains of HIV-1 in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 2000 and 2004. Nearly full-length sequence analysis of 10 samples showed that 6 were subtype B, 3 were BF recombinant and 1 was a triple recombinant of subtypes B, C and F. The 3 BF recombinants were 3 different unique recombinant forms. Full genome analysis of one strain that was subtype F when sequenced in pol was found to be a triple recombinant. Gag and pol were predominantly subtype F, while gp120 was subtype B; there were regions of subtype C interspersed throughout. The young man infected with this strain reported multiple sexual partners and sero-converted between May and November of 2004. This study reported for the first time the full genome analysis of a triple recombinant between subtypes B, C and F, that combines in one virus the three most common subtypes in South America.

Published
2006
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45. Incidence of HIV-1 infection among young men in Thailand

Author

Carr, Jean K., Sirisopana, Narongrid, Torugsa, Kalyanee, Jugsudee, Achara, Supapongse, Thippawan, Chuenchitra, Cheodchai, Nitayaphan, Sorachai, Singharaj, Pricha, and McNeil, John G.

Subjects
Thailand. Royal Thai Army -- Health aspects, HIV infection -- Demographic aspects, Health
Abstract

The rate of HIV infection in Thai army recruits may indicate that the disease is widespread in Thailand with a geographical concentration of cases in the northernmost region of the country. Researchers tracked 17,615 HIV-negative young men who enlisted in the Royal Thai Army in November, 1991 or May, 1992. Over the next 15 months, investigators took follow-up blood samples from 10,851 enlistees to characterize the recruits' rate of HIV infection. Of these, 133 tested positive for the HIV virus. Men who were born in the northernmost regions of Thailand, those who had lived in the northernmost regions two years prior to enlistment, and those who served in military bases in these regions had higher rates of HIV infection than other men. The risk of HIV infection was nearly 20 times greater in recruits who were born in the northernmost regions of Thailand compared to recruits from other birthplaces. Single men and those with less than six years of education were significantly more likely to contract HIV than other men.

Published
1994

50. Naturally acquired simian retrovirus infections in central African hunters

Author

Wolfe, Nathan D, Switzer, William M, Carr, Jean K, Bhullar, Vinod B, Shanmugam, Vedapuri, Tamoufe, Ubald, Prosser, A Tassy, Torimiro, Judith N, Wright, Anthony, Mpoudi-Ngole, Eitel, McCutchan, Francine E, Birx, Deborah L, Folks, Thomas M, Burke, Donald S, and Heneine, Walid

Subjects
Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Demographic aspects, Simian immunodeficiency virus -- Reports, Hunting -- Risk factors, Hunting -- Reports
Published
2004

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