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Total sleep deprivation has a visible impact on subjective facial appearance. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how moderate sleep restriction objectively impairs skin quality and facial aspect.Twenty-four healthy good-sleeping women, aged 30-55, volunteered for this study on the impact of sleep restriction (SR) on their facial skin. SR was limited to 3 h per night for 2 consecutive nights. We assessed the following parameters at the same time of day, before and after SR: sebumetry (Sebumeter SM 815), hydration (Corneometer CM 825), trans-epidermal water loss (Tewameter TM 210), biomechanical properties (Cutometer MPA 580), pH (PH-meter 900), desquamation quantification (D-Squameter and microscopy), and image analysis (ColorFace - Newtone Technologies). We also obtained skin samples (swab) for malondialdehyde quantification (MDA).We observed that some skin parameters are significantly associated with SR in both the morning and afternoon, including: lower hydration (p 0.001), increased trans-epidermal water loss (PIE) (p 0.001), and decreased extensibility (Uf; p = 0.015) and viscosity (Uv; p 0.001) of the skin. The average pH increased from 4.8 (±0.2) to 4.9 ± 0.4; p 0.001. For face photography, brightness and saturation also significantly decreased with SR in mornings and afternoons (p 0.001 for all tests). Finally, we observed a significant decrease in isolated corneocytes after desquamation associated with SR (p 0.001 for all tests). SR was also associated with significantly increased MDA levels (p 0.001 for all tests).Two nights of SR significantly altered the skin and facial appearances in our test group of typically good-sleeping women.

We show that sleep deprivation in otherwise normal and healthy adults can be detected through machine-learning analysis of vocal recordings. Importantly, we used fully generic acoustic features, derived from auditory models, together with our own machine learning interpretation method, derived from neuroscience. Sleep deprivation impacted two broad types of acoustic features: one related to speech rhythms, the other related to the timbre of the voice. Such features plausibly reflect two independent physiological processes: one explicit, the cognitive control of speech production, and the other implicit, the inflammation of the vocal apparatus. Crucially, the relative balance of the two processes varied widely across individuals, consistent with the known but unexplained variability in responses to sleep deprivation. Overall, our results suggest that the voice may be used as a “sleep stethoscope” to characterize the individual effects of sleep deprivation. Moreover, the method we applied is fully general and could be adapted to any future investigation of vocal biomarkers using machine-learning techniques.Author summarySleep deprivation has an ever-increasing impact on individuals and societies, from accidents to chronic conditions costing billions to health systems. Yet, to date, there is no quick and objective test for sleep deprivation. We show that sleep deprivation can be detected at the individual level with voice recordings, outlining future cost-effective and non-invasive “sleep stethoscopes”. Importantly, we focused on interpretability, which identified two independent physiological effects of sleep deprivation: a change in prosody, related to cognitive control, and a change in timbre, related to inflammation. This also revealed a striking variability in individual reactions to the same deprivation. The neuroscientific framework we developed, combining auditory models and machine learning, is freely available and could be adapted to any vocal biomarker.

Highlights • We examined the optimal length of actigraphic recording in patients with narcolepsy type 1. • No differences were detected between the mean values of 7-day and 14-day analyzed sets for the different sleep parameters. • One week of actigraphic recording in patients with narcolepsy type 1 appears to be sufficient., Objective The aim of the present study was to assess the optimal length of actigraphic recordings in patients with narcolepsy type 1. Methods A secondary analysis was carried out with the previously collected data in eleven patients with narcolepsy type 1. Ten of the 11 patients were medicated at the time of actigraphic recording. Each patient originally wore an Actiwatch AW64 actigraph for at least 28 consecutive days. Overall, the patients were analyzed for 308 nights. Results No significant differences were observed between the mean values of the 7-day and 14-day analyzed sets for the parameters sleep efficiency, fragmentation index, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, and total sleep time. Conclusions Our data suggest that 7 days of actigraphic recording could be sufficient for these patients. Significance Our results for the optimal length of actigraphic recording could be useful for both physicians and patients.

Prospective memory (PM) is essential in everyday life because it concerns the ability to remember to perform an intended action in the future. This ability could be influenced by poor sleep quality, the role of which, however, is still being debated. To examine the role of sleep quality in PM in depth, we decided to perform a retrospective naturalistic study examining different clinical populations with a primary sleep disorder or comorbid low sleep quality. If sleep is important for PM function, we could expect poor sleep to affect PM performance tasks both directly and indirectly. We examined a total of 3600 nights, recorded using actigraphy in participants belonging to the following groups: primary insomnia (731 nights), narcolepsy type 1 (1069 nights), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (152 nights in children and 239 in adults), severe obesity (232 nights), essential hypertension (226 nights), menopause (143 nights), healthy controls (808 nights). In a naturalistic activity-based PM task, each participant originally wore an actigraph around the non-dominant wrist and was requested to push the event-marker button at two specific times of day: bedtime (activity 1) and get-up time (activity 2). Each clinical group showed significantly lower sleep quality in comparison to the control group. However, only narcolepsy type 1 patients presented a significantly impaired PM performance at get-up time, remembering to push the event-marker button around half the time compared not only to healthy controls but also to the other clinical groups. Overall, the present results seem to point to sleep quality having no effect on the efficiency of a naturalistic activity-based PM task. Moreover, the data indicated that narcolepsy type 1 patients may show a disease-specific cognitive deficit of PM.

Objectif L’actimetrie est un outil sous-estime en clinique capable de differencier des patients atteints de narcolepsie de type 1 (NT1), d’insomnie primaire (IP) ou des bons dormeurs, grâce a une combinaison de parametres actimetriques nocturnes et diurnes. Methodes Nous avons cherche a tester cette fonction discriminante (DS ou score discriminant) en comparant les actimetries de 13 NT1 (9 femmes ; âge moyen 39,38 ± 11,48), appariees avec celles de 13 PI (9 femmes ; âge moyen 38,69 ± 10,72) et celles de 13 sujets controles sains (HC) (9 femmes ; âge moyen 38 ± 10,77). Les participants ont porte des actimetres Actiwatch AW64 au poignet non dominant pendant 7 jours consecutifs. Resultats Nous avons observe des differences significatives entre ces differents groupes avec : – un plus grand nombre d’episodes de vigilance chez les PI que chez les HC ; – un index de fragmentation (IF) plus eleve chez lez NT1 que chez les HC et PI ; – une duree plus longue de la plus longue sieste (LNAP) chez lez NT1 que chez les HC et PI ; – un DS plus eleve chez les PI et NT1 que chez les HC. Un nouveau DS (NDS), avec LNAP et FI en variables independantes, a ainsi ete propose, plus eleve chez les NT1 que pour les HC et les PI. Conclusion Cette etude confirme que l’actimetrie permet de discriminer les NT1 des HC. Cependant, si l’on considere les PI, un nouveau score discriminant NDS, qui prend en compte la LNAP et l’IF, est mieux pour ce modele d’actimetrie.

Objective/background It has been shown that actigraphy may have a discriminant function (DS) for the diagnosis of narcolepsy type 1 patients (NT1), based on a combination of nighttime and daytime parameters. Here, we aimed to test those findings using another actigraph model with a different clinical sample as control (ie, primary insomniacs, PI), carrying out a secondary analysis of previously collected data. Patients/methods The study sample consisted of 13 NT1 (nine females; mean age 39.38 ± 11.48), 13 PI (nine females; mean age 38.69 ± 10.72) and 13 Healthy Controls (HC) (nine females; mean age 38 ± 10.77). Participants wore the Actiwatch AW64 (Cambridge Neurotechnology Ltd, Cambridge, UK) around the non-dominant wrist for seven consecutive days. Results Significant differences between groups were observed with a higher number of episodes of wakefulness (wake bouts, WB) in PI than HC, a higher fragmentation index (FI) in NT1 than HC and PI, a higher duration of the longest nap (LNAP) in NT1 than HC and PI and higher DS in PI and NT1 than HC. A new DS (NDS), with LNAP and FI as independent variables, was proposed; which was higher in NT1 than HC and PI. Conclusions The present study confirms that actigraphy discriminates NT1 from HC. However, considering PI, a new discriminant function NDS which takes into account LNAP and FI is better for this actigraph model.

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Objectif La privation de sommeil a un fort impact sur l’aspect du visage (signes visibles de fatigue) mais ses consequences sur les caracteristiques biophysiques de la peau demeurent inconnues. Notre etude s’est interessee aux effets de 2 nuits consecutives de restriction de sommeil (3 heures/nuit) sur la peau du visage avec des methodes d’evaluation instrumentales non-invasives pour le sebum, l’hydratation, la perte insensible en eau, les proprietes biomecaniques, le pH, la desquamation et l’analyse d’image. Methodes Vingt-quatre femmes (type caucasien) volontaires sans trouble du sommeil, âgees de 30–53 ans, ont ete selectionnees a partir de questionnaires (Epworth, PSQI, Horne et Ostberg). La restriction de sommeil a ete controlee par actimetrie et agenda de sommeil. Les mesures biophysiques et les photographies du visage ont ete realisees le matin et l’apres-midi, avant et apres restriction. Resultats Le sebum et la perte transepidermique en eau etaient plus intenses l’apres-midi que le matin, sans aucun impact de la restriction. A l’inverse, l’hydratation a la surface de la peau, le pH, les proprietes viscoelastiques de la peau, la desquamation et la luminosite etaient significativement reduits apres restriction. Conclusion Cette etude identifie plusieurs parametres importants de la peau du visage affectes significativement par la restriction aigue de sommeil (hydratation, acidite, homogeneite de desquamation, proprietes viscoelastiques et luminosite du teint) et souligne l’importance de la qualite (ou quantite) de sommeil dans l’homeostasie physiologique de la peau, l’esthetique et le confort.

Objectif La privation de sommeil impacte l’aspect du visage mais ses consequences sur les caracteristiques biophysiques de la peau sont inconnues. Nous avons montre que la restriction de sommeil induisait differentes modifications de la peau. Nous explorons ici l’evolution sur la journee de ces parametres et l’importance du niveau de stress et de l’âge des sujets. L’impact d’une restriction de sommeil a 3 h/nuit pendant 2 nuits consecutives a ete etudie par des methodes instrumentales non invasives. Methodes Au total, 24 femmes de 30–53 ans (type caucasien) volontaires sans trouble du sommeil, ont ete selectionnees (Epworth, PSQI, Horne et Ostberg, HAD). La restriction a ete controlee par actimetrie et agenda de sommeil. Resultats Compares avant restriction, certains parametres cutanes ont evolue differemment au cours de la journee apres restriction : diminution de l’etirabilite et d’elasticite de la peau au cours de la journee, stabilisation du teint dans les domaines de couleur et de gris. Certains parametres etaient davantage affectes chez les sujets plus âges, comme la production de sebum et la recuperation apres stress mecanique. Enfin, les sujets identifies comme plus calmes (scores HAD et PSQI) etaient davantage affectes par la restriction. Le niveau de MDA (reflet de l’oxydation) etait significativement plus eleve apres restriction chez ces sujets calmes. Conclusion Cette etude souligne que l’âge et le niveau de stress peuvent moduler les consequences de la restriction de sommeil sur la peau du visage et met en evidence que l’evolution quotidienne spontanee de la peau est perturbee par ce stress.

Objectif Nous avons souhaite tester la pertinence de plusieurs parametres biologiques salivaires comme marqueurs potentiels de la privation de sommeil. Methodes Etude monocentrique avec 17 jeunes hommes sains, soumis a 2 nuits de restriction a 3 heures de sommeil, avec 4 mesures salivaires repetees de l’alpha-amylase, du cortisol, de l’IL-6 et de l’IgA, ainsi que de la somnolence (Echelle de somnolence de Stanford), de l’attention (Test de Macworth) et de l’humeur (POMS). Resultats L’activite des 2 principaux systemes de stress (le cortisol refletant l’activite de la voie hypothalamo-pituitaire adrenergique et l’alpha-amylase refletant l’activite du systeme nerveux sympathique) est modifiee par la restriction de sommeil, mais pas de variation de l’IL-6 et des IgA. Les chutes du taux d’alpha-amylase mesurees dans l’apres-midi en periode de pression homeostatique croissante de sommeil suggerent que celle-ci pourrait etre un marqueur potentiel de la dette de sommeil. Sur le plan comportemental, apres 2 nuits consecutives de sommeil limitees a 3 heures, on observe une perturbation de la tension, de l’humeur et de la sociabilite. Conclusion Une privation partielle de sommeil (limitee a 3 heures) pendant seulement 2 nuits, ce qui se rapproche du vecu de nombreux conducteurs, augmente fortement la somnolence et perturbe le stress, ressenti et mesure biologiquement dans la salive.

Summary Introduction The prevalence of sleep disorders increases with age and reaches 20 to 40% of those older than 60 years. We set up a health education program to help the elderly to improve their sleep. It includes a preliminary 9-day evaluation with a sleep diary and wrist actigraph, a day of group cognitive behavioral therapy, and a follow-up assessment, again with sleep diary and actigraph. Methods Of the 26 study participants (9 men and 17 women, mean age: 68 ± 1 years), 14 had insomnia with night awakenings of 1 hour or longer or a sleep latency of 30 minutes or longer or both (group 1). The other 12 (group 2) also complained of insufficient sleep. Results In the weeks following cognitive behavioral therapy, group 1 improved their total sleep time by an average of 24 to 33 minutes, with reduced night-time awakenings and sleep latency and no change in their time spent in bed. Those in group 2 also increased their total sleep time by 18 to 47 minutes, by spending more time in bed and maintaining a sleep efficiency close to 88%. Conclusion This study showed that cognitive behavioral therapy coupled with individual sleep evaluation improves sleep duration in elderly people who complain of insufficient sleep. These beneficial effects were accompanied by positive assessments of both subjective sleep quality and morning energy.

Resume Un programme d’education centre sur la gestion du sommeil a ete mis au point pour essayer d’ameliorer la qualite de vie de seniors se plaignant de leur sommeil au point d’avoir pris rendez-vous dans un centre du sommeil. Le premier groupe qui a beneficie de cette formation comprenait 2 hommes et 4 femmes âges de 68 a 76 ans (moyenne 71 ans) vivant a Paris ou dans sa proche banlieue. Lors de la premiere session, apres avoir explique le but de ce programme de formation, un agenda du sommeil et un actimetre etaient remis a chaque participant pour une duree de 9 jours. Lors de la seconde session, un rapport individuel presentant les resultats etait prepare pour chaque personne. Une journee de formation leur etait ensuite proposee sur les grandes regles de l’hygiene du sommeil. Un mois plus tard, un agenda et un actimetre etaient a nouveau confies a chaque participant pour une nouvelle periode de 9 jours. Les resultats de la premiere et la seconde session leur etaient remis a l’occasion d’une troisieme rencontre. Les donnees d’actimetrie ont permis de mettre en evidence une augmentation de la duree du sommeil de 32 minutes en moyenne sans changement de l’efficacite du sommeil. L’analyse des agendas montre que la qualite subjective du sommeil etait meilleure apres la formation, ainsi que le dynamisme et la lucidite le matin. Ces resultats preliminaires suggerent qu’un programme de gestion du sommeil integrant la tenue d’un agenda et le port d’un actimetre pourrait ameliorer la qualite de vie des seniors.

This study investigated the responses of posterior triangular (PoT) thalamic neurons to tactile and noxious calibrated stimuli in anesthetized rats. We report here that 41% of PoT units responded to cutaneous stimulation, in most cases, by increasing strongly their firing. Forty-five percent of the responding units were nociceptive specific (NS), 19% were nociceptive nonspecific (NNS), and 36% were tactile. The NS units responded only to frankly noxious stimuli applied to relatively large receptive fields (several parts of the body). They encoded nociceptive temperatures chiefly in 46-50°C ranges. The NNS units resembled NS units but also responded to innocuous stimuli. Tactile units responded chiefly to repeated innocuous stimuli applied to very small receptive fields (one to two fingers or vibrissae).A representative sample of PoT somatosensory neurons, characterized first by their response to innocuous and noxious cutaneous stimuli, were filled with juxtacellular injection of biotin-dextran that made it possible to label adequately the soma, the dendrites, and the entire axon of PoT neurons. We observed that the axons of NS neurons terminated only in secondary somatosensory (S2) cortex, whereas the axons of NNS and tactile neurons projected chiefly to the insular cortex and the amygdala.In conclusion, our results demonstrate a spinal-PoT-S2/insular cortices nociceptive pathway that conveys nociceptive messages arising from lamina I and spinal neurons of deep laminas. Furthermore, our results demonstrate for the first time that projections of PoT neurons are correlated to their physiological properties.

Projections to the forebrain from lamina I of spinal and trigeminal dorsal horn were labeled anterogradely with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and/or tetramethylrhodamine-dextran (RHO-D) injected microiontophoretically. Injections restricted to superficial laminae (I/II) of dorsal horn were used primarily. For comparison, injections were also made in deep cervical laminae. Spinal and trigeminal lamina I neurons project extensively to restricted portions of the ventral posterolateral and posteromedial (VPL/VPM), and the posterior group (Po) thalamic nuclei. Lamina I also projects to the triangular posterior (PoT) and the ventral posterior parvicellular (VPPC) thalamic nuclei but only very slightly to the extrathalamic forebrain. Furthermore, the lateral spinal (LS) nucleus, and to a lesser extent lamina I, project to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. In contrast to lamina I, deep spinal laminae project primarily to the central lateral thalamic nucleus (CL) and only weakly to the remaining thalamus, except for a medium projection to the PoT. Furthermore, the deep laminae project substantially to the globus pallidus and the substantia innominata and more weakly to the amygdala and the hypothalamus. Double-labeling experiments reveal that spinal and trigeminal lamina I project densely to distinct and restricted portions of VPL/VPM, Po, and VPPC thalamic nuclei, whereas projections to the PoT appeared to be convergent. In conclusion, these experiments indicate very different patterns of projection for lamina I versus deep laminae (III-X). Lamina I projects strongly onto relay thalamic nuclei and thus would have a primary role in sensory discriminative aspects of pain. The deep laminae project densely to the CL and more diffusely to other forebrain targets, suggesting roles in motor and alertness components of pain.

The lateral capsular division (CeLC) of the central nucleus (Ce) of the amygdala, in the rat, has been shown to be the main terminal area of a spino(trigemino)-parabrachio-amygdaloid nociceptive pathway [Bernard & Besson (1990) J. Neurophysiol. 63, 473-490; Bernard et al. (1992) J. Neurophysiol. 68, 551-569; Bernard et al. (1993) J. Comp. Neurol. 329, 201-229]. The projections to the forebrain from the CeLC and adjacent regions were studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) restricted in subdivisions of the Ce and the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus anterior (BLA). Our data showed that the entire CeLC projects primarily and extensively to the substantia innominata dorsalis (SId). The terminal labelling is especially dense in the caudal aspect of the SId. The other projections of the CeLC in the forebrain were dramatically less dense. They terminate in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the posterior hypothalamus (pLH). No (or only scarce) other projections were found in the remaining forebrain areas. The Ce lateral division (CeL) and the Ce medial division (CeM), adjacent to the CeLC, also project to the SId with slightly lower density labelling. However, contrary to the case of the CeLC, both the CeL and the CeM extensively project to the ventrolateral subnucleus of the BST (BSTvl) with a few additional terminals found in other regions of the lateral BST. Only the CeM projects densely to both the interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure and the caudal most portion of the pLH. The projections of the BLA are totally different from those of the Ce as they terminate in the dorsal striatum, the accumbens nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus of olfactory tract and the rostral pole of the cingulate/frontal cortex. This study demonstrates that the major output of the nociceptive spino(trigemino)-parabrachio-CeLC pathway is to the SId. It is suggested that the CeLC-SId pathway could have an important role in anxiety, aversion and genesis of fear in response to noxious stimuli.

Objectif Nous avons voulu evaluer si la sieste pouvait etre une contre-mesure efficace aux effets deleteres de la restriction de sommeil sur la sensibilite a la douleur. Methodes Nous avons etudie les effets d’une nuit de restriction a 2 heures de sommeil et les effets d’une sieste de 30 minutes en debut de matinee et d’apres-midi apres la restriction de sommeil. L’evaluation quantitative de la sensibilite cutanee apres stimulation thermique et mecanique ainsi que les niveaux de somnolence ont ete explores. Pour cela, un design croise et randomise strictement controle (statut veille/sommeil, environnement lumineux, regime alimentaire) a ete realise chez de jeunes hommes ( n = 11), en bonne sante, avec un enregistrement electroencephalographique continu. Resultats L’analyse des donnees indique pour la premiere fois qu’apres une nuit de restriction, une sieste riche en sommeil lent profond (SLP) induit un effet benefique sur la tolerance a la douleur au chaud et a la pression, reduite par l’effet restriction de sommeil. De plus, la restriction de sommeil provoque differents types d’hypersensibilite aux stimuli nociceptifs selon les aires anatomiques testees (lombaires, trapezes, cuisse). Conclusion L’effet « analgesique » de la sieste resulte plus probablement d’une action sur les mecanismes nociceptifs puisqu’il apparaissait independant de la somnolence ressentie. Enfin, l’absence de sommeil paradoxal chez la majorite des sujets pendant les siestes experimentales suggere l’importance du SLP dans les effets analgesiques de la sieste.

A three-day training programme on sleep in hospitals was created in 2008 on the initiative of the national association for the continuing training of hospital staff, in collaboration with the French ministry of health. 448 nurses have been trained thanks to a participative programme integrating new, interactive pedagogical tools.

Objectif Cette enquete se proposait de mettre en relation le degre de reussite scolaire avec les differents parametres caracterisant le sommeil de collegiens, d’etudier l’evolution des modes de sommeil en fonction de l’âge et du sexe des eleves, de comparer les parametres de sommeil des eleves qui disent dormir bien par rapport a ceux considerant qu’ils ne dorment pas bien. Methodes A l’occasion de la Journee du Sommeil de2012, une enquete a ete realisee au College de la Vaucouleurs (78200 Mantes-la-Ville). Un questionnaire a ete distribue par les enseignants. Il comportait 11 items questionnant sur leurs habitudes de sommeil en semaine (A quelle heure te couches-tu ? A quelle heure penses-tu t’endormir ? Te reveilles-tu la nuit ? Si oui, combien de fois, combien de temps ? A quelle heure te reveilles-tu ? A quelle heure sors-tu du lit ? Penses-tu avoir bien dormi ?), ainsi que des items sur le niveau de classe, le sexe et la moyenne generale au 1er trimestre. Resultats Les 576 collegiens qui ont repondu au questionnaire etaient repartis sur 27 classes de la 6e a la 3e. Le temps de sommeil moyen d’un collegien est de 8 h 07 ± 1 h 03 en semaine. Ce temps de sommeil diminue regulierement de la 6e (8 h 46 ± 53 min) a la 3e (7 h 24 ± 1 h 01). L’heure du coucher est regulierement de plus en plus tardive de la 6e a la 3e (21 h 12 ± 34 min a 22 h 45 ± 59 min), tout comme l’heure d’endormissement (22 h 00 ± 47 min a 23 h 30 ± 57 min). La sensation de bien dormir des collegiens diminue, passant de 80 % a 62 %. La sensation de bien dormir augmente regulierement avec les resultats scolaires. Ainsi, parmi les 69,8 % d’eleves declarant bien dormir en semaine : 7 % de ces eleves ont une moyenne trimestrielle inferieure a 10 ; 15 % une moyenne entre 10 et 12 ; 31 % une moyenne entre 12 et 14 ; 47 % une moyenne superieure a 14. Conclusion Malgre un besoin de sommeil evident et bien connu a l’adolescence, on constate une diminution inquietante du temps de sommeil avec l’âge chez les collegiens de 11 a 15 ans. Cette baisse de la duree de leur sommeil est a l’origine d’une dette de sommeil qui s’accroit et s’accompagne d’une moins bonne qualite de sommeil et de possibles consequences sur les resultats scolaires de ces eleves.

The prevalence of sleep disorders increases with age and reaches 20 to 40% of those older than 60 years. We set up a health education program to help the elderly to improve their sleep. It includes a preliminary 9-day evaluation with a sleep diary and wrist actigraph, a day of group cognitive behavioral therapy, and a follow-up assessment, again with sleep diary and actigraph.Of the 26 study participants (9 men and 17 women, mean age: 68+/-1 years), 14 had insomnia with night awakenings of 1 hour or longer or a sleep latency of 30 minutes or longer or both (group 1). The other 12 (group 2) also complained of insufficient sleep.In the weeks following cognitive behavioral therapy, group 1 improved their total sleep time by an average of 24 to 33 minutes, with reduced night-time awakenings and sleep latency and no change in their time spent in bed. Those in group 2 also increased their total sleep time by 18 to 47 minutes, by spending more time in bed and maintaining a sleep efficiency close to 88%.This study showed that cognitive behavioral therapy coupled with individual sleep evaluation improves sleep duration in elderly people who complain of insufficient sleep. These beneficial effects were accompanied by positive assessments of both subjective sleep quality and morning energy.

LB is in the Neurobiologie des processus adaptatifs laboratory from 2002; This study investigates, in the anesthetized rat, the dendritic extent of parabrachial (PB) neurons whose nociceptive response to noxious stimuli has been previously recorded with an extracellular micropipette. The PB neurons were then injected with biocytin through the recording micropipette, via a juxtacellular technique. The dendritic arborization of individual PB neurons was carefully compared with the projections of medullary (trigeminal) and spinal lamina I neurons. The latter projections were labeled in separate animals that received injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin restricted to the superficial layers of spinal or medullary dorsal horn. We report here that: 1) PB neurons excited chiefly by noxious stimulation of the face have their dendritic tree located primarily within the field of lamina I trigeminal projections, i.e., in the caudal portion of PB area, around the external medial and the caudal part of the external lateral subnuclei; and 2) PB neurons excited chiefly by noxious stimulation of the paw or the tail have their dendritic tree located primarily within the field of lamina I spinal projections, i.e., in PB mid-extent, around the borderline between the external lateral and both the lateral crescent and the superior lateral subnuclei. Our results suggest the presence of an extensive excitatory axodendritic link between lamina I projections and PB nociceptive neurons around the lateral crescent and the external medial subnuclei. These findings strengthen the possibility of involvement of a subgroup of PB neurons in nociceptive processes.