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We applied eight primer-restriction enzyme combinations to investigate genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and genetic structure of Carpinus laxiflora populations with AFLP markers. The average of effective alleles (Ae), the proportion of polymorphic loci (%P), Shannon’s diversity index (I), and the expected heterozygosity (He) were 1.4, 82.2%, 0.371, and 0.241, respectively. The expected heterozygosity (Hj) from Bayesian method was 0.270. The level of genetic diversity was high compared to those of Carpinus species and other species with a similar life history. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) from approximated Bayesian method was 0.618, which was smaller than that for Acer pseudosieboldianum (FIS=0.712). Genetic differentiation was 0.060 from AMOVA (ΦST) and 0.056 from Bayesian method (θII). The level of genetic differentiation was very small compared to that of Carpinus species and other species with a similar life history. According to UPGMA and Bayesian clustering, 10 populations were divided into two genetic groups. Except Mt. Chilgap and Minjuji, most of the populations were detected as weak genetic structures according to the geographical distribution such as mountain ranges. We might consider that demographic disturbance, local specific vegetation change history, and forest succession interrupted the genetic structure of C. laxiflora in South Korea.

Carpinus laxiflora is a member of the family Betulaceae. In the present study, we analyzed the complete chloroplast genome sequence of C. laxiflora using the Ion Torrent Platform. We found that the...

18. Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum 1 (20): 309 (Blume 1851). ��� Distegocarpus laxiflora Siebold & Zucc., Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der K��niglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4 (3): 228 (Siebold & Zuccharini 1846). ��� Type: Japan, s. loc., H. B��rger s.n. (lecto-, designated by Akiyama et al. (2013: 349): M-0120909!). ��� Additional original material: Japan, s. loc., H. B��rger s.n. (M-0120907!, M-0120908!); ibid., s. coll. (L0175947! ex herb. P.F. von Siebold s.n., L0175948! ex herb. P.F. von Siebold s.n.); ibid., s. coll. (K000859944!, P06811472!, P06811473!, P06811475!). C. laxiflora f. lacera Hayashi, Journal of Geobotany [���������������] 22: 4 (Hayashi 1974). ��� Type: not localized. C. laxiflora var. chartacea H.L��v., Bulletin de la Soci��t�� botanique de France 51: 424 (L��veill�� 1904). ��� Original citation: without collecting data. ��� Type: not localized. C. laxiflora var. pendula Miyoshi, Report of the National Monument Investigation. Plants [������������ ��������������� ������������ ��� 8 ���] 8: 45 (Department of the Interior 1928). ��� C. laxiflora f. pendula (Miyoshi) Sugim., New Keys to Japanese Trees [�����������������������]: 117, 458 (Sugimoto 1961). ��� Original citation: ���Ein einziges Exemplar im Grundst��ck von Jojuin Tempel, Tochigi Pr��fektur.��� [A single exemplar on the area of the Jojuin temple, Tochigi prefecture ���; ��������� in Niregimachi, Kanuma district]. ��� Type: not localized. ��� Note: this is tree with hanging branches, better considered as a cultivar. The tree (most likely a clone) still existed in 2013. C. laxiflora var. macrophylla Nakai, The Botanical Magazine [Tokyo] 45: 112 (Nakai 1931). ��� C. laxiflora f. macrophylla (Nakai) W.T.Lee, Lineamenta Florae Koreae: 165 (Lee 1996). ��� Type: South Korea [Gyeonggi-do], in silvis K��ry�� prov. Keiki, Gwangreung, 3 Sep. 1930, T. Nakai 13201 (holo-: TI). C. laxiflora var. obtusisquama Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 9 (2): 73 (Koidzumi 1940). ��� Type: South Korea, Chiisan [Mt. Jiri-san], Kokiri, 11 Jun. 1935, G.S. Koidzumi s.n. (holo-: KYO). ��� Note: this name is mentioned neither in the World Checklist (Govaerts & Frodin 1998) nor in the Checklist of Korea (Chang et al. 2014a) nor in the WCSP (2016), synonymization unclear. C. laxiflora var. longispica Uyeki, Suigen Gakuho 41: 9 (Uyeki & Lee 1924). ��� Type: South Korea, Chyolla australis, mont Chokē (holo-: SNUA���). ��� Type: South Korea, Jeollanam-do, Suncheon City, Songkwang-myeon, Seungju-eup, Jukhak-ri, Mt. Jogye-san, near the stream in front of Songkwang Temple, 30 Jun. 1993, J.I. Jeon and D.J. Ha 10005 (neo-, designated by Chang & Chang (2010: 275): SNUA; isoneo-: KH). ��� Note: Chang et al. (2014a) accept C. laxiflora var. longispica as a distinct taxon with C. laxiflora var. macrothyrsa as its synonym. C. laxiflora var. macrothyrsa Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 9 (2): 73 (Koidzumi 1940). ��� Type: South Korea, Mt. Chiisan [Jirisan], Hannyaho, Gawun [Gurae-jun], [Jeollanam-do], 2 Jun. 1935, S. Okamoto s.n. (lecto-, designated by Chang & Chang (2010: 276): KYO). ��� Note: this name is regarded as a synonym of C. laxiflora var. longispica in Chang et al. (2014a). C. laxiflora var. gosenensis Franch. nom. nud. ��� Note: this name is written on the specimen only: Japan, Niigata, Montagnes de Gosen, 28 Jul. 1874, U.J. Faurie s.n. (P06811469!). C. laxiflora var. onoei nom. nud. ��� Note: this name is written on the specimens only: Japan, [Chūbu], Ono [Ōno], L. Savatier 2935 (P06811464!); ibid., s. coll., s.n. (P06811462!)., Published as part of Holstein, Norbert & Weigend, Maximilian, 2017, No taxon left behind? - a critical taxonomic checklist of Carpinus and Ostrya (Coryloideae, Betulaceae), pp. 1-52 in European Journal of Taxonomy 375 on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.375, http://zenodo.org/record/3838542, {"references":["Blume C. L. 1851. Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum. Vol. 1 (20): 305 - 320. E. J. Bril, Leiden. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 274","Siebold P. F. von & Zuccharini J. G. 1846. Florae japonicae familiae naturales, adjectis generum et specierum exemplis selectis. Sectio prima. Plantae dicotyledoneae polypetalae. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4 (3): 109 - 240.","Akiyama S., Thijsse G., Esser H. - J. & Ohba H. 2013. Siebold and Zuccarini's type specimens and original material from Japan, Part 2. Angiosperms. Dicotyledoneae 1. 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KJ 00002594589","Govaerts R. & Frodin D. G. 1998. World checklist and bibliography of Fagales (Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Fagaceae and Ticodendraceae). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.","Chang C. - S., Kim H. & Chang K. S. 2014 a. Provisional checklist of Vascular plants for the Korea Peninsula Flora (KPF). Designpost, Pajo.","WCSP. 2016. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http: // apps. kew. org / wcsp / [accessed 8 Jul. 2016].","Uyeki H. & Lee J. - O. 1924. Forest distribution pattern around the 35 ° N latitude in Chosen. Suigen Gakuho 41: 3 - 13.","Chang C. - S. & Chang K. S. 2010. Typification of Corylopsis coreana (Hamamelidaceae) and Carpinus laxiflora var. longispica (Betulaceae). Journal of Japanese Botany 85: 270 - 276."]}

An unknown larva of enormous size was found from Carpinus laxiflora in the Gwangneung forest and identified by using a barcode gene. It was a larva of Callipogon relictus Semenov, a natural monument of Korea, at an undetermined instar. Based on the result, we provide the larval morphological description of this particular instar, with the illustrations and biometric measurement data of diagnostic characters.

The phytosociological study was carried out to investigate the Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana community structural characteristics and soil environment of Mt. Baegun in Pochen. The vegetation data of total 9 releves were analyzed by the Zurich-Montpellier school's method. Three communities of Mt. Baegun were recognized : Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana - Quercus mongolica community, Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana - Carpinus laxiflora community, Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana typical community. The reanalysis to Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana community structural characteristics in south area classified 8 communities by literature. PCA analysis of Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana community distributed in the middle and southern area showed that the Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana community of the Mt. Jiri in the southern area was highly correlated with the one of Mt. Baegun in the middle area. Key words - Phytosociological study, Community, Vegetation, PCA * 교신저자(E-mail): 100@daejin.ac.kr

Emission rates of biogenic hydrocarbon emitted from broad-leaved trees grown at Jeju Island were estimated using a dynamic enclosure method. Leaf temperature, PAR and relative humidity were monitored during the sampling time. The emission rates of isoprene and monoterpene were measured for five plants( Carpinus laxiflora , Quercus serrata , Styrax japonicus , Quercus acutissima , Quercus crispula ) during the sampling period at the Halla mountain sites. Among five tree species, the highest isoprene emission rate of 10.60 ㎍ gdw -1 hr -1 was observed for Quercus serrata . The seasonal emission rates were the highest during summer and the emission of isoprene was highly affected by light and temperature variations.The highest emission rate of isoprene was occurred between 13:00 and 14:00, but isoprene was not emitted in nighttime because of the absence of light. Key Words : Isoprene, Monoterpene, Emission rates, Broad-leaved tree, Dynamic enclosure chamber, Jeju Island 1) 1. 서 론

A taxonomic review of Bolitotrogus kurosonis Miyatake 1964 is presented. B. kurosonis is a fungivorous tenebrionid beetle and is a rare inhabitant of fungi on deciduous trees (Quercus, Carpinus laxiflora, etc.) in Korea. Sporophores of Inonotus mikadoi (Lloyd) Imaz. was the obligate feeding and breeding sites for this species in Jeju-do. A description, an additional key to the Korean Bolitophagini, fungal host, photographs of adult, and illustrations of diagnostic characteristics are provided.

We investigated the mass dynamics of coarse woody debris (CWD) in an old-growth deciduous forest dominated by Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, and C. cordata in a 1 ha permanent plot of the Gwangneung Experiment Forest, Korea, from 2002 through 2010. CWD mass varied from 16.8 to 34.2 Mg ha−1, and the ratio of CWD mass to stand biomass varied from 0.06 to 0.13. The mean CWD mass input and loss rates were 4.81 Mg ha−1 yr−1 and 2.28 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. A large heterogeneity of CWD mass, as represented by the spatial coefficient of variation (127.2%) and annual coefficient of variation (178.5%), might be inherent in the old-growth temperate forest, which consisted of large biomass trees. The decay rate constant, as estimated from the wood density change, was 0.049yr−1. However, the large variation of annual CWD mass input could cause the overestimation of decay rate constant (0.167 yr−1) as calculated from the ratio of CWD mass input to CWD mass. According to the CWD decay class classification, cl...

This paper is to contribute for management and restoration as a basic study of vegetation structure in Aemirang Hill, Nakdongjeongmaek. To verify the characteristics of vegetation structure, we set up 25 plots(100㎡). The result of community analysis was used by TWINSPAN classification. The communities were classified 7 types i.e. Quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Q. mongolica-Quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica-Betula davurica community, Larix leptolepis community. Pinus densiflora community and Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community are progressively transforming a Quercus mongolica community that is called Pinus densiflora next succession stage. Whereas the communities that has dominant Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica did not appear a next generation succession tree such as Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus cordata in the under story and shrub layer. Therefore, Aemirang Hill's ecological succession was to maintain the status condition. Aemirang Hill's diversity index is 0.5738 to 0.8906. It were analyzed that diversity index was lower than other places.

The purpose of the present investigation was to investigate diversity patterns in Mt. Neungdong forested landscape. It was conducted on twelve sloping plots (100×100 m) in the east and west sides of Mt. Neungdong. A total of 2,157 specimins were identified as trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥10 ㎝. There were a total of 135 species of 35 families present in both regions of Mt. Neungdong. Least significant differences (LSD) by post hoc analysis revealed that region A had significantly greater densities than region B. Shannon-Wiener functions differed significantly between forests (F=4.12, p＜0.05), with region B forest having a significantly higher value (2.118) than region A (1.882). Pinus thunbergii and Quercus aliena were dominant on most plots of both regions, however, the P. densiflora forest of region A was distributed better in the middle plots exposures compared to the opposite ones. Q. aliena, Q. mongolica, and Carpinus laxiflora largely occupied the middle and lower exposures of region B. The spatial distribution in Neungdong's forest was very heterogeneous and reflected by most species as having micro-climate and patchy distributions.

This study has targeted Quercus acutissima forests in Korea and has classified the association between Quercus acutissima forests by using the phytosociological method. In addition, the correlation between each association, distribution, potential natural vegetation, and aspect of Quercus acutissima forest according to location have been analyzed to examine the characteristics of the Korean Quercus acutissima forests. Through factor analysis of DECORANA, it was revealed that Quercetum serrato-acutissimae forms in the basal zones of mountains, Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae is formed in the highlands, in the relatively high mountain area, and Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae is mainly distributed in valleys. However, this phenomenon is not very obvious, as each association structure is often mixed up. This result is caused by inhomogeneity of the Quercus acutissima forests, and most of it is distributed in basal zones or around farmlands where there are severe disturbance factors. The proposed potential natural vegetation of the Quercus acutissima forests in Korea is as follows; Quercetum serrato-acutissimae → Quercus aliena-Quercus serrata community → Quercus serrata community, Quercetum mongolico-acutissimae → Quercus aliena-Quercus mongolica community → Quercus mongolica community, Carpino-Quercetum acutissimae → Quercus aliena-Carpinus laxiflora community → Carpinus laxiflora community.

九州の冷温帯落葉広葉樹林の渓畔域において，異なる土性（砂質土壌および礫質土壌）に生育する渓畔種サワグルミの当年生実生の根系の形態を調査し，同じ環境に生育するアカシデおよびイヌシデと比較することにより，1）渓畔林構成種は土壌基質に順応して根系を展開しているか，2）順応の結果は生残率に影響を及ぼすか，を検討した。樹種間および土性間で根系を比較した結果，礫質土壌におけるサワグルミの最長側根長，最長根長（根系基部から根の先端までの最長距離）および最長側根長/主根長は最も高い値を示した。このことから，サワグルミは礫質土壌において側根を最も長く伸ばせるという特徴があり，アカシデおよびイヌシデに比べて礫質土壌に順応する能力が高いと考えられた。また，サワグルミの生残率は礫質土壌において高かったことから，サワグルミの礫質土壌に対する根系の順応が渓畔域での当年生実生の定着・生残に影響していることが示唆され，根系の順応はサワグルミの重要な特徴のひとつであろうと推察された。

A survey to investigate the inhabitation of Callipogon relictus Semenov and evaluate the population of the species in the Gwangneung Forest was conducted during last seven years. During the study, a female was observed in the forest in 2006 which confirmed a possibility of the inhabitation with a small population. Fortunately, a ovipositing female was observed in the forest during this study period in 2006. The female laid more than 20 eggs singly in the crack of bark of the Carpinus laxiflora Blume. We collated the all available data for the species with the present study including the previous reports to provide the information far the conservation plan. It will be needed the long term monitoring and various efforts for the conservation of the species will be need hereafter.

International audience; Colour measurements were made for sapwood specimens of 26 hardwood species. The densities of the specimens ranged from 258.5 to 945.6 kg/m3. The colorimetric values and densities were compared among the species. The tristimulus values of X, Y, and Z were poorly correlated with the densities. The chromaticity coordinate x had a good linear correlation with the densities of the wood specimens, especially in the transverse planes. The transverse plane of wood fibres is thought to emphasize the relative values in the long wavelength region of the visible ray

From the fresh leaves of Carpinus laxiflora (Betulaceae), two new hydrolyzable tannins, carpinusin (2) and carpinusnin (3), have been isolated, together with thirteen known hydrolyzable tannins and related compounds, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physico-chemical evidence