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El abordaje de las necesidades educativas especiales (NEE) dentro del aula es un gran desafío para los docentes en la actualidad, ya que al querer generar mayor inclusión dentro de la educación se hace un poco más dificil al momento de escoger estrategias que vayan acorde a cada necedidad específica de los estudiantes; especialmente en loes estudiantes que presentan TDAH ya que al ser un trastorno del neurodesarrollo tan extenso, se presenta en una amplia gama de dimensiones que hace que cada niño presente una peculiaridad. En este último tiempo se ha tomado muy a consideración el implementar recursos digitales para reforzar y motivar el aprendizaje para complementarlo. Por ello, el objetivo principal es determinar si los recursos digitales son un reforzador para los niños que presentan TDAH en el quinto de básica de la Unidad Educativa XXX. La metodología utilizada fue de tipo descriptiva y documental. Se aplicó a una muestra no probabilística de diez docentes los cuales respondieron una encuesta para poder medir la aplicación de recursos digitales dentro del aula en los estudiantes con TDAH y evidenciar si los docentes los utilizan como estrategias para sus clases. Los resultados obtenidos fueron que los recursos digitales son herramientas de gran utlidad que sirve como estrategias para reforzar y motivar el aprendizaje de estudiantes con TDAH.

Resumen: La retroalimentación es fundamental en metodologías como el Team Based Learning (TBL), porque profundiza el aprendizaje al identificar las deficiencias en el proceso. En el marco de la innovación curricular de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile, el equipo docente de farmacología usó como método de enseñanza el TBL, y las tecleras y el Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IFAT) como instrumentos de evaluación y retroalimentación. En este trabajo, mediante un estudio transversal y exploratorio, se evaluó la satisfacción de los estudiantes de farmacología de los cursos de Medicina (n = 192) y Tecnología Médica (n = 80), con la retroalimentación recibida y su efecto sobre el rendimiento al usar tecleras o IFAT. Se determinó la satisfacción mediante una encuesta previamente validad por expertos, y el rendimiento medido por las notas obtenidas en la evaluación grupal, al inicio del TBL y del control individual al término de la actividad. Los resultados del estudio permitieron concluir que la metodología TBL favorece el aprendizaje entre pares valorando el trabajo en equipo y obteniendo mejor rendimiento en actividades donde hay discusión y análisis con otros. Además, más del 50% de los estudiantes de ambos cursos piensa que tanto las tecleras como el IFAT resultan adecuados para alcanzar los aprendizajes declarados en el curso de farmacología. Abstract: Feedback is fundamental in methodologies such as Team-Based Learning (TBL) because it deepens learning by identifying deficiencies of the process. In the setting of curricular innovation in the Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, the pharmacology teaching team used TBL as teaching method, and clickers and the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IFAT) as evaluation and feedback tools. This work evaluates the satisfaction of students of Medicine (n = 192) and Medical Technology (n = 80) in the pharmacology course on feedback and learning performance when using clickers or IFAT using a cross-sectional and exploratory study. Satisfaction was determined by an expert-validated survey, and academic performance by grades from group evaluation at the beginning of TBL, as well as an individual evaluation at the end of the activity. From the results of this study, it is concluded that TBL favours peer-based learning, evaluating team-work, and improving academic performance in activities where analysis and discussion are present. More than 50% of the students also believed that clickers and IFAT are adequate to achieve the learning skills set for the pharmacology course.

Las personas mayores residentes en instituciones cumplen criterios de pacientes geriátricos complejos, pero con frecuencia no tienen resueltas sus necesidades sanitarias. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha hecho evidentes los déficits existentes en la atención sanitaria a estas personas. Como respuesta a ello surge la necesidad de mejorar la coordinación entre hospitales y residencias, lo que en Madrid se ha materializado en la implantación de equipos o unidades de Geriatría de Enlace en los hospitales públicos. Respecto a las acciones frente a la pandemia por COVID-19, la Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología ha definido el papel de los geriatras en esta función y ha dado directrices sobre prevención, detección precoz, aislamiento y sectorización, formación, clasificación de las residencias, coordinación de las derivaciones y papel de los diferentes niveles asistenciales, entre otras. Estas unidades también deben dirigir su actividad hacia otras áreas de atención actualmente deficitarias como la coordinación, las visitas presenciales en los centros, las sesiones de telemedicina, la valoración geriátrica en los servicios de urgencias y la coordinación con atención primaria y salud pública. En este artículo se describe la generación del concepto y la implantación de la Geriatría de Enlace en la Comunidad de Madrid a raíz de la pandemia de COVID-19 y se ilustra con los datos de actividad de una unidad cuyo hospital tiene en su área un elevado número de residencias. El objetivo es ayudar a comprender la necesidad de esta actividad, para evitar la fragmentación de cuidados existente en la actualidad entre hospitales y residencias. Actividad que debería consolidarse y mantenerse en el futuro.

Resumen Introduccion El diagnostico de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) se realiza, en un alto porcentaje, durante la edad reproductiva. La EII en remision es el mejor escenario para planificar el embarazo. Objetivos Describir las caracteristicas clinicas del embarazo y del recien nacido, evaluando la actividad de la enfermedad en el momento de la concepcion y en la evolucion del embarazo en un centro terciario en Chile. Metodos Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, incluyo a mujeres con EII que habian tenido un parto durante 2017-2020. Los datos demograficos, clinicos y obstetricos se obtuvieron del Registro de EII. Se realizo analisis estadistico descriptivo y de asociacion (χ2, p ≤ 0,05). Resultados Se incluyeron 60 mujeres en el estudio. Al inicio del embarazo, 21 (35%) presentaban actividad inflamatoria y 39 (65%) estaban en remision. Del grupo con actividad, 16 (66%) permanecieron activas y seis tuvieron un aborto espontaneo. Aquellas en remision, 26 (69%) permanecieron en esta condicion; nueve pacientes (15%) habian suspendido el tratamiento, seis de las cuales presentaron actividad durante el embarazo. El consejo preconcepcional fue realizado en 23/60 pacientes, siendo mayor en el grupo que permanecio en remision durante el embarazo (65% vs. 35%, p = 0,02). Pacientes con brotes durante el embarazo tuvieron mayor probabilidad de embarazo pretermino ( Conclusion La remision durante el embarazo presenta los mejores resultados y el consejo preconcepcional permite un mejor control de la EII durante el embarazo.

espanolIntroduccion El tratamiento de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) puede aumentar el riesgo de infeccion. La inmunizacion es parte del manejo integral de la atencion de estos pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la prescripcion y adherencia a la vacunacion en pacientes con EII e identificar los posibles factores asociados a esta. Metodos Estudio analitico, descriptivo, transversal en pacientes de un Programa de EII de Chile, entre abril y junio de 2019. A los pacientes se les solicito responder un cuestionario acerca de la adherencia a la vacunacion. La informacion de las vacunas se obtuvo del Registro Nacional de Inmunizaciones. Se realizo analisis estadistico descriptivo y de asociacion (χ2; p Resultados Se incluyeron 243 pacientes con EII (148 colitis ulcerosa [CU], 86 enfermedad de Crohn [EC] y 9 EII no clasificable). Solo 6 pacientes (2%) recibieron el esquema de inmunizacion completo. Las vacunas con los mayores porcentajes fueron contra la influenza (67%), virus hepatitis B (40%), neumococica 13-valente (34%) y neumococica 23-polisacarida (16%), siendo las dos primeras mas frecuentes en EC vs. CU (p ≤ 0,05). La administracion de la vacuna contra la influenza ha aumentado significativamente, alcanzando un 67% el 2019. La encuesta mostro que el 23% no ha sido inmunizado con ninguna vacuna, principalmente por falta de tiempo, falta de prescripcion medica y el alto costo economico. Conclusiones En esta cohorte, aunque las tasas de vacunacion son mas altas que las reportadas previamente, la adherencia al programa de inmunizacion debe mejorar, siendo consideradas desde el diagnostico por el equipo multidisciplinario. EnglishIntroduction Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) treatment may increase the risk of infections. Vaccines are part of the comprehensive IBD patient care. The aim of this study was to describe indications and adherence of immunizations in IBD and identify possible associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional, analytic study was conducted in patients from an IBD Program of a tertiary center in Chile, between April – June 2019. Patients were asked to answer a vaccine survey and information also was obtained from the National Immunization Registry. Descriptive and association statistic were used (χ2; p Results A total of 243 patients were included (148 ulcerative colitis (UC), 86 Crohn's disease (CD) and 9 non-classifiable IBD). Only six patients (2%) of IBD patients received a complete immunization schedule. The highest vaccine rates were against influenza (67%), hepatitis B virus (40%), 13-valent pneumococcal (34%) and 23-polysaccharide pneumococcal (16%). The influenza vaccine rate has significantly increased, reaching 67% in 2019. The survey showed that 23% of patients have not been immunized with any vaccine, mainly due to lack of time, lack of medical prescription and high cost. Conclusions In this cohort, although vaccination rates are higher than previously reported, adherence to IBD immunization program would be improved, being considered since diagnosis by the multidisciplinary team.

Climate change and biodiversity loss trigger policies targeting and impacting local communities worldwide. However, research and policy implementation often fail to sufficiently consider and involve them. Therefore, we present the results of a collective self-assessment exercise for eight case studies of communications regarding climate change or biodiversity loss between project teams and local communities. We develop eight indicators of good stakeholder communication, reflecting the scope of Verran (2002)'s concept of postcolonial moments as a communicative utopia. We demonstrate that applying our indicators enhances communication, although we discover a divergence between timing, complexity, and (introspective) effort. Three cases qualify for postcolonial moments , but scrutinising power relations and genuine knowledge co-production remain rare. While we verify the potency of various instruments for deconstructing science, their sophistication cannot substitute trust-building and epistemic/transdisciplinary awareness. Lastly, we consider that reforming inadequate funding policies helps improving the work in and with local communities.

This work describes a simple way to identify fiber types in living muscles by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). We quantified the mean values of lifetimes τ1 and τ2 derived from a two-exponential fit in freshly dissected mouse flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and soleus muscles. While τ1 values changed following a bimodal behavior between muscles, the distribution of τ2 is shifted to higher values in FDB. To understand the origin of this difference, we obtained maps of autofluorescence lifetimes of flavin mononucleotide and dinucleotide (FMN/FAD) in cryosections, where excitation was set at 440 nm and emission at a bandwidth of between 500 and 570 nm, and paired them with immunofluorescence images of myosin heavy chain isoforms, which allowed identification of fiber types. In soleus, τ2 was 3.16 ns for type I (SD 0.11, 97 fibers), 3.45 ns for IIA (0.10, 69), and 3.46 ns for IIX (0.12, 65). In FDB muscle, τ2 was 3.17 ns for type I (0.08, 22), 3.46 ns for IIA (0.16, 48), and 3.66 ns for IIX (0.15, 43). From τ2 distributions, it follows that an FDB fiber with τ2 > 3.3 ns is expected to be of type II, and of type I otherwise. This simple classification method has first and second kind errors estimated at 0.02 and 0.10, which can be lowered by reducing the threshold for identification of type I and increasing it for type II. Lifetime maps of autofluorescence, therefore, constitute a tool to identify fiber types that, for being practical, fast, and noninvasive, can be applied in living tissue without compromising other experimental interventions.

License information: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This research was partially funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF (FoReSee, grant no. 01LA1811B, Economics of the Climate Change II programme; COMTESS, grant no. 01LL0911A-G, Sustainable Land Management programme; Carbiocial, grant no. 01LL0902F, Sustainable Land Management programme, ECAS-BALTIC, grant no. 03F0860G, Küno Küstenforschung Nordsee / Ostsee), the European Commission (DESIRE, project number 561638-EPP-1-2015-1-JO-EPP KA2-CBHE-JP, grant agreement number: 2012-3324/001-001), the Flemish Interuniversity Council – University Development Cooperation VLIR-UOS (North South South Cooperation Programme ZIUS2015VOA3106), the Belgian Directorate-General for Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid (CEBioS programme), the Special Research Fund of Hasselt University (BOF20TT06), the Belgian Science Policy BELSPO (EVAMAB of CEBioS programme), the Luc Hoffmann Institute, and the German Research Foundation DFG (Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2037 'CLICCS - Climate, Climatic Change, and Society', project no 390683824).

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre tipos de ceguera y alteraciones posturales en estudiantes con discapacidad visual de una institución educativa de Lima Norte, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio correlacional de corte transversal, tuvo como muestra aleatoria a 96 estudiantes de ambos sexos, entre 8 y 50 años de edad. Se empleó como instrumentos el Posturograma, el cual midió alteraciones posturales como antepulsión de cabeza, hipercifosis e hiperlordosis; y el Índice de Hernández Corvo para determinar alteraciones en huella plantar, entre ellas, pie cavo y pie plano. Por otra parte, la variable tipos de ceguera fue extraída de la historia clínica institucional de cada individuo. Resultados: 72.9 % de la muestra evaluada eran varones, 41.7 % tenía ceguera total, 96.9 % presentaba antepulsión de cabeza, al relacionar tipos de ceguera y alteraciones posturales se obtuvieron valores de P mayores a 0.05. Conclusión: En la muestra evaluada no existe relación entre tipos de ceguera y alteraciones posturales.

Climate change and biodiversity loss trigger policies worldwide, many of which target or impact local communities. Although research, international development, and policy implementation (and, thus, success in fighting both threats) require thoughtful consideration and communication of the underlying concepts, field work encounters a cascade of tangible barriers. Technoscientific representations of quantifiable causes and effects often remain alien to local perspectives, and failure to involve communities constantly and genuinely creates gaps that may ultimately prevent research and policy success. Therefore, in this article, we present the results of a collective self-assessment exercise for a panel of eight case studies (covering four continents) of communications between project teams and local communities within the context of climate change or biodiversity loss. Our analysis develops eight indicators of good stakeholder communication, which we construct from the literature, in addition to Verran (2002) 's concept of postcolonial moments as a communicative utopia. Our study contributes to the (analytical) understanding of such communications, while also providing tangible insights for field work and policy recommendations. We demonstrate that applying our indicators can foster a more successful communication, although we find an apparent divergence between timing, complexity, and (introspective) effort of the project teams. While three case studies qualify for postcolonial moments, our findings show that especially the scrutiny of power relations and genuine knowledge co-production are still rare. We verify the potency of various instruments for deconstructing science; however, we also show that their sophistication cannot substitute other crucial factors. Instead, simple deconstruction efforts may suffice, while trust-building, proper time management, and an advanced awareness of the scientists are crucial. Lastly, we consider that reforming rigid and inadequate funding policies will help overcome significant barriers and improve the work in and with local communities.

Resumen Los objetivos actuales del tratamiento en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII), tanto en enfermedad de Crohn como en colitis ulcerosa, son alcanzar la remision clinica, endoscopica e idealmente histologica, mejorando de esta manera la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Las terapias actuales son efectivas en lograr estos objetivos, pero no existen guias claras respecto de la duracion optima del tratamiento de mantencion. Esta revision tiene por objetivo evaluar la evidencia actual respecto del retiro de la terapia con 5-aminosalicilatos, tiopurinicos y metotrexato. A su vez, buscamos determinar grupos especificos de pacientes que, encontrandose en remision y en ausencia de factores de riesgo, pudieran suspender la terapia con el menor riesgo de recaida posible.

Environmental factors may influence the development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and modify its natural history. The objective of this review is to evaluate current evidence about environmental factors associated with the disease. A better knowledge about the pathogenesis of the disease can lead to better treatment strategies and suggestions to prevent the disease.

RESUMEN: La escasez de investigación en Chile nos hace depender de manera excesiva de los resultados de la investigación foránea, los cuales no siempre son aplicables a la realidad nacional. Investigar siempre será necesario, sobre todo cuando los resultados están destinados a resolver los problemas de nuestra población. Los integrantes de un equipo multidisciplinario requieren de un pensamiento crítico frente al crecimiento explosivo del conocimiento, necesitando además un juicio científico para decidir la incorporación de nuevas estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas. La Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (EII) ha aumentado de manera creciente en nuestro país, esta tendencia plantea la opción de realizar proyectos de investigación local que permitan determinar la presencia de factores que influyan en su desarrollo y evolución. Para establecer las prioridades de investigación en EII se requiere una asociación entre los profesionales de la salud, los pacientes, las instituciones de salud y los organismos gubernamentales. ABSTRACT: The scarcity of local research makes us depend too much on the results of foreign research, which are not always applicable to the local health situation. Research is always necessary, especially when the results are intended to solve problems of our population. All the members of a multidisciplinary team require critical thinking in face of the explosive growth of knowledge, in addition to needing a scientific judgment to decide on the incorporation of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Intestinal Inflammatory Disease (IBD) has increased progressively in our country; this trend raises the option of carrying out local research projects to determine the presence of factors that influence its development and evolution. Setting research priorities in IBD requires a partnership between health care professionals, patients, health institutions, and government agencies. Palabras clave: Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, investigación, educación médica, centros académicos, Keywords: Inflammatory bowel disease, research, medical education, academic medical centers

Management of protected areas must adapt to climate impacts, and prepare for ongoing ecological transformation. Future-Proofing Conservation is a dialogue-based, multi-stakeholder learning process that supports conservation managers to consider the implications of climate change for governance and management. It takes participants through a series of conceptual transitions to identify new management options that are robust to a range of possible biophysical futures, and steps that they can take now to prepare for ecological transformation. We outline the Future-Proofing Conservation process, and demonstrate its application in a pilot programme in Colombia. This process can be applied and adapted to a wide range of climate adaptation contexts, to support practitioners in developing positive ways forward for management and decision-making. By acknowledging scientific uncertainty, considering social values, and rethinking the rules that shape conservation governance, participants can identify new strategies towards “future-oriented conservation” over the long term.

RESUMEN: La Enfermedad de Crohn es una enfermedad crónica progresiva que afecta el tubo digestivo. El objetivo de tratamiento es un control adecuado de la enfermedad para evitar progresión y deterioro de la calidad de vida, pudiendo con una terapia personalizada lograr un buen pronóstico. En este artículo se proponen algoritmos de tratamiento y de seguimiento de los escenarios más frecuentes que presentan los pacientes con Enfermedad de Crohn. ABSTRACT: Crohn's disease is a chronic and progressive disease that affects the gut. Currently treatment should be based on treat to target concept to prevent progression and deterioration of the quality of life. With a personalized therapy it could be possible to achieve a good prognosis. In this article we propose algorithms for treatment and follow-up of the most frequent scenarios presented by patients with Crohn's disease. Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Crohn, enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, biomarcadores, tratamiento individualizado, terapia según objetivos, Keywords: Crohn's Disease, inflammatory bowel disease, biomarkers, individualized therapy, treat to target

Background: Primary non-response and secondary loss of response (LOR) are significant problems of biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in IBD patients receiving these drugs can improve outcomes. Aim: To measure serum infliximab levels and anti-infliximab antibodies (ATI) in patients with IBD post-induction phase and during maintenance therapy assessing the clinical course of IBD. Patients and Methods: Prospective study of IBD patients receiving infliximab between July 2016-May 2017. Group-A included patients who received induction therapy while Group-B included patients who were in maintenance therapy. TDM was performed in serum samples collected at weeks-14 and 30 in Group-A and before the infliximab maintenance dose in Group-B. Clinical scores, fecal calprotectin and endoscopic score were also evaluated. Results: Of 14 patients in Group-A, 57% achieved endoscopic response. Median serum infliximab concentrations at week-14 and 30 were 2.65 AU/mL (0.23-32.58) and 2.3 AU/mL (0.3-16.8), respectively. Patients with mucosal healing had non-significantly higher median infliximab concentrations at week- 14, as compared to week 30 (median 3.2 vs 2.2 AU/ml, respectively, p 0.6). ATI >10 ug/mL were found in one and seven patients at week-14 and 30, respectively. At 52 weeks of follow-up, four patients (31%) had LOR. Group-B included 36 patients, 33% had LOR. Median serum concentrations of infliximab were 1.4 AU/mL (0.27-7.03). No significant differences in serum infliximab concentration were observed between patients in remission and those with inflammatory activity. Seventeen patients had ATI >10 ug/mL. Conclusions: Clinical algorithms using TDM might help to optimize the pharmacological therapy of IBD.

In Atlantic salmon, vaccines have failed to control and prevent Piscirickettsiosis, for reasons that remain elusive. In this study, we report the efficacy of a commercial vaccine developed with the Piscirickettsia salmonis isolate AL100005 against other two isolates which are considered highly and ubiquitously prevalent in Chile: LF-89-like and EM-90-like. Two cohabitation trials were performed to mimic real-life conditions and vaccine performance: 1) post smolt fish were challenged with a single infection of LF-89-like, 2) adults were coinfected with EM-90-like and a low coinfection of sea lice. In the first trial, the vaccine delayed smolt mortalities by two days; however, unvaccinated and vaccinated fish did not show significant differences in survival (unvaccinated: 60.3%, vaccinated: 56.7%; p = 0.28). In the second trial, mortality started three days later for vaccinated fish than unvaccinated fish. However, unvaccinated and vaccinated fish did not show significant differences in survival (unvaccinated: 64.6%, vaccinated: 60.2%, p= 0.58). Thus, we found no evidence that the evaluated vaccines confer effective protection against of LF-89-like or EM-90-like with estimated relative survival proportions (RPSs) of −9% and −12%, respectively. More studies are necessary to evaluate whether pathogen heterogeneity is a key determinant of the vaccine efficacy against P. salmonis.

The CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technology is receiving increasing attention, as the need to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases e.g. CO2, and CH4. CO2. These gases present in the process streams are highly corrosive towards carbon steel potentially causing a major problem in the industry. The occurrence of corrosion on the steel pipe will lead to significant production losses and costly shutdowns. Precipitated FeCO3 will deposit on the steel surface and create a protective barrier for further corrosion of pipelines and equipment. To predict the corrosion product, we need to understand the solubility of FeCO3 at different process parameters e.g. temperature, pressure, CO2 concentration and salinity. The solubility of FeCO3 is not well described in the literature. The overall objective of this work is to create a new fundamental understanding of FeCO3 solubility which will lead to better corrosion models, better prediction of corrosion rate, and better understanding of scale formation kinetics. The aim is to determine the FeCO3 solubility at different parameters; temperature, pressure, CO2 concentration, and in amine solutions. FeCO3 is not commercially available and must be synthesised under anoxic conditions before solubility measurement can be conducted.

Numerous reports describe the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of polyphenols-rich plant extracts. The aim of this study was to determine the total polyphenols content (TPC), and the in vitro (DPPH, FRAP and TEAC) antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaves and wood of six native woody species (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanct, Sarcomphalus mistol, Geoffroea decorticans, Prosopis chilensis, Larrea divaricata and Larrea cuneifolia) from Catamarca. Also, the phenolic profile was determined in the species with higher activity. L. cuneifolia leaf extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by L. divaricata and S. mistol, while S. mistol wood extracts showed the highest. Furthermore, Larrea species showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis strains showing cidal effects mainly against S. aureus. Fifty-nine polyphenols were identified in leaves and wood of Larrea and S. mistol species, which are likely to be responsible for the different activities observed.

The genus of the Zygophyllaceae family includes evergreen shrub species. Background highlights the antioxidant and anti-tumor activity of Larrea divaricate and nordihydroguayaretic acid (NDGA) due to their potential as a dietary supplement and food preservative, but little is known about Larrea cuneifolia. The aim of this work was to determine the antioxidant characteristics of ethanolic extracts of L. cuneifolia leaves collected in the central valley of Catamarca (Argentina). Total polyphenols content (TP) was determined by Folin-Ciocâlteu and the phenolic profile by HPLC-PDA-QTOF. The antioxidant activity was measured by in vitro (FRAP, TEAC and DPPH) and cellular (HepG2 and Caco2 cells) assays. The phenolic compounds identified were mainly derivatives of NDGA and flavonols derivatives of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and gossypetin. TP content and antioxidant activity exceeded the values reported for L. divaricata. With regard to cytotoxicity, an increase in this parameter could be observed with the increase in the concentration of polyphenols in both cell types. Furthermore, in cells exposed to H2O2, a significant decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration was observed for HepG2 cells. This effect can be used to study compounds with bioactivity on tumor cells. L. cuneifolia is a species rich in phenolic compounds, with antioxidant properties, and is a potential source of bioactive compounds for the production of functional foods.

Vaccination is a widely used control strategy to prevent Piscirickettsia salmonis causing disease in salmon farming. However, it is not known why all the currently available commercial vaccines generally fail to protect against this pathogenic bacteria. Here, we report, from two different populations, that between-family variation is a strong intrinsic factor that determines vaccine protection for this disease. While in some full-sib families, the protection added by vaccination increased the survival time in 13 days in comparison with their unvaccinated siblings; in other families, there was no added protection by vaccination or even it was slightly negative. Resistance to P. salmonis, measured as days to death, was higher in vaccinated than unvaccinated fish, but only a moderate positive genetic correlation was obtained between these traits. This disputes a previous hypothesis, that stated that both traits were fully controlled by the same genes, and challenges the use of unvaccinated fish as gold standard for evaluating and selecting fish resistant to P. salmonis, particularly if the offspring will be vaccinated. More studies are necessary to evaluate if variation in the host immune response to vaccination could explain the between-family differences in resistance observed in vaccinated fish.

In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) a high percentage of women are diagnosed during their reproductive age. IBD in remission is the ideal scenario when planning a pregnancy.To describe the clinical characteristics of pregnancy/newborn and assess disease activity at the time of conception and throughout the pregnancy in patients with IBD treated at a tertiary centre in Chile.We retrospectively reviewed women diagnosed with IBD who were pregnant or delivered between 2017 and 2020. Demographic, clinical, obstetric and delivery data were obtained from the IBD registry, approved by the local IRB. Descriptive statistics and association tests were performed (χ2, p ≤ 0.05).Sixty women with IBD were included. At the beginning of pregnancy, 21 (35%) had active disease and 39 (65%) were in remission. Of those with active disease, 16 (66%) remained active and 6 had spontaneous abortions. In those who were in remission, 26 (69%) remained in this condition. Nine patients (15%) discontinued treatment, and 6 of these had inflammatory activity during pregnancy. Preconception counselling was performed in 23 of the 60 patients, being higher in the group that remained in remission during pregnancy (65% vs. 35%, p = 0.02). Patients who had a flare during pregnancy had more probability of preterm birth (37 weeks) and newborn with lower weight compared with the group that always remained in remission (89% vs. 74%, p = 0.161) and (2.885 vs 3.370 g; p = 0.0014).Remission presents better outcomes in pregnancy and preconception counselling would allow a better IBD control during pregnancy.

Background The use of infliximab (IFX) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been associated with a 1–6% risk of infusion reactions. The usefulness of premedication with corticosteroids, paracetamol and /or antihistamines is controversial. Aim The aim of this study is to assess, in IBD patients on IFX, whether there are differences in secondary reactions to the infusion between those who use premedication or not. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed identifying patients with a diagnosis of IBD who received IFX at our institution between January 2009 and July 2019. Acute reactions were defined as those that occurred in the first 24 h post infusion and late reactions for more than 24 h. Infusion reactions were classified as mild, moderate and severe. Descriptive and association statistics were used (χ2; p Results Sixty-four patients were included with 1,263 infusions in total, 52% men. Median infusions per patient was 22 (2–66). All induction infusions were administered with premedication, and in maintenance in 57% of them. Premedication was given with hydrocortisone, chlorphenamine and paracetamol. Most of reactions were acute, mild or moderate in severity and no patient needed to discontinue IFX. In the maintenance group, there were 9/718 (1.2%) infusion reactions with premedication and 4/358 (1.1%) without it (p = 0.606). In the induction group, there were 8/187 (4.3%) infusion reactions, significantly higher when compared with both maintenance groups. Conclusions In this group, premedication use during maintenance was not effective at reducing the rate of infusion reactions. These results suggest that premedication would not be necessary.

Background Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) treatment may increase the risk of infections. Vaccines are part of the comprehensive IBD patient care. The aim of this study was to describe indications and adherence of immunizations in IBD and identify possible associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional, analytic study was conducted in patients from an IBD Program of a tertiary center in Chile, between April – June 2019. Patients were asked to answer a vaccine survey and information also was obtained from the National Immunization Registry. Descriptive and association statistic were used (χ2; p Results A total of 243 patients were included (148 ulcerative colitis (UC), 86 Crohn´s disease (CD) and 9 non-classifiable IBD). Only six patients (2%) of IBD patients received a complete immunization schedule. The highest vaccine rates were against influenza (67%), hepatitis B virus (40%), 13-valent pneumococcal (34%) and 23-polysaccharide pneumococcal (16%). The influenza vaccine rate has significantly increased, reaching 67% in 2019. The survey showed that 23% of patients have not been immunized with any vaccine, mainly due to lack of time, lack of medical prescription and high cost. Conclusion In this cohort, although vaccination rates are higher than previously reported, adherence to IBD immunization program would be improved, being considered since diagnosis by the multidisciplinary team.

Inflammatory bowel disease requires long-term treatment to maintain disease control. Favorable follow-up of patients indicates attention from a multidisciplinary team, in which the nurse's responsibilities have great importance. The aim of this observational, descriptive study was to describe the role of an inflammatory bowel disease nurse in the management of patients in a tertiary center in Chile, including all patients in follow-up between January 2016 and April 2017. Inflammatory bowel disease nurse contacts were recorded and classified. Demographic data, clinical variables, and patient satisfaction were also analyzed. A total of 597 patients (51%) were in follow-up over the 16-month period; 63% had ulcerative colitis, with a median age of 35 years. The inflammatory bowel disease nurse performed 760 contacts in 253 patients (42% of the follow-up patients). The most frequent nurse interventions were reinforcement of medical indications (42%), assessment of laboratory results (17%), and disease follow-up (12%); 49% related to education. Nurse interventions were focused in more severely ill patients; flares during the follow-up, biological therapy, immunomodulators, and steroids were all statistically significant. Of a sample of 107 patients surveyed, 96% perceived the inflammatory bowel disease program as excellent/good. The inflammatory bowel disease nurse plays an important role in the follow-up and management, specifically in education, of more severely ill patients.

Resumen: La colitis ulcerosa (CU) es un trastorno inflamatorio crónico mediado inmunológicamente que compromete al recto y colon. Su patogenia es multifactorial donde se ven involucrados aspectos genéticos, microbiota, respuesta inmune y factores ambientales. El objetivo actual de tratamiento no está acotado solamente a la mejoría clínica, si no que a lograr la curación de la mucosa de manera de alcanzar un mejor pronóstico y calidad de vida. En este artículo proponemos algoritmos de tratamiento y de seguimiento individualizados de la CU destinados a conseguir estos objetivos. Abstract: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an immune mediated chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the rectum and colon. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial where genetic aspects, microbiota, immune response and environmental factors are involved. The current goals of treatment are not limited to improve clinical symptoms, but rather to heal the mucosa for a better prognosis and improve quality of life. In this article we propose treatment algorithms and personalized monitoring of UC to achieve these objectives. Palabras clave: Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, colitis ulcerosa, calprotectina fecal, curación mucosa, tratamiento por objetivo, Keywords: Inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, fecal calprotectin, mucosal healing