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Many older adults are increasingly embracing digital technology in the Republic of Korea. This study investigated the relationship between the digital skills of Korean older adults and their perceived health status and digital technology application for health promotion. This mixed-method study comprised a community survey of 434 older adults aged ≥65 in two cities in South Korea, followed by focus group interviews. Five types of digital skills, ‘operational internet skills’, ‘information navigation skills’, ‘social skills’, ‘creative skills’, and ‘mobile skills’, were measured using the LSE digital skill measurement instrument. Multivariable analysis identified the influence of digital skills on health-related outcomes. Among them, ‘social skills’ associated positively with self-rated health (β 0.37, 95%CI 0.08, 0.65). ‘Information navigation skills’ contributed positively to the use of digital technology and the internet for a healthy lifestyle in terms of improving eating habits (β 0.43, 95%CI 0.09, 0.77), accessing healthcare (β 0.53, 95%CI 0.21, 0.85), and accessing long-term care services (β 0.45, 95%CI 0.11, 0.79). Thematic analysis revealed that the study participants use Korean language-based resources such as Naver and Kakao Talk for social connection to promote a healthy lifestyle. This study concludes that encouraging initial and sustained use of the internet and enhancing digital skills among Korean older adults can promote active and healthy aging.

The aim of this practice report is to discuss the implementation of a service-learning module developed to support the psychological wellbeing of postgraduate students and older adults in the community, with a view to fostering their connection and tackling loneliness in both populations. The module, ‘Self-Identity, Intergenerational and Intercultural Learning’ (SIIL), was offered to students enrolled in the Mental Health Studies Master of Science at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London. The module included lectures on the scientific underpinnings of wellbeing and ageism positionally within intercultural and intergenerational contexts. Students were introduced to qualitative research with a focus on autoethnography. They engaged with older adults through phone conversations and undertook wellbeing-promoting experiential exercises and self-reflection. The interactions provided students the opportunity to learn at an academic and personal level, while allowing older adults to share their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. These lessons learnt will inform future practice. Future directions for further developments of this methodology in other disciplines are also discussed in this practice report.

Service-learning, where university students are trained to serve or educate the less able for a defined number of voluntary work hours and where the service experience is relevant to the course into which the service is integrated, can be an effective means of community engagement. Many universities in the US have factored in a term for credit-bearing service-learning courses, so that students are oriented to developing a service mentality and nurturing a ‘giving culture’ on campus. In the Asia Pacific region, Lingnan University, with its liberal arts ethos, is the first university in Hong Kong to use service-learning as a vehicle for knowledge transfer between university and community. The first service-learning program was offered by the Faculty of Social Sciences in 2004 as an optional learning experience, and the university is now moving towards making service-learning a graduation requirement that bears academic credits. Service-learning is currently integrated in the majority of disciplines of the university, as part of the undergraduate program. In addition to detailing the history, development and operation of the service-learning program, this article discusses the lessons learned in the institutionalisation of service-learning, as well as the way forward for service-learning in higher education in Hong Kong. Keywords: service-learning, knowledge transfer, whole-person education, experiential education, higher education, campus-community partnerships

This theoretical paper anchors service learning (S-L) in three broad sociological theories. From there, discussions on the actual implementation of S-L based on these theories are explained to build an integrated S-L sociological framework. Four S-L modalities of community engagement are identified--namely transactional, transitional, transformational, and transcendental--with their corresponding respective levels of community participation--namely consultative tokenism, placation, partnerships, and citizen control. The application of such a coherent framework is discussed in the context of contemporary service-learning practices and community impact.

Given the development of Service-Learning (SL) in Hong Kong, it is important to study the experience and impact of S-L on faculty members, the challenges and the professional development they need to successfully integrate S-L into teaching. This study adopts the Faculty Engagement Model to conceptualise the factors affecting faculty engagement in SL at Lingnan University in Hong Kong. Forty faculty members completed the online survey and 17 faculty participated in individual interviews. Over 80% of faculty members indicated that SL had a positive impact on student learning and community engagement. Only 28% of faculty members indicated that SL had little influence on faculty research, promotion and tenure. Similar research could be conducted at other universities to solicit further faculty responses. Experts in the field and university management committed to S-L should explore ways to facilitate faculty member's integration of SL, research and teaching, which could also influence their career paths.

Use of service-learning is burgeoning among higher education institutions in Hong Kong and expanding in Asia. The positive student outcomes that have been reported in Western society, however, are not as widely recognized in Asian society. Asian institutions of higher education need a standardized measurement of outcomes that will help refine the practice of service-learning, increase government funding for this pedagogy, and encourage cross-institution collaboration. This article describes the development, testing, and verification of the common outcomes measurement (COM), a tool for generating reliable data on student learning outcomes achieved through different service-learning initiatives. With nine domains and 34 items, the COM contributes to both theoretical and practical aspects of service-learning. As a verified means of measuring service-learning outcomes in Asian circumstances, the COM encourages development of quality education that can yield community impacts in Hong Kong.

Service-learning (SL) is a relatively new pedagogy in Hong Kong and so far, no study of SL's long-term impact in Hong Kong exists. To explore SL's impacts on Hong Kong students, researchers conducted a quantitative study to compare graduates with SL experience to graduates without SL experience in terms of three domains: (1) adaptability, brain power, and creativity (ABC) skills; (2) civic responsibility; and (3) career exploration. Most prominently, this study found that students with SL experience have significantly higher scores in civic responsibility than do their counterparts without SL experience; they are more willing to be involved in community service after graduation, and they invest more hours of service per month. This study indicates that from a long-term perspective, SL participants benefit in terms of greater civic responsibility, better career exploration, and enhanced whole-person development (ABC) skills.

Abstract Enzyme engineering is limited by the challenge of rapidly generating and using large datasets of sequence-function relationships for predictive design. To address this challenge, we develop a machine learning (ML)-guided platform that integrates cell-free DNA assembly, cell-free gene expression, and functional assays to rapidly map fitness landscapes across protein sequence space and optimize enzymes for multiple, distinct chemical reactions. We apply this platform to engineer amide synthetases by evaluating substrate preference for 1217 enzyme variants in 10,953 unique reactions. We use these data to build augmented ridge regression ML models for predicting amide synthetase variants capable of making 9 small molecule pharmaceuticals. Over these nine compounds, ML-predicted enzyme variants demonstrate 1.6- to 42-fold improved activity relative to the parent. Our ML-guided, cell-free framework promises to accelerate enzyme engineering by enabling iterative exploration of protein sequence space to build specialized biocatalysts in parallel.

Abstract Background Battling malaria’s morbidity and mortality rates demands innovative methods related to malaria diagnosis. Thick blood smears (TBS) are the gold standard for diagnosing malaria, but their coloration quality is dependent on supplies and adherence to standard protocols. Machine learning has been proposed to automate diagnosis, but the impact of smear coloration on parasite detection has not yet been fully explored. Methods To develop Coloration Analysis in Malaria (CAM), an image database containing 600 images was created. The database was randomly divided into training (70%), validation (15%), and test (15%) sets. Nineteen feature vectors were studied based on variances, correlation coefficients, and histograms (specific variables from histograms, full histograms, and principal components from the histograms). The Machine Learning Matlab Toolbox was used to select the best candidate feature vectors and machine learning classifiers. The candidate classifiers were then tuned for validation and tested to ultimately select the best one. Results This work introduces CAM, a machine learning system designed for automatic TBS image quality analysis. The results demonstrated that the cubic SVM classifier outperformed others in classifying coloration quality in TBS, achieving a true negative rate of 95% and a true positive rate of 97%. Conclusions An image-based approach was developed to automatically evaluate the coloration quality of TBS. This finding highlights the potential of image-based analysis to assess TBS coloration quality. CAM is intended to function as a supportive tool for analyzing the coloration quality of thick blood smears.

Abstract Background Unfavourable changes occur in children’s health behaviours and outcomes during the summer holidays. This systematic review aimed to determine the effectiveness of summer holiday programs in mitigating these changes. Methods Six databases (MEDLINE, JBI, PsychINFO, Embase, ERIC and Scopus) were systematically searched for experimental controlled studies that investigated programs of at least 5 days’ duration conducted exclusively during the summer holiday period on school-aged children (5–18 years). Primary outcomes were moderate-vigorous physical activity and energy intake. Secondary outcomes were sedentary behavior, diet quality, adiposity, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Risk of Bias was assessed using the PEDro tool. Effect sizes were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis with narrative synthesis of effects by student or program characteristics. Results Ten studies (two randomised controlled trials, and eight non-randomised controlled trials) involving 1,446 participants were included. Summer programs had a significant moderate effect on reducing sedentary behaviour (g= -0.59, 95%CI= -1.16, -0.03) and significant small effects on improving moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (g = 0.35, 95%CI = 0.02, 0.67) and adiposity (g= -0.25, 95% CI = -0.39, -0.10). No significant change was detected for cardiorespiratory fitness (g = 0.43, 95%CI= -0.32, 1.17), energy intake (g= -0.06, 95% CI -2.33, 2.22), or diet quality (g = 0.20, 95%CI= -0.43, 0.83). Summer program effectiveness did not appear to differ by child sociodemographic or program characteristics. Concerns regarding bias and high heterogeneity impacted results. Conclusions Summer programs show potential in promoting healthier movement behaviours in children and supporting healthy body weight during the summer months. Although evidence from the included studies has limitations, these programs produced small to moderate effect sizes and present promising health intervention opportunities for children. Future research with more rigorous study designs and comprehensive reporting is needed to confirm these findings and better understand the impact of summer programs on children’s health. Prospero registration CRD42023409795.

Background/Objective: Caregivers from the Millennial generation are an emerging and understudied group of unpaid care providers in America who may benefit from digitally delivered support. To inform the design/tailoring of interventions for this group, we aimed to understand how Millennials may differ from other generations of caregivers regarding digital health-related technology use. Methods: Using the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), Version 6, we conducted a cross-sectional study comparing health technology access and use across four generations of unpaid caregivers (n = 545; Millennials, Gen X, Baby Boomers, and Silent Generation) of adults with chronic conditions using chi-square and Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric tests. Results: Compared to Baby Boomer and Silent Generation caregivers, Millennial caregivers more frequently reported having a cellular internet connection, using a wearable activity device, a health/wellness mobile application, choosing telehealth appointments for convenience, and most frequently used social media in general and to view health-related videos (ps < 0.005). Additionally, Millennials were more likely to report possessing a smartphone (compared to Gen X and Silent Generation) and more frequently used social media for peer interaction about health (compared to all older generations; ps < 0.005). Conclusion: Millennials differ from older generations of caregivers regarding health-related technology access and use, which may have implications for intervention design and tailoring.

Abstract Background Truck drivers are a vital workforce, but have higher rates of obesity and other chronic diseases than the general population. The occupation’s sedentary nature, limited physical activity opportunities and access to healthy food, and irregular sleeping patterns contribute to poor health. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions on health behaviours and cardiometabolic biomarkers of health in truck drivers. Methods A systematic search was conducted in February 2024, and reported according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Experimental studies targeting physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep, diet, weight loss, drug/alcohol use, and/or smoking were eligible. Two reviewers independently screened and completed data extraction and risk of bias assessment. Data were combined at the study level. Pooled statistics were calculated using mean differences (MD) or standardised mean differences (SMD) for outcomes that were reported in ≥2 studies. Pre- and post-intervention means and standard deviations (SD) for the intervention and control groups were used to compute effect sizes. Results Nineteen studies (n=2137 participants) were included. Meta-analyses found a small-to-moderate increase in fruit and vegetable consumption (SMD 0.32, p=0.03) with no other significant effects on other outcome variables. Conclusions Interventions are moderately effective in increasing truck drivers’ fruit and vegetable consumption, but not other outcomes. There is a dearth of research in the driver population compared to other occupational groups. Future interventions should consider workplace and environmental factors to promote the health and wellbeing of truck drivers. Trial registration The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021283423).

ABSTRACT Background To assess how centralisation of cancer services via robotic surgery influenced positive surgical margin (PSM) occurrence and its associated risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) in cases of pT2 prostate cancer (PC). Methods Retrospective analysis of all radical prostatectomy (RP) cases performed in the West of Scotland during the period from January 2013 to June 2022. Primary outcomes were PSM and BCR. The secondary outcomes compared the impact of centralisation and surgical approach on PSM and BCR; and margin length and location on BCR. Propensity score matching and Cox regression models were performed using R. Results A total of, 907 patients were included; 662 robot assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), 245 open RP. PSM rate was 17.7% (161/907), similar in RARP and open cohorts. Patients with PSM had higher rates of BCR; 26.7%, compared to 8.7% in patients with no PSM. Patients with margins of ≥ 1 mm had higher risk of developing BCR. Patients who underwent open RP had increased incidence of PSM ≥ 1 mm; 40/43 (93%) compared to 83/117 (71%) in robotic approach (p = 0.003). Limitations include the study being retrospective, introduction of centralisation and robot concurrently, and evolution of practice. Discussion PSMs in pT2 PC are associated with higher rates of BCR. Introduction of centralisation via the robot had no impact on PSM occurrence or BCR, although did demonstrate a reduction in PSM length.

Abstract Background Most adults fail to meet the moderate to vigorous physical activity-based recommendations needed to maintain or improve health. Vigorous Intermittent Lifestyle Physical Activity (VILPA) refers to short (1–2 min) high-intensity activities that are integrated into activities of daily living. VILPA has shown strong potential to improve health and addresses commonly reported barriers to physical activity. However, it is unknown how VILPA can best be promoted among the adult population. This study aimed to evaluate the usability, user engagement, and satisfaction of a mobile application (MovSnax) designed to promote VILPA. Methods A concurrent mixed methods design was used. It comprised four parts. Part A was a survey with n = 8 mHealth and physical activity experts who had used the app over 7–10 days. Part B was think-aloud interviews with n = 5 end-users aged 40–65 years old. Part C was a survey with a new group of 40-65-year-old end-users (n = 35) who had used the MovSnax app over 7–10 days. Part D was semi-structured interviews with n = 18 participants who took part in Part C. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the results from Parts A, B, and D, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze findings from Part C. Results Participants reported positive views on the MovSnax app for promoting VILPA but also identified usability issues such as unclear purpose, difficulties in manual data entry, and limited customization options. Across the different data collections, they consistently emphasized the need for more motivational features, clearer feedback, and gamification elements to enhance engagement. Quantitative assessment showed satisfactory scores on objective measures but lower ratings on subjective aspects, possibly due to unfamiliarity with the VILPA concept and/or technical barriers. Conclusions The MovSnax app, tested in the present study, is the world’s first digital tool aimed specifically at increasing VILPA. The findings of the present study underscore the need for further app refinement, focusing on clarifying its purpose and instructions, boosting user engagement through personalization and added motivational elements, enhancing accuracy in detecting VILPA bouts, implementing clearer feedback mechanisms, expanding customization choices (such as font size and comparative data), and ensuring transparent and meaningful activity tracking.

Abstract Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) universally develop in patients with single ventricle congenital heart disease. Single ventricle PAVMs have been recognized for over 50 years but remain poorly understood. To improve our understanding, we developed a surgical rat model of Glenn circulation and characterized PAVM physiology over multiple time points. We performed a left thoracotomy and end‐to‐end anastomosis of the left superior vena cava to the left pulmonary artery (unilateral Glenn), or sham surgical control. To assess PAVM physiology, we quantified intrapulmonary shunting using two independent methods (bubble echocardiography and fluorescent microsphere injection). Additionally, we performed arterial blood gas measurements to assess oxygenation and plethysmography to assess ventilation. We identified pathologic intrapulmonary shunting by bubble echocardiography as early as 2 weeks post‐Glenn, and shunting continued at 2‐ and 6‐months post‐Glenn. Shunting also progressed over time, demonstrated by increased shunting of 10 μm microspheres at 6 months. Shunting was accompanied by mildly decreased oxygenation but no differences in ventilation. Our surgical animal model of unilateral Glenn circulation recreates the clinical condition of single ventricle PAVMs with early and progressive intrapulmonary shunting. This model is poised to characterize single ventricle PAVM pathophysiology and lead to mechanistic and therapeutic discovery.

Background Podcasts are a popular medium for delivering health-related content, potentially influencing physical and mental health behaviours and outcomes. This scoping review evaluates the impact of health podcasts on such outcomes, engagement levels, and public perceptions. Methods This scoping review followed the Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Qualitative or quantitative articles published from 2004 onward were included. Eligibility criteria were developed using the Population, Exposure and Outcome framework. Included articles examined the use, engagement with, or perspectives towards health-related podcasts. Data were synthesised narratively. Results Fifty articles encompassing 38 studies were analysed. Significant improvements ( p

Background Assessing multidisciplinary prehabilitation strategies becomes crucial to pre-emptively counter the physical, psychological and social negative impacts experienced during an allogenic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) among acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. Current evidence is restricted to studies during induction chemotherapy, omitting rehabilitation interventions and predominantly using exercise-only approaches without a multidisciplinary framework. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility, safety and preliminary efficacy of multidisciplinary prehabilitation in adults offered allo-HSCT.Methods and analysis This 8-week single-group pre-post feasibility study aims to pilot a multidisciplinary prehabilitation intervention for participants undergoing allo-HSCT, with a focus on feasibility and safety. Participants, aged 18 or older, diagnosed with AML or MDS, and offered allo-HSCT, will be recruited between June 2023 and July 2024. The multidisciplinary prehabilitation intervention, conducted by the cancer allied health team at the Royal Adelaide Hospital, includes exercise physiology, physiotherapy, dietetics, social work, occupational therapy and psychology interventions. Consistent with a multidisciplinary treatment approach, each component is tailored to address different aspects of patient care, and adherence calculations will assess patient engagement and compliance. In addition, participants will continue to receive usual care from cancer allied health staff. The primary outcome of the study is to assess the feasibility of a multidisciplinary prehabilitation intervention by evaluating intervention uptake, retention, adherence, acceptability and safety. Secondary outcomes are leg strength, upper-body strength, aerobic fitness, falls risk, anthropometry, nutritional status, quality of life, anxiety, depression, self-efficacy for coping with cancer and distress.Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval for this study has been provided by the Central Adelaide Local Health Network (HREC 2022/HRE00284). Recruitment for the study commenced in June 2023 and will continue until July 2024. The methods have been designed and are reported according to the SPIRIT and CONSORT-pilot study checklist.Trial registration number The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12623000052639.

Abstract Background Genetic testing can offer early diagnosis and subsequent treatment of rare neuromuscular diseases. Options for these tests could be improved by understanding the preferences of patients for the features of different genetic tests, especially features that increase information available to patients. Methods We developed an online discrete-choice experiment using key attributes of currently available tests for Pompe disease with six test attributes: number of rare muscle diseases tested for with corresponding probability of diagnosis, treatment availability, time from testing to results, inclusion of secondary findings, necessity of a muscle biopsy, and average time until final diagnosis if the first test is negative. Respondents were presented a choice between two tests with different costs, with respondents randomly assigned to one of two costs. Data were analyzed using random-parameters logit. Results A total of 600 online respondents, aged 18 to 50 years, were recruited from the U.S. general population and included in the final analysis. Tests that targeted more diseases, required less time from testing to results, included information about unrelated health risks, and were linked to shorter time to the final diagnosis were preferred and associated with diseases with available treatment. Men placed relatively more importance than women on tests for diseases with available treatments. Most of the respondents would be more willing to get a genetic test that might return unrelated health information, with women exhibiting a statistically significant preference. While respondents were sensitive to cost, 30% of the sample assigned to the highest cost was willing to pay $500 for a test that could offer a diagnosis almost 2 years earlier. Conclusion The results highlight the value people place on the information genetic tests can provide about their health, including faster diagnosis of rare, unexplained muscle weakness, but also the value of tests for multiple diseases, diseases without treatments, and incidental findings. An earlier time to diagnosis can provide faster access to treatment and an end to the diagnostic journey, which patients highly prefer.

Abstract Increasing physical activity in patients offers dual benefits, fostering improved patient health and recovery, while also bolstering healthcare system efficiency by minimizing costs related to extended hospital stays, complications, and readmissions. Wearable activity trackers offer valuable opportunities to enhance physical activity across various healthcare settings and among different patient groups. However, their integration into healthcare faces multiple implementation challenges related to the devices themselves, patients, clinicians, and systemic factors. This article presents the Wearable Activity Tracker Checklist for Healthcare (WATCH), which was recently developed through an international Delphi study. The WATCH provides a comprehensive framework for implementation and evaluation of wearable activity trackers in healthcare. It covers the purpose and setting for usage; patient, provider, and support personnel roles; selection of relevant metrics; device specifications; procedural steps for issuance and maintenance; data management; timelines; necessary adaptations for specific scenarios; and essential resources (such as education and training) for effective implementation. The WATCH is designed to support the implementation of wearable activity trackers across a wide range of healthcare populations and settings, and in those with varied levels of experience. The overarching goal is to support broader, sustained, and systematic use of wearable activity trackers in healthcare, therefore fostering enhanced physical activity promotion and improved patient outcomes.

Malaria remains a global health concern, with 249 million cases and 608,000 deaths being reported by the WHO in 2022. Traditional diagnostic methods often struggle with inconsistent stain quality, lighting variations, and limited resources in endemic regions, making manual detection time-intensive and error-prone. This study introduces an automated system for analyzing Romanowsky-stained thick blood smears, focusing on image quality evaluation, leukocyte detection, and malaria parasite classification. Using a dataset of 1000 clinically diagnosed images, we applied feature extraction techniques, including histogram bins and texture analysis with the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), alongside support vector machines (SVMs), for image quality assessment. Leukocyte detection employed optimal thresholding segmentation utility (OTSU) thresholding, binary masking, and erosion, followed by the connected components algorithm. Parasite detection used high-intensity region selection and adaptive bounding boxes, followed by a custom convolutional neural network (CNN) for candidate identification. A second CNN classified parasites into trophozoites, schizonts, and gametocytes. The system achieved an F1-score of 95% for image quality evaluation, 88.92% for leukocyte detection, and 82.10% for parasite detection. The F1-score—a metric balancing precision (correctly identified positives) and recall (correctly detected instances out of actual positives)—is especially valuable for assessing models on imbalanced datasets. In parasite stage classification, CNN achieved F1-scores of 85% for trophozoites, 88% for schizonts, and 83% for gametocytes. This study introduces a robust and scalable automated system that addresses critical challenges in malaria diagnosis by integrating advanced image quality assessment and deep learning techniques for parasite detection and classification. This system’s adaptability to low-resource settings underscores its potential to improve malaria diagnostics globally.

Transboundary water pollution is a major global challenge as its movement and impacts remain unsurveyed. Monitoring pollution along international borders can reveal some of the pathways by which sewage and chemicals enter water bodies, and can hence advance the implementation of measures to prevent leakages and discharges into international waters. In this paper, we surveyed the impacts of sewage pollution and chemicals along the U.S.–Mexico international border, using Imperial Beach (California) as a main case study. Pollution was primarily attributed to the inflow of contaminated waters from the neighboring city of Tijuana (Mexico), where a malfunctioning wastewater treatment plant and a lack of sewage pipes being upgraded have caused direct leakage and toxic discharges into the Tijuana River. Reported effects from water pollution at the Tijuana River estuary in Imperial Beach include frequent beach closure, damages to coastal ecosystems, negative impacts on the fishery industry, and several effects on the health of beach users and surfers. Hence, the situation requires urgent measures oriented at coastal management at the mouth of the Tijuana River as well as the consistent monitoring and reporting of human health effects linked to beach uses.

IntroductionTransboundary pollution is a major global challenge and monitoring beach litter along international borders can reveal some of the pathways by which litter enters water bodies, and hence advance the implementation of measures to prevent pollution emissions into international waters.MethodsIn this paper, participatory mapping was used to detect beach litter in Imperial Beach, California, along the U.S.-Mexico international border. This study implemented a 3-step protocol including an introductory awareness workshop, a macro-debris survey to categorize and remove beach litter, and a qualitative assessment of pollution drivers.ResultsResults show that plastic litter is the most dominant across all transects (304 debris, 52.6% of all litter observations), with an average density of 76 pieces/transect, with plastic being the most common material. Participants identified some of the major causes of pollution with paucity of waste management facilities, tourism activities near/on the beach, and inflow of pollution across the border.DiscussionThe paper highlights the role of citizen science in monitoring pollution along large and border regions. Implications of this study include methodological and practical contributions to the study of marine pollution to supplement the current paucity of information on pollution movement and distribution.

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) plays a crucial role in health care, providing benefits in the prevention and management of many noncommunicable diseases. Wearable activity trackers (WATs) provide an opportunity to monitor and promote PA in various health care settings. ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop a consensus-based framework for the optimal use of WATs in health care. MethodsA 4-round Delphi survey was conducted, involving a panel (n=58) of health care professionals, health service managers, and researchers. Round 1 used open-response questions to identify overarching themes. Rounds 2 and 3 used 9-point Likert scales to refine participants’ opinions and establish consensus on key factors related to WAT use in health care, including metrics, device characteristics, clinical populations and settings, and software considerations. Round 3 also explored barriers and mitigating strategies to WAT use in clinical settings. Insights from Rounds 1-3 informed a draft checklist designed to guide a systematic approach to WAT adoption in health care. In Round 4, participants evaluated the draft checklist’s clarity, utility, and appropriateness. ResultsParticipation rates for rounds 1 to 4 were 76% (n=44), 74% (n=43), 74% (n=43), and 66% (n=38), respectively. The study found a strong interest in using WATs across diverse clinical populations and settings. Key metrics (step count, minutes of PA, and sedentary time), device characteristics (eg, easy to charge, comfortable, waterproof, simple data access, and easy to navigate and interpret data), and software characteristics (eg, remote and wireless data access, access to multiple patients’ data) were identified. Various barriers to WAT adoption were highlighted, including device-related, patient-related, clinician-related, and system-level issues. The findings culminated in a 12-item draft checklist for using WATs in health care, with all 12 items endorsed for their utility, clarity, and appropriateness in Round 4. ConclusionsThis study underscores the potential of WATs in enhancing patient care across a broad spectrum of health care settings. While the benefits of WATs are evident, successful integration requires addressing several challenges, from technological developments to patient education and clinician training. Collaboration between WAT manufacturers, researchers, and health care professionals will be pivotal for implementing WATs in the health care sector.

BackgroundWearable activity trackers, including fitness bands and smartwatches, offer the potential for disease detection by monitoring physiological parameters. However, their accuracy as specific disease diagnostic tools remains uncertain. ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate whether wearable activity trackers can be used to detect disease and medical events. MethodsTen electronic databases were searched for studies published from inception to April 1, 2023. Studies were eligible if they used a wearable activity tracker to diagnose or detect a medical condition or event (eg, falls) in free-living conditions in adults. Meta-analyses were performed to assess the overall area under the curve (%), accuracy (%), sensitivity (%), specificity (%), and positive predictive value (%). Subgroup analyses were performed to assess device type (Fitbit, Oura ring, and mixed). The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies. ResultsA total of 28 studies were included, involving a total of 1,226,801 participants (age range 28.6-78.3). In total, 16 (57%) studies used wearables for diagnosis of COVID-19, 5 (18%) studies for atrial fibrillation, 3 (11%) studies for arrhythmia or abnormal pulse, 3 (11%) studies for falls, and 1 (4%) study for viral symptoms. The devices used were Fitbit (n=6), Apple watch (n=6), Oura ring (n=3), a combination of devices (n=7), Empatica E4 (n=1), Dynaport MoveMonitor (n=2), Samsung Galaxy Watch (n=1), and other or not specified (n=2). For COVID-19 detection, meta-analyses showed a pooled area under the curve of 80.2% (95% CI 71.0%-89.3%), an accuracy of 87.5% (95% CI 81.6%-93.5%), a sensitivity of 79.5% (95% CI 67.7%-91.3%), and specificity of 76.8% (95% CI 69.4%-84.1%). For atrial fibrillation detection, pooled positive predictive value was 87.4% (95% CI 75.7%-99.1%), sensitivity was 94.2% (95% CI 88.7%-99.7%), and specificity was 95.3% (95% CI 91.8%-98.8%). For fall detection, pooled sensitivity was 81.9% (95% CI 75.1%-88.1%) and specificity was 62.5% (95% CI 14.4%-100%). ConclusionsWearable activity trackers show promise in disease detection, with notable accuracy in identifying atrial fibrillation and COVID-19. While these findings are encouraging, further research and improvements are required to enhance their diagnostic precision and applicability. Trial RegistrationProspero CRD42023407867; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=407867

The essays in this issue explore the diverse ways in which Black women’s religious epistemologies challenge conventional theological narratives. From the African spiritualities of Nigeria and Jamaica to the anti-colonial politics of Senegal, Sudan, and South Africa, the contributors offer a rich tapestry of perspectives highlighting the radical nature of Black women’s religious knowledge production. Weaving an eclectic spectrum of spiritual practices and beliefs, these essays offer the basis of radical religious epistemologies that enable Black women living under a range of circumstances, in several regions of the world, to find a pathway through the virulence they inhabit within their everyday lives.

This paper proposes an adaptive control scheme for capturing uncooperative space debris having uncertain inertial parameters. Debris parameters may be unknown or uncertain due to limited data or changes in orbit due to collisions. To address this challenge, the proposed scheme integrates an inertial parameter identification law with the impedance control strategy of FlexeS (Flexible Capture System). During the pre-capture phase, motion data is utilized to identify the debris’ center of mass (CM), leading to the optimal capture point that minimizes impact moments. During contact, the impedance-controlled actuator(s) is(are) activated while the scheme concurrently provides accurate estimates of the debris mass and inertia, enabling the updating of controller gains and thus ensuring sufficient contact time for successful capture. Hence, the proposed adaptive scheme allows FlexeS to handle the debris parameter uncertainties. The simulation study demonstrates the scheme’s effectiveness and necessity. The performance of the proposed adaptive scheme is compared with a non-adaptive scheme. The results affirm the superiority of the adaptive scheme in achieving successful soft capture of uncooperative debris in the presence of mass and inertia uncertainties and highlight its potential for future space debris mitigation missions.

Vision-based grasping of unknown objects in unstructured environments is a key challenge for autonomous robotic manipulation. A practical grasp synthesis system is required to generate a diverse set of 6-DoF grasps from which a task-relevant grasp can be executed. Although generative models are suitable for learning such complex data distributions, existing models have limitations in grasp quality, long training times, and a lack of flexibility for task-specific generation. In this work, we present GraspLDM, a modular generative framework for 6-DoF grasp synthesis that uses diffusion models as priors in the latent space of a VAE. GraspLDM learns a generative model of object-centric $SE(3)$ grasp poses conditioned on point clouds. GraspLDM’s architecture enables us to train task-specific models efficiently by only re-training a small denoising network in the low-dimensional latent space, as opposed to existing models that need expensive re-training. Our framework provides robust and scalable models on both full and partial point clouds. GraspLDM models trained with simulation data transfer well to the real world without any further fine-tuning. Our models provide an 80% success rate for 80 grasp attempts of diverse test objects across two real-world robotic setups.

Abstract The South African National Department of Health developed a quality improvement (QI) programme to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and still births. The programme was implemented between 2018 and 2022 in 21 purposively selected public health facilities. We conducted a process evaluation to describe the characteristics and skills of the QI team leaders of well-performing teams. The evaluation was conducted in 15 of the 21 facilities. Facilities were purposively selected and comprised semi-structured interviews with leaders at three time points; reviewing of QI documentation; and 37 intermittently conducted semi-structured interviews with the QI advisors, being QI technical experts who supported the teams. These interviews focused on participants’ experiences and perceptions of how the teams performed, and performance barriers and enablers. Thematic data analysis was conducted using Atlas.ti. Variation in team performance was associated with leaders’ attributes and skills. However, the COVID-19 pandemic also affected team functioning. Well-performing teams had leaders who effectively navigated COVID-19 and other challenges, who embraced QI and had sound QI skills. These leaders cultivated trust by taking responsibility for failures, correcting members’ mistakes in encouraging ways, and setting high standards of care. Moreover, they promoted programme ownership among members by delegating tasks. Given the critical role leaders play in team performance and thus in the outcomes of QI programmes, efforts should focus on leader selection, training, and support.

Abstract Background How time is allocated influences health. However, any increase in time allocated to one behaviour must be offset by a decrease in others. Recently, studies have used compositional data analysis (CoDA) to estimate the associations with health when reallocating time between different behaviours. The aim of this scoping review was to provide an overview of studies that have used CoDA to model how reallocating time between different time-use components is associated with health. Methods A systematic search of four electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, SPORTDiscus) was conducted in October 2022. Studies were eligible if they used CoDA to examine the associations of time reallocations and health. Reallocations were considered between movement behaviours (sedentary behaviour (SB), light physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)) or various activities of daily living (screen time, work, household chores etc.). The review considered all populations, including clinical populations, as well as all health-related outcomes. Results One hundred and three studies were included. Adiposity was the most commonly studied health outcome (n = 41). Most studies (n = 75) reported reallocations amongst daily sleep, SB, LPA and MVPA. While other studies reported reallocations amongst sub-compositions of these (work MVPA vs. leisure MVPA), activity types determined by recall (screen time, household chores, passive transport etc.) or bouted behaviours (short vs. long bouts of SB). In general, when considering cross-sectional results, reallocating time to MVPA from any behaviour(s) was favourably associated with health and reallocating time away from MVPA to any behaviour(s) was unfavourably associated with health. Some beneficial associations were seen when reallocating time from SB to both LPA and sleep; however, the strength of the association was much lower than for any reallocations involving MVPA. However, there were many null findings. Notably, most of the longitudinal studies found no associations between reallocations of time and health. Some evidence also suggested the context of behaviours was important, with reallocations of leisure time toward MVPA having a stronger favourable association for health than reallocating work time towards MVPA. Conclusions Evidence suggests that reallocating time towards MVPA from any behaviour(s) has the strongest favourable association with health, and reallocating time away from MVPA toward any behaviour(s) has the strongest unfavourable association with health. Future studies should use longitudinal and experimental study designs, and for a wider range of outcomes.

Abstract Background Emerging evidence suggests that children’s fatness increases and fitness declines at a greater rate during the summer holiday period, compared with the school year. The aim of this study was to compare rates of change in fitness and fatness over the in-term and summer holiday periods among Australian schoolchildren. A secondary aim was to explore whether rates of change differed according to the child’s sex, socio-economic status (SES), pubertal status and weight status. Methods Children (n = 381) initially in Grade 4 (age 9) were recruited for this 2-year longitudinal study. Fatness (% body fat, BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio) and fitness (20-m shuttle run and standing broad jump) were measured at the start and end of two consecutive years. Rates of change were calculated for the two in-school periods (Grades 4 and 5) and for the summer holiday period. Rates of change in fatness and fitness between in-school and holiday periods were compared, and differences in rates of change according to sex, socio-economic status, and weight status were explored. Results During the holidays, percentage body fat increased at a greater rate (annualised rate of change [RoC]: +3.9 vs. Grade 4 and + 4.7 vs. Grade 5), and aerobic fitness declined at a greater rate (RoC − 4.7 vs. Grade 4 and − 4.4 vs. Grade 5), than during the in-school periods. There were no differences in rates of change for BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio or standing broad jump. Body fatness increased faster in the holidays (relative to the in-school period) in children who are overweight and from low-SES families. Aerobic fitness declined more rapidly in the holidays in children who are overweight. Conclusion This study highlights that during the summer holiday period, children experience greater increases in fatness and declines in fitness, with children who live with low-SES families and are overweight being more affected. The findings suggest the need for targeted interventions during this period to address these negative health trends. Trial registration Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12618002008202. Retrospectively registered on 14 December 2018.

Abstract Patients endure risk and uncertainty when they participate in clinical trials. We previously estimated that 12,217 patient-participants are required to bring a new cancer drug to market. However, many development efforts are aimed at extending the label of already approved drugs. Herein, we estimate the number of patients required to extend the indication of an FDA approved cancer drug. We identified all anti-cancer drugs approved by the FDA 2012 to 2015. We searched clinicaltrials.gov to identify all drug development trajectories (i.e., a series of one or more clinical trials testing a unique drug-indication pairing) launched after FDA approval for each drug. We identified which trajectories produced the following milestones: secondary FDA approvals, secondary FDA approvals achieving substantial clinical benefit in ESMO-MCBS, and recommendations in NCCN clinical practice guidelines. Using the total enrollment, we estimated the number of patients needed to reach each milestone. Forty-two drugs were approved by the FDA between 2012 and 2015, leading to 451 post-approval trajectories enrolling 129,548 patients. Fourteen secondary FDA approvals were identified, of which 4 met the ESMO-MCBS definition of substantial clinical benefit. Fourteen NCCN off-label recommendations were obtained. A total of 9253, 32,387 and 4627 patients were needed to attain an FDA approval, an approval with substantial clinical benefit on ESMO-MCBS, and an NCCN guideline recommendation, respectively. The number of patients needed to obtain a first secondary FDA approval was 16,596. Large numbers of patients are needed to extend the label of prior FDA approved drugs. Label extension after approval entails lower marginal costs for developers. However, extra knowledge available to researchers about a drug’s safety and pharmacology after FDA approval does not appear to translate into reduced patient numbers required for developing new cancer applications.

Abstract Background Combinations of movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep) are associated with health and developmental outcomes in youth. Youth vary in how they accumulate these behaviors, both in volume and specific domains (e.g., sedentary time spent on recreational screen activities vs homework). The aim of this study was to examine how youth’s combined general and domain-specific movement trajectories differ by socioeconomic position. Methods We conducted a longitudinal, group-based multi-trajectory analysis to identify general and domain-specific movement trajectory profiles for 2457 youth from age 10 to 14 years from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children from 2014–2018. We used multinomial logistic regression to test if socioeconomic position predicted profile membership. Results We identified three general movement trajectory profiles for both sexes, four domain-specific profiles for males, and five for females. For general movement trajectories, females from lower socioeconomic positions were more likely to be a combination of less active and more sedentary than females from higher socioeconomic positions. Males across socioeconomic positions spend similar amounts of time in physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep. For domain-specific movement trajectories, youth from lower socioeconomic positions were likely to spend a combination of less time in education-based sedentary behavior and more time in recreational screen activities than their higher socioeconomic position peers. Conclusion Our results indicate that socioeconomic position predicted in which domains youth accumulate their movements. Future observational research and interventions targeting different socioeconomic groups should therefore consider domain-specific movement trajectories.

Abstract Background Despite progress, maternal and neonatal mortality and still births remain high in South Africa. The South African National Department of Health implemented a quality improvement (QI) programme, called Mphatlalatsane, to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and still births. It was implemented in 21 public health facilities, seven per participating province, between 2018 and 2022. Methods We conducted a qualitative process evaluation of the contextual and implementation process factors’ influence on implementation uptake amongst the QI teams in 15 purposively selected facilities. Data collection included three interview rounds with the leaders and members of the QI teams in each facility; intermittent interviews with the QI advisors; programme documentation review; observation of programme management meetings; and keeping a fieldwork journal. All data were thematically analysed in Atlas.ti. Implementation uptake varied across the three provinces and between facilities within provinces. Results Between March and August 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted uptake in all provinces but affected QI teams in one province more severely than others, because they received limited pre-pandemic training. Better uptake among other sites was attributed to receiving more QI training pre-COVID-19, having an experienced QI advisor, and good teamwork. Uptake was more challenging amongst hospital teams which had more staff and more complicated MNH services, versus the primary healthcare facilities. We also attributed better uptake to greater district management support. A key factor shaping uptake was leaders’ intrinsic motivation to apply QI methodology. We found that, across sites, organic adaptations to the QI methodology were made by teams, started during COVID-19. Teams did away with rapid testing of change ideas and keeping a paper trail of the steps followed. Though still using data to identify service problems, they used self-developed audit tools to record intervention effectiveness, and not the prescribed tools. Conclusions Our study underscores the critical role of intrinsic motivation of team leaders, support from experienced technical QI advisors, and context-sensitive adaptations to maximise QI uptake when traditionally recognised QI steps cannot be followed.

Abstract Background Obesity is a growing, global public health issue. This study aimed to describe the weight management strategies used by a sample of Australian adults; examine the socio-demographic characteristics of using each strategy; and examine whether use of each strategy was associated with 12-month weight change. Methods This observational study involved a community-based sample of 375 healthy adults (mean age: 40.1 ± 5.8 years, 56.8% female). Participants wore a Fitbit activity monitor, weighed themselves daily, and completed eight online surveys on socio-demographic characteristics. Participants also recalled their use of weight management strategies over the past month, at 8 timepoints during the 12-month study period. Results Most participants (81%) reported using at least one weight management strategy, with exercise/physical activity being the most common strategy at each timepoint (40–54%). Those who accepted their current bodyweight were less likely to use at least one weight management strategy (Odds ratio = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.22–0.64, p