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We designed three color-coding schemes to identify related information across representations and to differentiate distinct information within a representation in slide-based instruction for calculus-based introductory mechanics. We found that students had generally favorable opinions on the use of color and that the few negative criticisms are easily addressed through minor modifications to implementation. Without having the color-coding schemes pointed out to them, a modest but consistent minority of students who found color helpful also described the color-coding schemes implemented, and about a quarter described the use of color in physics contexts as helpful even if they did not describe color-coding. We found that students particularly favored using color in mathematics and color-coding used to identify related variables, verbal definitions, and diagram elements. We additionally found that on average 40% of students found color to be helpful in matching and connecting related information or in separating and distinguishing distinct information, which were the motivating reasons for employing the color-coding schemes.

In an effort to mitigate the harms of large language models (LLMs), learning from human feedback (LHF) has been used to steer LLMs towards outputs that are intended to be both less harmful and more helpful. Despite the widespread adoption of LHF in practice, the quality of this feedback and its effectiveness as a safety mitigation technique remain unclear. This study addresses these issues by auditing the widely-used Helpful and Harmless (HH) dataset by Anthropic. Our work includes: (1) a thorough investigation of the dataset's content through both manual and automated evaluation; (2) experiments demonstrating the dataset's impact on models' safety; and (3) an analysis of the 100 most influential papers citing this dataset. Through our audit, we showcase how conceptualization failures and quality issues identified in the HH dataset can create additional harms by leading to disparate safety behaviors across demographic groups. Our findings highlight the need for more nuanced, context-sensitive approaches to safety mitigation in LLMs., Comment: Prepared for conference submission

In response to numerous programs seeking to advance quantum education and workforce development in the United States, experts from academia, industry, government, and professional societies convened for a National Science Foundation-sponsored workshop in February 2024 to explore the benefits and challenges of establishing a national center for quantum education. Broadly, such a center would foster collaboration and build the infrastructure required to develop a diverse and quantum-ready workforce. The workshop discussions centered around how a center could uniquely address gaps in public, K-12, and undergraduate quantum information science and engineering (QISE) education. Specifically, the community identified activities that, through a center, could lead to an increase in student awareness of quantum careers, boost the number of educators trained in quantum-related subjects, strengthen pathways into quantum careers, enhance the understanding of the U.S. quantum workforce, and elevate public engagement with QISE. Core proposed activities for the center include professional development for educators, coordinated curriculum development and curation, expanded access to educational laboratory equipment, robust evaluation and assessment practices, network building, and enhanced public engagement with quantum science.

GPT-4o is an autoregressive omni model that accepts as input any combination of text, audio, image, and video, and generates any combination of text, audio, and image outputs. It's trained end-to-end across text, vision, and audio, meaning all inputs and outputs are processed by the same neural network. GPT-4o can respond to audio inputs in as little as 232 milliseconds, with an average of 320 milliseconds, which is similar to human response time in conversation. It matches GPT-4 Turbo performance on text in English and code, with significant improvement on text in non-English languages, while also being much faster and 50\% cheaper in the API. GPT-4o is especially better at vision and audio understanding compared to existing models. In line with our commitment to building AI safely and consistent with our voluntary commitments to the White House, we are sharing the GPT-4o System Card, which includes our Preparedness Framework evaluations. In this System Card, we provide a detailed look at GPT-4o's capabilities, limitations, and safety evaluations across multiple categories, focusing on speech-to-speech while also evaluating text and image capabilities, and measures we've implemented to ensure the model is safe and aligned. We also include third-party assessments on dangerous capabilities, as well as discussion of potential societal impacts of GPT-4o's text and vision capabilities.

We conducted systematic radiative transfer (RT) modeling of the Mg II doublet line profiles for 33 low-redshift Lyman continuum (LyC) leakers, and Ly$\alpha$ modeling for a subset of six objects, using a multiphase, clumpy circumgalactic medium (CGM) model. Our RT models successfully reproduced the Mg II line profiles for all 33 galaxies, revealing a necessary condition for strong LyC leakage: high maximum clump outflow velocity ($v_{\rm MgII,\,max} \gtrsim 390\,\rm km\,s^{-1}$) and low total Mg II column density ($N_{\rm MgII,\,tot} \lesssim 10^{14.3}\,\rm cm^{-2}$). We found that the clump outflow velocity and total Mg II column density have the most significant impact on Mg II spectra and emphasized the need for full RT modeling to accurately extract the CGM gas properties. In addition, using archival HST COS/G160M data, we modeled Ly$\alpha$ profiles for six objects and found that their spectral properties do not fully align with the conventional LyC leakage criteria, yet no clear correlation was identified between the modeled parameters and observed LyC escape fractions. We inferred LyC escape fractions based on HI properties from Ly$\alpha$ RT modeling and found that LyC leakage is primarily governed by the number of optically thick HI clumps per sightline ($f_{\rm cl}$). Intriguingly, two galaxies with relatively low observed LyC leakage exhibited the highest RT-inferred LyC escape fractions due to their lowest $f_{\rm cl}$ values, driven by the strong blue peaks of their Ly$\alpha$ emission. Future high-resolution, spatially resolved observations are crucial for resolving this puzzle. Overall, our results support a "picket fence" geometry over a "density-bounded" scenario for the CGM, where a combination of high Mg II outflow velocities and low Mg II column densities may be correlated with the presence of more low-density HI channels that facilitate LyC escape., Comment: 22 pages, 16 figures, comments are welcome

Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) is an approach to creating a conceptual hierarchy in which a \textit{concept lattice} is generated from a \textit{formal context}. That is, a triple consisting of a set of objects, $G$, a set of attributes, $M$, and an incidence relation $I$ on $G \times M$. A \textit{concept} is then modelled as a pair consisting of a set of objects (the \textit{extent}), and a set of shared attributes (the \textit{intent}). Implications in FCA describe how one set of attributes follows from another. The semantics of these implications closely resemble that of logical consequence in classical logic. In that sense, it describes a monotonic conditional. The contributions of this paper are two-fold. First, we introduce a non-monotonic conditional between sets of attributes, which assumes a preference over the set of objects. We show that this conditional gives rise to a consequence relation that is consistent with the postulates for non-monotonicty proposed by Kraus, Lehmann, and Magidor (commonly referred to as the KLM postulates). We argue that our contribution establishes a strong characterisation of non-monotonicity in FCA. Typical concepts represent concepts where the intent aligns with expectations from the extent, allowing for an exception-tolerant view of concepts. To this end, we show that the set of all typical concepts is a meet semi-lattice of the original concept lattice. This notion of typical concepts is a further introduction of KLM-style typicality into FCA, and is foundational towards developing an algebraic structure representing a concept lattice of prototypical concepts.

On 24 September 2023, the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) Sample Return Capsule entered the Earth's atmosphere after successfully collecting samples from an asteroid. The known trajectory and timing of this return provided a rare opportunity to strategically instrument sites to record geophysical signals produced by the capsule as it traveled at hypersonic speeds through the atmosphere. We deployed two optical-fiber distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) interrogators to sample over 12 km of surface-draped, fiber-optic cables along with six co-located seismometer-infrasound sensor pairs, spread across two sites near Eureka, NV. This campaign-style rapid deployment is the first reported recording of a sample return capsule entry with any distributed fiber optic sensing technology. The DAS interrogators recorded an impulsive arrival with an extended coda which had features that were similar to recordings from both the seismometers and infrasound sensors. While the signal-to-noise of the DAS data was lower than the seismic-infrasound data, the extremely dense spacing of fiber-optic sensors allowed for more phases to be clearly distinguished and the continuous transformation of the wavefront as it impacted the ground could be visualized. Unexpectedly, the DAS recordings contain less low-frequency content than is present in both the seismic and infrasound data. The deployment conditions strongly affected the recorded DAS data, in particular, we observed that fiber selection and placement exert strong controls on data quality.

The perturbation analysis of linear solvers applied to systems arising broadly in machine learning settings -- for instance, when using linear regression models -- establishes an important perspective when reframing these analyses through the lens of a data poisoning attack. By analyzing solvers' responses to such attacks, this work aims to contribute to the development of more robust linear solvers and provide insights into poisoning attacks on linear solvers. In particular, we investigate how the errors in the input data will affect the fitting error and accuracy of the solution from a linear system-solving algorithm under perturbations common in adversarial attacks. We propose data perturbation through two distinct knowledge levels, developing a poisoning optimization and studying two methods of perturbation: Label-guided Perturbation (LP) and Unconditioning Perturbation (UP). Existing works mainly focus on deriving the worst-case perturbation bound from a theoretical perspective, and the analysis is often limited to specific kinds of linear system solvers. Under the circumstance that the data is intentionally perturbed -- as is the case with data poisoning -- we seek to understand how different kinds of solvers react to these perturbations, identifying those algorithms most impacted by different types of adversarial attacks., Comment: 18 pages

Galactic outflows provide important feedback effects to regulate the evolution of the host galaxies. Two primary diagnostics of galactic outflows are broad and/or blueshifted emission and absorption lines. Even though well-established methods exist to analyze these outflow signatures, connections between them are rarely studied and largely unknown. In this paper, we present the first detailed comparisons of the outflow properties measured independently from the two outflow diagnostics for a sample of 33 low-redshift star-forming galaxies. Their UV absorption lines are detected by the Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origin Spectrograph, and optical emission lines are observed by the Keck/Echellette Spectrograph and Imager. We find that several outflow properties derived from emission and absorption lines are tightly correlated. These include outflow maximum velocity, line width, and sizes. Specifically, in a given galaxy, outflows seen in emission lines have smaller maximum velocities, narrower line widths, and smaller sizes than those measured from the absorption lines. These findings can be interpreted by the fact that emission line luminosity is weighted by density squared, while absorption line depth is weighted by density. We then test both spherical and bi-conical outflow models, and find the same outflow velocity and density distributions can explain the observed outflow features in emission and absorption lines for individual galaxies. These results provide novel calibration between galactic outflow properties measured from the two diagnostics and provide valuable insights for future models of galactic outflows by potentially doubling the number of observational constraints., Comment: 3 tables, 17 figures, 30 pages, submitted to ApJ

This work aims at providing fundamental general tools for the analysis of water spectra as observed in protoplanetary disks with JWST-MIRI. We analyze 25 high-quality spectra from the JDISC Survey reduced with asteroid calibrators as presented in Pontoppidan et al. 2024. First, we present a spectral atlas to illustrate the clustering of water transitions from different upper level energies ($E_u$) and identify single (un-blended) lines that provide the most reliable measurements. With the atlas, we demonstrate two important excitation effects: one related to the opacity saturation of ortho-para line pairs that overlap, and the other to the sub-thermal excitation of $v=1-1$ lines scattered across the $v=0-0$ rotational band. Second, from this larger line selection we define a list of fundamental lines spanning $E_u$ from 1500 to 6000 K to develop simple line-ratio diagrams as diagnostics of temperature components and column density. Third, we report the detection of disk-rotation Doppler broadening of molecular lines, which demonstrates the radial distribution of water emission at different $E_u$ and confirms from gas kinematics a radially-extended $\approx 170$--220 K reservoir, close to the ice sublimation front. We also report the detection of narrow blue-shifted absorption from an inner disk wind in ro-vibrational H2O and CO lines, which may be observed in disks at inclinations $> 50$ deg. We summarize these findings and tools into a general recipe that should be beneficial to community efforts to study water in planet-forming regions., Comment: Community input and feedback is very welcome. Referee report received and asking for minor revisions. Some analysis updates are in progress. The rest of the sample in Appendix H will be included later

One of the fundamental questions of cosmology is the origin and mechanism(s) responsible for the reionization of the Universe beyond $z\sim6$. To address this question, many studies over the past decade have focused on local ($z\sim0.3$) galaxies which leak ionizing radiation (Lyman continuum or LyC). However, line-of-sight effects and data quality have prohibited deeper insight into the nature of LyC escape. To circumvent these limitations, we analyze stacks of a consolidated sample of {\it HST}/COS observations of the LyC in 89 galaxies at $z\sim0.3$. From fitting of the continuum, we obtain information about the underlying stellar populations and neutral ISM geometry. We find that most LyC non-detections are not leaking appreciable LyC ($f_{esc}^{\rm LyC}<1$\%) but also that exceptional cases point to spatial variations in the LyC escape fraction $f_{esc}^{\rm LyC}$. Stellar populations younger than 3 Myr lead to an increase in ionizing feedback, which in turn increases the isotropy of LyC escape. Moreover, mechanical feedback from supernovae in 8-10 Myr stellar populations is important for anisotropic gas distributions needed for LyC escape. While mechanical feedback is necessary for any LyC escape, high $f_{esc}^{\rm LyC}$ ($>5$\%) also requires a confluence of young stars and ionizing feedback. A two-stage burst of star formation could facilitate this optimal LyC escape scenario., Comment: Submitted to AAS publications, 42 pages, 25 figures

The increasing complexity of deep learning models and the demand for processing vast amounts of data make the utilization of large-scale distributed systems for efficient training essential. These systems, however, face significant challenges such as communication overhead, hardware limitations, and node failure. This paper investigates various optimization techniques in distributed deep learning, including Elastic Averaging SGD (EASGD) and the second-order method AdaHessian. We propose a dynamic weighting strategy to mitigate the problem of straggler nodes due to failure, enhancing the performance and efficiency of the overall training process. We conduct experiments with different numbers of workers and communication periods to demonstrate improved convergence rates and test performance using our strategy.

Mathematically modelling diffusive and advective transport of particles in heterogeneous layered media is important to many applications in computational, biological and medical physics. While deterministic continuum models of such transport processes are well established, they fail to account for randomness inherent in many problems and are valid only for a large number of particles. To address this, this paper derives a suite of equivalent stochastic (discrete-time discrete-space random walk) models for several standard continuum (partial differential equation) models of diffusion and advection-diffusion across a fully- or semi-permeable interface. Our approach involves discretising the continuum model in space and time to yield a Markov chain, which governs the transition probabilities between spatial lattice sites during each time step. Discretisation in space is carried out using a standard finite volume method while two options are considered for discretisation in time. A simple forward Euler discretisation yields a stochastic model taking the form of a local (nearest-neighbour) random walk with simple analytical expressions for the transition probabilities while an exact exponential discretisation yields a non-local random walk with transition probabilities defined numerically via a matrix exponential. Constraints on the size of the spatial and/or temporal steps are provided for each option to ensure the transition probabilities are non-negative. MATLAB code comparing the stochastic and continuum models is available on GitHub (https://github.com/elliotcarr/Carr2024c) with simulation results demonstrating good agreement for several example problems., Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures

Deep learning is revolutionizing weather forecasting, with new data-driven models achieving accuracy on par with operational physical models for medium-term predictions. However, these models often lack interpretability, making their underlying dynamics difficult to understand and explain. This paper proposes methodologies to estimate the Koopman operator, providing a linear representation of complex nonlinear dynamics to enhance the transparency of data-driven models. Despite its potential, applying the Koopman operator to large-scale problems, such as atmospheric modeling, remains challenging. This study aims to identify the limitations of existing methods, refine these models to overcome various bottlenecks, and introduce novel convolutional neural network architectures that capture simplified dynamics.

Feedback is widely recognized as an essential condition for Lyman continuum (LyC) escape in star-forming galaxies. However, the mechanisms by which galactic outflows clear neutral gas and dust remain unclear. In this paper, we model the Mg II 2796\r{A}, 2804\r{A} absorption + emission lines in 29 galaxies taken from the Low-z LyC Survey (LzLCS) to investigate the impact of (radiation + mechanical) feedback on LyC escape. Using constraints on Mg$^+$ and photoionization models, we map the outflows' neutral hydrogen content and predict $f_{esc}^{LyC}$ with a multiphase wind model. We measure mass, momentum, and energy loading factors for the neutral winds, which carry up to 10% of the momentum and 1% of the energy in SFR-based deposition rates. We use SED template fitting to determine the relative ages of stellar populations, allowing us to identify radiation feedback dominant systems. We then examine feedback related properties (stellar age, loading factors, etc.) under conditions that optimize feedback efficiency, specifically high star formation rate surface density and compact UV half-light radii. Our findings indicate that the strongest leakers are radiation feedback dominant, lack Mg II outflows, but have extended broad components in higher ionization lines like [O III] 5007\r{A}, as observed by Amor\'in et al. (2024). In contrast, galaxies experiencing supernovae feedback typically exhibit weaker $f_{esc}^{LyC}$ and show evidence of outflows in both Mg II and higher ionization lines. We attribute these findings to rapid or "catastrophic" cooling in the radiation-dominant systems, which, given the low metallicities in our sample, are likely experiencing delayed supernovae., Comment: 34 pages, 16 figures, 7 tables

Abnormality detection in the identification of a single-subject which deviates from the majority of the dataset that comes from a control group is a critical problem. A common approach is to assume that the control group can be characterised in terms of standard Normal statistics and the detection of single abnormal subject is in that context. But in many situations the control group can not be described in terms of Normal statistics and the use of standard statistics is inappropriate. This paper presents a Bayesian Inference General Procedures for A Single-Subject Test (BIGPAST), designed to mitigate the effects of skewness under the assumption that the dataset of control group comes from the skewed Student's \( t \) distribution. BIGPAST operates under the null hypothesis that the single-subject follows the same distribution as the control group. We assess BIGPAST's performance against other methods through a series of simulation studies. The results demonstrate that BIGPAST is robust against deviations from normality and outperforms the existing approaches in terms of accuracy. This is because BIGPAST can effectively reduce model misspecification errors under the skewed Student's \( t \) assumption. We apply BIGPAST to a MEG dataset consisting of an individual with mild traumatic brain injury and an age and gender-matched control group, demonstrating its effectiveness in detecting abnormalities in the single-subject., Comment: 35 pages, 12 figures and 10 tables

At the low-redshift end ($z<0.05$) of the Hubble diagram with Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia), the contribution to Hubble residual scatter from peculiar velocities is of similar size to that due to the standardization of the SN Ia light curve. A way to improve the redshift measurement of the SN host galaxy is to utilize the average redshift of the galaxy group, effectively averaging over small-scale/intracluster peculiar velocities. One limiting factor is the fraction of SN host galaxies in galaxy groups, previously found to be 30% using (relatively incomplete) magnitude-limited galaxy catalogs. Here, we do the first analysis of N-body simulations to predict this fraction, finding $\sim$66% should have associated groups and group averaging should improve redshift precision by $\sim$120 km s$^{-1}$. Furthermore, using spectroscopic data from the Anglo-Australian Telescope, we present results from the first pilot program to evaluate whether or not 23 previously unassociated SN Ia hosts belong in groups. We find that 91% of these candidates can be associated with groups, consistent with predictions from simulations given the sample size. Combining with previously assigned SN host galaxies in Pantheon+, we demonstrate improvement in Hubble residual scatter equivalent to 145 km s$^{-1}$, also consistent with simulations. For new and upcoming low-$z$ samples from, for example, the Zwicky Transient Facility and the Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time, a separate follow-up program identifying galaxy groups of SN hosts is a highly cost-effective way to enhance their constraining power., Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures. Submitted to ApJ

JWST provides new opportunities to cross-check the HST Cepheid/SNeIa distance ladder, which yields the most precise local measure of H0. We analyze early JWST subsamples (~1/4 of the HST sample) from the SH0ES and CCHP groups, calibrated by a single anchor (N4258). We find HST Cepheid distances agree well (~1 sigma) with all 8 combinations of methods, samples, and telescopes: JWST Cepheids, TRGB, and JAGB by either group, plus HST TRGB and Miras. The comparisons explicitly include the measurement uncertainty of each method in N4258, an oft-neglected but dominant term. Mean differences are ~0.03 mag, far smaller than the 0.18 mag "Hubble tension." Combining all measures produces the strongest constraint yet on the linearity of HST Cepheid distances, 0.994+-0.010, ruling out distance-dependent bias or offset as the source of the tension at ~7 sigma. Yet, measurements of H0 from current JWST subsamples produce large sampling differences whose size and direction we can directly estimate from the full HST set. We show that Delta(H0)~2.5 km/s/Mpc between the CCHP JWST program and the full HST sample is entirely consistent with differences in sample selection. Combining all JWST samples produces a new, distance-limited set of 16 SNeIa at D<25 Mpc and more closely resembles the full sample thanks to "reversion to the mean" of larger samples. Using JWST Cepheids, JAGB, and TRGB, we find 73.4+-2.1, 72.2+-2.2, and 72.1+-2.2 km/s/Mpc, respectively. Explicitly accounting for SNe in common, the combined-sample three-method result from JWST is H0=72.6+-2.0, similar to H0=72.8 expected from HST Cepheids in the same galaxies. The small JWST sample trivially lowers the Hubble tension significance due to small-sample statistics and is not yet competitive with the HST set (42 SNeIa and 4 anchors), which yields 73.2+-0.9. Still, the joint JWST sample provides important crosschecks which the HST data passes., Comment: ApJ accepted, version replaced with accepted version

The first infall of the LMC into the Milky Way (MW) represents a large and recent disruption to the MW circumgalactic medium (CGM). In this work, we use idealized, hydrodynamical simulations of a MW-like CGM embedded in a live dark matter halo with an infalling LMC-like satellite initialized with its own CGM to understand how the encounter is shaping the global physical and kinematic properties of the MW CGM. First, we find that the LMC sources order-unity enhancements in MW CGM density, temperature, and pressure from a $\mathcal{M} \approx 2$ shock from the supersonic CGM-CGM collision, extending from the LMC to beyond $\sim R_{\rm 200, MW}$, enhancing column densities, X-ray brightness, the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (tSZ) distortion, and potentially synchrotron emission from cosmic rays over large angular scales across the Southern Hemisphere. Second, the MW's reflex motion relative to its outer halo produces a dipole in CGM radial velocities, with $v_{\rm R} \pm 30-50$ km/s at $R > 50$ kpc in the Northern/Southern hemispheres respectively, consistent with measurements in the stellar halo. Finally, ram pressure strips most of the LMC CGM gas by the present day, leaving $\sim 10^{8-9} M_{\odot}$ of warm, ionized gas along the past orbit of the LMC moving at high radial and/or tangential velocities $\sim 50-100$ kpc from the MW. Massive satellites like the LMC leave their mark on the CGM structure of their host galaxies, and signatures from this interaction may manifest in key all-sky observables of the CGM of the MW and other massive galaxies., Comment: Submitted to ApJ. 22 pages, 15 Figures. Comments welcomed

Robust POMDPs extend classical POMDPs to handle model uncertainty. Specifically, robust POMDPs exhibit so-called uncertainty sets on the transition and observation models, effectively defining ranges of probabilities. Policies for robust POMDPs must be (1) memory-based to account for partial observability and (2) robust against model uncertainty to account for the worst-case instances from the uncertainty sets. To compute such robust memory-based policies, we propose the pessimistic iterative planning (PIP) framework, which alternates between two main steps: (1) selecting a pessimistic (non-robust) POMDP via worst-case probability instances from the uncertainty sets; and (2) computing a finite-state controller (FSC) for this pessimistic POMDP. We evaluate the performance of this FSC on the original robust POMDP and use this evaluation in step (1) to select the next pessimistic POMDP. Within PIP, we propose the rFSCNet algorithm. In each iteration, rFSCNet finds an FSC through a recurrent neural network by using supervision policies optimized for the pessimistic POMDP. The empirical evaluation in four benchmark environments showcases improved robustness against several baseline methods and competitive performance compared to a state-of-the-art robust POMDP solver.

In this work, we introduce a new iterative quantum algorithm, called Iterative Symphonic Tunneling for Satisfiability problems (IST-SAT), which solves quantum spin glass optimization problems using high-frequency oscillating transverse fields. IST-SAT operates as a sequence of iterations, in which bitstrings returned from one iteration are used to set spin-dependent phases in oscillating transverse fields in the next iteration. Over several iterations, the novel mechanism of the algorithm steers the system toward the problem ground state. We benchmark IST-SAT on sets of hard MAX-3-XORSAT problem instances with exact state vector simulation, and report polynomial speedups over trotterized adiabatic quantum computation (TAQC) and the best known semi-greedy classical algorithm. When IST-SAT is seeded with a sufficiently good initial approximation, the algorithm converges to exact solution(s) in a polynomial number of iterations. Our numerical results identify a critial Hamming radius(CHR), or quality of initial approximation, where the time-to-solution crosses from exponential to polynomial scaling in problem size. By combining IST-SAT with future classical or quantum approximation algorithms, larger gains may be achieved. The mechanism we present in this work thus presents a new path toward achieving quantum advantage in optimization.

This work proposes a mathematical framework to increase the robustness to rare events of digital twins modelled with graphical models. We incorporate probabilistic model-checking and linear programming into a dynamic Bayesian network to enable the construction of risk-averse digital twins. By modeling with a random variable the probability of the asset to transition from one state to another, we define a parametric Markov decision process. By solving this Markov decision process, we compute a policy that defines state-dependent optimal actions to take. To account for rare events connected to failures we leverage risk measures associated with the distribution of the random variables describing the transition probabilities. We refine the optimal policy at every time step resulting in a better trade off between operational costs and performances. We showcase the capabilities of the proposed framework with a structural digital twin of an unmanned aerial vehicle and its adaptive mission replanning.

Open generative models are vitally important for the community, allowing for fine-tunes and serving as baselines when presenting new models. However, most current text-to-audio models are private and not accessible for artists and researchers to build upon. Here we describe the architecture and training process of a new open-weights text-to-audio model trained with Creative Commons data. Our evaluation shows that the model's performance is competitive with the state-of-the-art across various metrics. Notably, the reported FDopenl3 results (measuring the realism of the generations) showcase its potential for high-quality stereo sound synthesis at 44.1kHz., Comment: Demo: https://stability-ai.github.io/stable-audio-open-demo/ Weights: https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-audio-open-1.0 Code: https://github.com/Stability-AI/stable-audio-tools. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2404.10301

Sample Return Capsules (SRCs) entering Earth's atmosphere at hypervelocity from interplanetary space are a valuable resource for studying meteor phenomena. The 24 September 2023 arrival of the OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer) SRC provided an unprecedented chance for geophysical observations of a well-characterized source with known parameters, including timing and trajectory. A collaborative effort involving researchers from 16 institutions executed a carefully planned geophysical observational campaign at strategically chosen locations, deploying over 400 ground-based sensors encompassing infrasound, seismic, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), and GPS technologies. Additionally, balloons equipped with infrasound sensors were launched to capture signals at higher altitudes. This campaign (the largest of its kind so far) yielded a wealth of invaluable data anticipated to fuel scientific inquiry for years to come. The success of the observational campaign is evidenced by the near-universal detection of signals across instruments, both proximal and distal. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the collective scientific effort, field deployment, and preliminary findings. The early findings have the potential to inform future space missions and terrestrial campaigns, contributing to our understanding of meteoroid interactions with planetary atmospheres. Furthermore, the dataset collected during this campaign will improve entry and propagation models as well as augment the study of atmospheric dynamics and shock phenomena generated by meteoroids and similar sources., Comment: 87 pages, 14 figures

The aim of this paper is to study convergence of Bousfield-Kan completions with respect to the 1-excisive approximation of the identity functor and exotic convergence of the Taylor tower of the identity functor, for algebras over operads in spectra centered away from the null object. In Goodwillie's homotopy functor calculus, being centered away from the null object amounts to doing homotopy theory and functor calculus in the retractive setting.

High-significance evidences of the existence of a high-energy diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos have emerged in the last decade from several observations by the IceCube Collaboration. The ANTARES neutrino telescope took data for 15 years in the Mediterranean Sea, from 2007 to 2022, and collected a high-purity all-flavour neutrino sample. The search for a diffuse cosmic neutrino signal using this dataset is presented in this article. This final analysis did not provide a statistically significant observation of the cosmic diffuse flux. However, this is converted into limits on the properties of the cosmic neutrino spectrum. In particular, given the sensitivity of the ANTARES neutrino telescope between 1 and 50 TeV, constraints on single-power-law hypotheses are derived for the cosmic diffuse flux below 20 TeV, especially for power-law fits of the IceCube data with spectral index softer than 2.8.

Generally, discretization of partial differential equations (PDEs) creates a sequence of linear systems $A_k x_k = b_k, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., N$ with well-known and structured sparsity patterns. Preconditioners are often necessary to achieve fast convergence When solving these linear systems using iterative solvers. We can use preconditioner updates for closely related systems instead of computing a preconditioner for each system from scratch. One such preconditioner update is the sparse approximate map (SAM), which is based on the sparse approximate inverse preconditioner using a least squares approximation. A SAM then acts as a map from one matrix in the sequence to another nearby one for which we have an effective preconditioner. To efficiently compute an effective SAM update (i.e., one that facilitates fast convergence of the iterative solver), we seek to compute an optimal sparsity pattern. In this paper, we examine several sparsity patterns for computing the SAM update to characterize optimal or near-optimal sparsity patterns for linear systems arising from discretized PDEs., Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, submitted to Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (PAMM)

The PROSPECT experiment is designed to perform precise searches for antineutrino disappearance at short distances (7 - 9~m) from compact nuclear reactor cores. This Letter reports results from a new neutrino oscillation analysis performed using the complete data sample from the PROSPECT-I detector operated at the High Flux Isotope Reactor in 2018. The analysis uses a multi-period selection of inverse beta decay neutrino interactions with reduced backgrounds and enhanced statistical power to set limits on electron-flavor disappearance caused by mixing with sterile neutrinos with 0.2 - 20 eV$^2$ mass splittings. Inverse beta decay positron energy spectra from six different reactor-detector distance ranges are found to be statistically consistent with one another, as would be expected in the absence of sterile neutrino oscillations. The data excludes at 95% confidence level the existence of sterile neutrinos in regions above 3~eV$^2$ previously unexplored by terrestrial experiments, including all space below 10~eV$^2$ suggested by the recently strengthened Gallium Anomaly. The best-fit point of the Neutrino-4 reactor experiment's claimed observation of short-baseline oscillation is ruled out at more than five standard deviations., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

JWST is uncovering the properties of ever increasing numbers of galaxies at z>6, during the epoch of reionization. Connecting these observed populations to the process of reionization requires understanding how efficiently they produce Lyman continuum (LyC) photons and what fraction (fesc) of these photons escape into the intergalactic medium. By applying the Cox proportional hazards model, a survival analysis technique, to the Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), we develop new, empirical, multivariate predictions for fesc. The models developed from the LzLCS reproduce the observed fesc for z~3 samples, which suggests that LyC emitters may share similar properties at low and high redshift. Our best-performing models for the z~3 galaxies include information about dust attenuation, ionization, and/or morphology. We then apply these models to z$\gtrsim$6 galaxies. For large photometric samples, we find a median predicted fesc=0.047-0.14. For smaller spectroscopic samples, which may include stronger emission line galaxies, we find that $\geq$33% of the galaxies have fesc >0.2, and we identify several candidate extreme leakers with fesc $\geq$0.5. The current samples show no strong trend between predicted fesc and UV magnitude, but limited spectroscopic information makes this result uncertain. Multivariate predictions can give significantly different results from single variable predictions, and the predicted fesc for high-redshift galaxies can differ significantly depending on whether star formation rate surface density or radius is used as a measure of galaxy morphology. We provide all parameters necessary to predict fesc for additional samples of high-redshift galaxies using these models., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 33 pages, 9 figures, 10 tables, plus appendix

To understand how galaxies reionized the universe, we must determine how the escape fraction of Lyman Continuum (LyC) photons (fesc) depends on galaxy properties. Using the z~0.3 Low-redshift Lyman Continuum Survey (LzLCS), we develop and analyze new multivariate predictors of fesc. These predictions use the Cox proportional hazards model, a survival analysis technique that incorporates both detections and upper limits. Our best model predicts the LzLCS fesc detections with a root-mean-square (RMS) scatter of 0.31 dex, better than single-variable correlations. According to ranking techniques, the most important predictors of fesc are the equivalent width (EW) of Lyman-series absorption lines and the UV dust attenuation, which track line-of-sight absorption due to HI and dust. The HI absorption EW is uniquely crucial for predicting fesc for the strongest LyC emitters, which show properties similar to weaker LyC emitters and whose high fesc may therefore result from favorable orientation. In the absence of HI information, star formation rate surface density ($\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$) and [O III]/[O II] ratio are the most predictive variables and highlight the connection between feedback and fesc. We generate a model suitable for z>6, which uses only the UV slope, $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$, and [O III]/[O II]. We find that $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ is more important in predicting fesc at higher stellar masses, whereas [O III]/[O II] plays a greater role at lower masses. We also analyze predictions for other parameters, such as the ionizing-to-non ionizing flux ratio and Ly=alpha escape fraction. These multivariate models represent a promising tool for predicting fesc at high redshift., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 34 pages + appendix, 12 figures

The PROSPECT-I detector has several features that enable measurement of the direction of a compact neutrino source. In this paper, a detailed report on the directional measurements made on electron antineutrinos emitted from the High Flux Isotope Reactor is presented. With an estimated true neutrino (reactor to detector) direction of $\phi = 40.8\unicode{xB0} \pm 0.7\unicode{xB0}$ and $\theta = 98.6\unicode{xB0} \pm 0.4\unicode{xB0}$, the PROSPECT-I detector is able to reconstruct an average neutrino direction of $\phi = 39.4\unicode{xB0} \pm 2.9\unicode{xB0}$ and $\theta = 97.6\unicode{xB0} \pm 1.6\unicode{xB0}$. This measurement is made with approximately 48000 Inverse Beta Decay signal events and is the most precise directional reconstruction of reactor antineutrinos to date.

The scaling of galaxy properties with halo mass suggests that feedback loops regulate star formation, but there is no consensus yet about how those feedback loops work. To help clarify discussions of galaxy-scale feedback, Paper I presented a very simple model for supernova feedback that it called the minimalist regulator model. This followup paper interprets that model and discusses its implications. The model itself is an accounting system that tracks all of the mass and energy associated with a halo's circumgalactic baryons--the central galaxy's atmosphere. Algebraic solutions for the equilibrium states of that model reveal that star formation in low-mass halos self-regulates primarily by expanding the atmospheres of those halos, ultimately resulting in stellar masses that are insensitive to the mass-loading properties of galactic winds. What matters most is the proportion of supernova energy that couples with circumgalactic gas. However, supernova feedback alone fails to expand galactic atmospheres in higher-mass halos. According to the minimalist regulator model, an atmospheric contraction crisis ensues, which may be what triggers strong black-hole feedback. The model also predicts that circumgalactic medium properties emerging from cosmological simulations should depend largely on the specific energy of the outflows they produce, and we interpret the qualitative properties of several numerical simulations in light of that prediction., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, Submitted to ApJ

This paper presents a new framework for understanding the relationship between a galaxy and its circumgalactic medium (CGM). It focuses on how imbalances between heating and cooling cause either expansion or contraction of the CGM. It does this by tracking \textit{all} of the mass and energy associated with a halo's baryons, including their gravitational potential energy, even if feedback has pushed some of those baryons beyond the halo's virial radius. We show how a star-forming galaxy's equilibrium state can be algebraically derived within the context of this framework, and we analyze how the equilibrium star formation rate depends on supernova feedback. We consider the consequences of varying the mass loading parameter etaM = Mdot_wind / Mdot_* relating a galaxy's gas mass outflow rate (Mdot_wind) to its star formation rate (Mdot_*) and obtain results that challenge common assumptions. In particular, we find that equilibrium star formation rates in low-mass galaxies are generally insensitive to mass loading, and when mass loading does matter, increasing it actually results in \textit{more} star formation because more supernova energy is needed to resist atmospheric contraction., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, submitted to ApJ

Speech and language biomarkers have the potential to be regular, objective assessments of symptom severity in several health conditions, both in-clinic and remotely using mobile devices. However, the complex nature of speech and often subtle changes associated with health mean that findings are highly dependent on methodological and cohort choices. These are often not reported adequately in studies investigating speech-based health assessment, hindering the progress of methodological speech research. Our objectives were to) facilitate replicable speech research by presenting an adaptable speech collection and analytical method and design checklist for other researchers to adapt for their own experiments and develop an exemplar protocol that reduces and controls for confounding factors in repeated recordings of speech, including device choice, speech elicitation task and non-pathological variability. The presented protocol comprises the elicitation of read speech, held vowels and a picture description collected with a freestanding condenser microphone, 3 smartphones and a headset. We extracted a set of 14 exemplar speech features. We collected healthy speech from 28 individuals 3 times in 1 day, repeated at the same times 8-11 weeks later, and from 25 individuals on 3 days in 1 week at fixed times. Participant characteristics collected included sex, age, native language status and voice use habits. Before each recording, we collected information on recent voice use, food and drink intake, and emotional state. The extracted features are presented providing a resource of normative values. Speech data collection, processing, analysis and reporting towards clinical research and practice varies widely. Greater harmonisation of study protocols and consistent reporting are urgently required to translate speech processing into clinical research and practice., Comment: Main manuscript: 49 pages double spaced. 3 figures, 6 tables. Submitted to BMC Methods. Replacement with substantially revised version

We overview the history of primordial black hole (PBH) research from the first papers around 50 years ago to the present epoch. The history may be divided into four periods, the dividing lines being marked by three key developments: inflation on the theoretical front and the detection of microlensing events by the MACHO project and gravitational waves by the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA project on the observation front. However, they are also characterised by somewhat different focuses of research. The period 1967-1980 covered the groundbreaking work on PBH formation and evaporation. The period 1980-1996 mainly focussed on their formation, while the period 1996-2016 consolidated the work on formation but also collated the constraints on the PBH abundance. In the period 2016-2024 there was a shift of emphasis to the search for evidence for PBHs and - while opinions about the strength of the purported evidence vary - this has motivated more careful studies of some aspects of the subject. Certainly the soaring number of papers on PBHs in this last period indicates a growing interest in the topic., Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures. To appear (with updates) in the book "Primordial Black Holes", ed. Chris Byrnes, Gabriele Franciolini, Tomohiro Harada, Paolo Pani, Misao Sasaki; Springer (2024). v2: minor changes

We report constraints on a variety of non-standard cosmological models using the full 5-year photometrically-classified type Ia supernova sample from the Dark Energy Survey (DES-SN5YR). Both Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Suspiciousness calculations find no strong evidence for or against any of the non-standard models we explore. When combined with external probes, the AIC and Suspiciousness agree that 11 of the 15 models are moderately preferred over Flat-$\Lambda$CDM suggesting additional flexibility in our cosmological models may be required beyond the cosmological constant. We also provide a detailed discussion of all cosmological assumptions that appear in the DES supernova cosmology analyses, evaluate their impact, and provide guidance on using the DES Hubble diagram to test non-standard models. An approximate cosmological model, used to perform bias corrections to the data holds the biggest potential for harbouring cosmological assumptions. We show that even if the approximate cosmological model is constructed with a matter density shifted by $\Delta\Omega_m\sim0.2$ from the true matter density of a simulated data set the bias that arises is sub-dominant to statistical uncertainties. Nevertheless, we present and validate a methodology to reduce this bias., Comment: Published to MNRAS on 20 August 2024; v2 updates to the accepted version

We present a complete census of candidate nuggets, i.e., dense galaxies likely formed by compaction with intense gas influx, within the volume-limited $z \sim 0$ REsolved Spectroscopy Of a Local VolumE (RESOLVE) survey. These nuggets span all evolutionary stages and 3 orders of magnitude in stellar mass ($M_{*} \sim 10^{8} M_\odot$ to $10^{11} M_\odot$) from the dwarf to the giant regime. We develop selection criteria for our $z\sim0$ nugget candidates based on structure and introduce the use of environmental criteria to eliminate nugget-like objects with suspected non-compaction origins. The resulting $z\sim0$ nuggets follow expectations with respect to structure (i.e., density, size), population frequency, and likely origins. We show that the properties of our nugget census are consistent with permanent quenching above the gas-richness threshold scale (halo mass $M_{halo} \sim 10^{11.4} M_\odot$), cyclic temporary quenching below the threshold scale, and feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) assisting in permanent quenching. As predicted in simulations, most nuggets quench within the halo mass range $M_{halo} \sim 10^{11.45} M_\odot$ to $10^{11.9} M_\odot$. We find $\sim 0.29$ dex scatter around the star-forming main sequence for candidate blue nuggets below the threshold scale, which is consistent with temporary quenching as seen in simulations. A transitional population of green nuggets appears above the threshold scale. AGN also become more common in nuggets above this scale, and we see a likely AGN excess in nuggets vs. comparably selected non-nuggets. Our results provide the first observational confirmation of the mass-dependent, AGN-mediated shift from cyclic quenching to halo quenching in nuggets., Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures

Feedback driven massive outflows play a crucial role in galaxy evolution by regulating star formation and influencing the dynamics of surrounding media. Extracting outflow properties from spectral lines is a notoriously difficult process for a number of reasons, including the possibility that a substantial fraction of the outflow is carried by dense gas in a very narrow range in velocity. This gas can hide in spectra with insufficient resolution. Empirically motivated analysis based on the Apparent Optical Depth method, commonly used in the literature, neglects the contribution of this gas, and may therefore underestimate the true gas column density. More complex semi-analytical line transfer (e.g., SALT) models, on the other hand, allow for the presence of this gas by modeling the radial density and velocity of the outflows as power laws. Here we compare the two approaches to quantify the uncertainties in the inferences of outflow properties based on 1-D "down-the-barrel" using the UV spectra of the CLASSY galaxy sample. We find that empirical modeling may significantly underestimate the column densities relative to SALT analysis, particularly in the optically thick regime. We use simulations to show that the main reason for this discrepancy is the presence of large amount of dense material at low velocities, which can be hidden by the finite spectral resolution of the data. The SALT models in turn could over-estimate the column densities if the assumed power laws of the density profiles strong are not a property of actual outflows., Comment: Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal

As its next step in space exploration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) revealed plans to establish a permanent human presence on Mars. Habitat outfitting, i.e., the technology to provide the crew with the necessary equipment to perform mission tasks as well as a comfortable, safe, and livable habitable volume, has not been fully explored yet. This study proposes that, rather than shipping prefabricated outfitting elements to Mars, habitat outfitting can be realized by in-situ construction using cyanobacteria and fungi as building agents. A synthetic lichen system, composed of diazotrophic cyanobacteria and filamentous fungi, can be created to produce abundant biominerals (CaCO3) and biopolymers, which will glue Martian regolith into consolidated building blocks. These self-growing building blocks can be assembled into various structures, such as floors, walls, partitions, and furniture.