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Liver cirrhosis causes include alcoholism, viral infections (hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and metabolic dysfunction associated with steatotic liver disease (MASLD), among others. Cirrhosis frequency has increased in recent years, with a prevalence of 1395 cases per 100,000 and a mortality rate of 18 per 100,000, which corresponded to 1,472,000 deaths during 2017. In Mexico, liver disease is a public health problem since it was associated to 41,890 deaths in 2022, including liver cirrhosis (>25,000) and ALD (14,927). This represents 114 daily deaths due to these causes, and corresponds to the 4th or 5th place of all causes. The global prevalence of MASLD is estimated to affect 25% of the world's population, while in the pediatric population it could be higher. In Mexican population it is more prevalent since estimations were around 41.3% in 2023. Alcohol consumption, a global health issue due to its high prevalence and associated morbidities, is associated to ALD in 32.9%, with a mortality rate of 23.9%, primarily due to liver-related causes. In Mexico, ALD is present in 23% of all cirrhosis cases, already surpassed by hepatitis B cases in 2009. HCV and HBV frequencies changed due to programs implementing screening detection, vaccines and direct-acting antivirals during the last years. A switch of causes has occurred, increasing MASLD and diminishing viral causes. Efficient performed liver transplantation has grown as a response to increasing cirrhosis cases, including recent authorized centers. These efforts are necessary, whereas preventive strategies should be implemented according to leading causes., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interests None., (Copyright © 2024 Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, A.C. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: The safety and efficacy data of the different types of available vaccines is still needed. The goal of the present analysis was to evaluate the humoral response to the COVID-19 vaccines in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients., Methods: Participants were included from February to September 2021. No prioritized vaccination roll call applied for OLT patients. Controls were otherwise healthy people. Blood samples were drawn after 15 days of the complete vaccine doses. The samples were analyzed according to the manufacturer's instructions using the Liaison XL platform from DiaSorin (DiaSorin S.p.A., Italy), and SARS-COV-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott Diagnostics, IL, USA)., Results: A total of 187 participants (133 OLT, 54 controls, median age: 60 years, 58.8% women) were included for the analysis; 74.3% had at least one comorbidity. The serologic response in OLT patients was lower than in controls (median 549 AU/mL vs. 3450 AU/mL, respectively; p = 0.001). A positive humoral response was found in 133 OLT individuals: 89.2% with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), 60% ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 (Oxford-AstraZeneca), 76.9% with CoronaVac (Sinovac, Life Sciences, China), 55.6% Ad5-nCov (Cansino, Biologics), 68.2% Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) and 100% with mRNA-1273. In controls the serological response was 100%, except for Cansino (75%). In a multivariable model, personal history of COVID-19 and BNT162b2 inoculation were associated with the serologic response, while the use of prednisone (vs. other immunosuppressants) reduced this response., Conclusion: The serologic response to COVID-19 vaccines in OLT patients is lower than in healthy controls. The BNT162b2 vaccine was associated with a higher serologic response., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)